Monoamine nuclei

Monoamine nuclei are clusters of cells that primarily use monoamine neurotransmitters to communicate. The raphe nuclei, ventral tegmental area, and locus coeruleus have been included in texts about monoamine nuclei.[1] These nuclei receive a variety of inputs including from other monoamines, as well as from glutaminergic, GABAergic, and substance p related pathways. The catacholaminergic pathways mainly project upwards into the cortical and limbic regions, power sparse descending axons have been observed in animals models. Both ascending and descending serotonergic pathways project from the raphe nuclei. Raphe nuclei in the obscurus, pallid us, and magnus descend into the brainstem and spinal cord, while the raphe ponds, raphe dorsals, and nucleus centralism superior projected up into the medial forebrain bundle before branching off.[2] Monoamine nuclei have been studied in relation to major depressive disorder, with some abnormalities observed,[3] however MAO-B levels appear to be normal during depression in these regions.[4]

Locus-coeruleus dopaminergic and serotonergic ascending pathways

## References

1. ↑ al.], editors, Kenneth L. Davis ... [et (2002). Neuropsychopharmacology : the fifth generation of progress : an official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781728371.
2. ↑ Felten, David L.; Sladek Jr., John R. (1 February 1983). "Monoamine distribution in primate brain V. Monoaminergic nuclei: Anatomy, pathways and local organization". Brain Research Bulletin 10 (2): 171–284. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(83)90045-X. PMID 6839182.
3. ↑ al.], editors, Kenneth L. Davis ... [et (2002). Neuropsychopharmacology : the fifth generation of progress : an official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781728371.
4. ↑ Klimek, Violetta; Roberson, Gary; Stockmeier, Craig A.; Ordway, Gregory A. (1 October 2016). "Serotonin transporter and MAO-B levels in monoamine nuclei of the human brainstem are normal in major depression". Journal of Psychiatric Research 37 (5): 387–397. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00045-1. ISSN 0022-3956. PMID 12849931.

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