Cadmium chloride

Cadmium chloride  | Ball-and-stick model of cadmium chloride | Cadmium chloride in polyhedron shape

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Names
IUPAC name

Cadmium dichloride

Other names

Cadmium(II) chloride

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 10108-64-2 Y
* (hemipentahydrate): 7790-78-5 Y
* (monohydrate): 35658-65-2

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image
* (hemipentahydrate): Interactive image
* (monohydrate): Interactive image

Beilstein Reference

| 3902835
ChEBI |

* CHEBI:35456 Y

ChemSpider |

* 23035 Y
* (hemipentahydrate): 17339510
* (monohydrate): 4447434

EC Number |

* 233-296-7
* (hemipentahydrate): 813-696-3

Gmelin Reference

| 912918
KEGG |

* C15233

PubChem CID

* 24947
* (hemipentahydrate): 24978551
* (monohydrate): 5284356

RTECS number |

* EV0175000

UNII |

* J6K4F9V3BA Y
* (hemipentahydrate): 2R707SXC9H Y

UN number | 2570

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

* (hemipentahydrate): DTXSID4040183

InChI

* InChI=1S/Cd.2ClH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 Y

Key: YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y

* InChI=1/Cd.2ClH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2

Key: YKYOUMDCQGMQQO-NUQVWONBAG

* (hemipentahydrate): InChI=1S/2Cd.4ClH.5H2O/h;;4*1H;5*1H2/q2*+2;;;;;;;;;/p-4

Key: DZVRGWYMCGLNKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-J

* (monohydrate): InChI=1S/Cd.2ClH.H2O/h;2*1H;1H2/q+2;;;/p-2

Key: OISMQLUZKQIKII-UHFFFAOYSA-L

SMILES

* [Cd+2].[Cl-].[Cl-]

* (hemipentahydrate): O.O.O.O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cd+2].[Cd+2]

* (monohydrate): O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cd+2]

Properties

Chemical formula

| CdCl2
Molar mass | 183.31 g·mol−1
Appearance  | White solid, hygroscopic
Odor | Odorless
Density | 4.047 g/cm3 (anhydrous)[1]
3.26 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
3.327 g/cm3 (Hemipentahydrate)[2]
Melting point |  568 °C (1,054 °F; 841 K) [2]
Boiling point |  964 °C (1,767 °F; 1,237 K) [2]

Solubility in water

| Hemipentahydrate:
79.5 g/100 mL (−10 °C)
90 g/100 mL (0 °C)
Monohydrate:
119.6 g/100 mL (25 °C)[2]
134.3 g/100 mL (40 °C)
134.2 g/100 mL (60 °C)
147 g/100 mL (100 °C)[3]
Solubility | Soluble in alcohol, selenium(IV) oxychloride, benzonitrile
Insoluble in ether, acetone[1]
Solubility in pyridine | 4.6 g/kg (0 °C)
7.9 g/kg (4 °C)
8.1 g/kg (15 °C)
6.7 g/kg (30 °C)
5 g/kg (100 °C)[1]
Solubility in ethanol | 1.3 g/100 g (10 °C)
1.48 g/100 g (20 °C)
1.91 g/100 g (40 °C)
2.53 g/100 g (70 °C)[1]
Solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide | 18 g/100 g (25 °C)[1]
Vapor pressure | 0.01 kPa (471 °C)
0.1 kPa (541 °C)[2]

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

| −6.87·10−5 cm3/mol[2]
Viscosity | 2.31 cP (597 °C)
1.87 cP (687 °C)[1]
Structure

Crystal structure

| Rhombohedral, hR9 (anhydrous)[4]
Monoclinic (hemipentahydrate)[3]

Space group

| R3m, No. 166 (anhydrous)[4]

Point group

| 3 2/m (anhydrous)[4]

Lattice constant

a = 3.846 Å, c = 17.479 Å (anhydrous)[4]

α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120°

Thermochemistry

Heat capacity (C)

| 74.7 J/mol·K[2]

Std molar
entropy (S ~~o~~ 298)

| 115.3 J/mol·K[2]

Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)

| −391.5 kJ/mol[2]

Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)

| −343.9 kJ/mol[2]
Hazards
Safety data sheet | External MSDS
GHS pictograms | [5]
GHS Signal word | Danger

GHS hazard statements

| H301, H330, H340, H350, H360, H372, H410[5]

GHS precautionary statements

| P210, P260, P273, P284, P301+310, P310[5]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

| 94 mg/kg (rats, oral)[1]
60 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
88 mg/kg (rat, oral)[7]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):

PEL (Permissible)

| [1910.1027] TWA 0.005 mg/m3 (as Cd)[6]

REL (Recommended)

| Ca[6]

IDLH (Immediate danger)

| Ca [9 mg/m3 (as Cd)][6]
Related compounds

Other anions

| Cadmium fluoride
Cadmium bromide
Cadmium iodide

Other cations

| Zinc chloride
Mercury(II) chloride
Calcium chloride

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Tracking categories (test):

* SizeSet
* PairSizeSet

Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chloride, with the formula CdCl2. This salt is a hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. The crystal structure of cadmium chloride (described below), is a reference for describing other crystal structures. Also known are CdCl2•H2O and the hemipentahydrate CdCl2•2.5H2O.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Structure
* 1.1 Anhydrous
* 1.2 Hydrates
* 2 Chemical properties
* 3 Preparation
* 4 Uses
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Structure

### Anhydrous

Anhydrous cadmium chloride forms a layered structure consisting of octahedral Cd2+ centers linked with chloride ligands. Cadmium iodide, CdI2, has a similar structure, but the iodide ions are arranged in a HCP lattice, whereas in CdCl2 the chloride ions are arranged in a CCP lattice.[8][9]

### Hydrates

Subunit of CdCl2(H2O)2.5. Color code: red = O (of H2O), blue = Cd, green = Cl.

The anhydrous form absorbs moisture from the air to form various hydrates. Three of these hydrates have been examined by X-ray crystallography.

Crystallographic data for the 3 hydrates of cadmium chloride  Compound  | CdCl2·H2O[10] | CdCl2·2.5H2O[11] | CdCl2·4H2O[12]

|
|
|

Molar mass (g/mol)  | 201.33  | 228.36  | 255.38
Crystal Structure  | Orthorhombic | Monoclinic | Orthorhombic
Space Group  | Pnma | P21/n | P212121
Lattice constant a (Å)  | 9.25  | 9.21  | 12.89
Lattice constant b (Å)  | 3.78  | 11.88  | 7.28
Lattice constant c (Å)  | 11.89  | 10.08  | 15.01
β |  | 93.5°  |
Density (g/cm3)  | 3.26  | 2.84  | 2.41
Comment  | Interconnected CdCl3(H2O) octahederons  |  | Distorted trans-[CdCl2(H2O)4] octahedrons

## Chemical properties

Cadmium chloride dissolves well in water and other polar solvents. It is a mild Lewis acid.[8]

CdCl2 \+ 2 Cl− → [CdCl4]2−

Solutions of equimolar cadmium chloride and potassium chloride give potassium cadmium trichloride.[13] With large cations, it is possible to isolate the trigonal bipyramidal [CdCl5]3− ion.

Cadmium metal is soluble in molten cadmium chloride, produced by heating cadmium chloride above 568 °C. Upon cooling, the metal precipitates.[14]

## Preparation

Anhydrous cadmium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and cadmium metal or cadmium oxide.[14]

Cd + 2 HCl → CdCl2 \+ H2

The anhydrous salt can also be prepared from anhydrous cadmium acetate using hydrogen chloride or acetyl chloride.[15]

Industrially, it is produced by the reaction of molten cadmium and chlorine gas at 600 °C.[14]

The monohydrate, hemipentahydrate, and tetrahydrate can be produced by evaporation of the solution of cadmium chloride at 35, 20, and 0 °C respectively. The hemipentahydrate and tetrahydrate release water in air.[10][11][12]

## Uses

Cadmium chloride is used for the preparation of cadmium sulfide, used as "cadmium yellow", a brilliant-yellow stable inorganic pigment.[14]

CdCl2 \+ H2S → CdS \+ 2 HCl

In the laboratory, anhydrous CdCl2 can be used for the preparation of organocadmium compounds of the type R2Cd, where R is an aryl or a primary alkyl. These were once used in the synthesis of ketones from acyl chlorides:[16]

CdCl2 \+ 2 RMgX → R2Cd \+ MgCl2 \+ MgX2

R2Cd \+ 2R'COCl → 2R'COR + CdCl2

Such reagents have largely been supplanted by organocopper compounds, which are much less toxic.

Cadmium chloride is also used for photocopying, dyeing and electroplating.

It was used in the first experience for detecting neutrinos, the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment.

Like all cadmium compounds, CdCl2 is highly toxic and appropriate safety precautions must be taken when handling it.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "cadmium chloride". http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=75.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Lide, David R., ed (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 169. https://archive.org/details/solubilitiesino01seidgoog.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Cadmium Chloride - CdCl2". The University of the West Indies. http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/courses/cdcl2J.html.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Sigma-Aldrich Co., Cadmium chloride. Retrieved on 2014-05-23.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0087". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0087.html.
7. ↑ "Cadmium compounds (as Cd)". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7440439.html.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
9. ↑ A. F. Wells, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1984.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 H. Leligny; J. C. Monier (1974). "Structure cristalline de CdCl2.H2O" (in fr). Acta Crystallographica B 30 (2): 305–309. doi:10.1107/S056774087400272X. Bibcode: 1974AcCrB..30..305L.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 H. Leligny; J. C. Monier (1975). "Structure de CdCl2.2,5H2O" (in fr). Acta Crystallographica B 31 (3): 728–732. doi:10.1107/S056774087500369X. Bibcode: 1975AcCrB..31..728L.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 H. Leligny; J. C. Monier (1979). "Structure de dichlorure de cadmium tétrahydraté" (in fr). Acta Crystallographica B 35 (3): 569–573. doi:10.1107/S0567740879004179. Bibcode: 1979AcCrB..35..569L.
13. ↑ F. Wagenknecht; R. Juza (1963). "Potassium cadmium chloride". in G. Brauer. Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed.. 2. NY, NY: Academic Press. pp. 1095.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Karl-Heinz Schulte-Schrepping; Magnus Piscator (2000). "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" (in en). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (6th ed.). p. 472. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_499. ISBN 9783527306732. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a04_499.
15. ↑ F. Wagenknecht; R. Juza (1963). "Cadmium chloride". in G. Brauer. Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed.. 2. NY, NY: Academic Press. pp. 1093–4.
16. ↑ J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., p. 723, Wiley, New York, 1992.

## External links

* International Chemical Safety Card 0116
* IARC Monograph "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds"
* National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cadmium chloride.

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* v
* t
* e

Cadmium compounds

Cadmium(I)|

* Cd2(AlCl4)2

Cadmium(II)|

* Cd(BF4)2
* CdF2
* CdCl2
* CdBr2
* CdI2
* Cd(CN)2
* CdH2
* CdO
* CdS
* CdSe
* CdTe
* Cd(OH)2
* Cd(NO3)2
* CdSO4
* CdWO4
* Cd3As2
* CsCdCl3
* CsCdBr3

* v
* t
* e

Salts and covalent derivatives of the chloride ion

HCl |  |  |  | He

|
|
|
|

LiCl | BeCl2 | BCl3
B2Cl4 | CCl4 | NCl3
ClN3 | Cl2O
ClO2
Cl2O7 | ClF
ClF3
ClF5 | Ne
NaCl | MgCl2 | AlCl
AlCl3 | SiCl4 | P2Cl4
PCl3
PCl5 | S2Cl2
SCl2
SCl4 | Cl2 | Ar
KCl | CaCl
CaCl2 | ScCl3 | TiCl2
TiCl3
TiCl4 | VCl2
VCl3
VCl4
VCl5 | CrCl2
CrCl3
CrCl4 | MnCl2 | FeCl2
FeCl3 | CoCl2
CoCl3 | NiCl2 | CuCl
CuCl2 | ZnCl2 | GaCl2
GaCl3 | GeCl2
GeCl4 | AsCl3
AsCl5 | Se2Cl2
SeCl4 | BrCl | KrCl
RbCl | SrCl2 | YCl3 | ZrCl3
ZrCl4 | NbCl4
NbCl5 | MoCl2
MoCl3
MoCl4
MoCl5
MoCl6 | TcCl4 | RuCl3 | RhCl3 | PdCl2 | AgCl | CdCl2 | InCl
InCl2
InCl3 | SnCl2
SnCl4 | SbCl3
SbCl5 | Te3Cl2
TeCl4 | ICl
ICl3 | XeCl
XeCl2
CsCl | BaCl2 |  | HfCl4 | TaCl5 | WCl2
WCl3
WCl4
WCl5
WCl6 | Re3Cl9
ReCl4
ReCl5
ReCl6 | OsCl4 | IrCl2
IrCl3
IrCl4 | PtCl2
PtCl4 | AuCl
AuCl3 | Hg2Cl2,
HgCl2 | TlCl | PbCl2,
PbCl4 | BiCl3 | PoCl2,
PoCl4 | AtCl  | RnCl2
FrCl | RaCl2 |  | Rf  | Db  | Sg  | Bh  | Hs  | Mt  | Ds  | Rg  | Cn  | Nh  | Fl  | Mc  | Lv  | Ts  | Og
| ↓  |  |
LaCl3 | CeCl3 | PrCl3 | NdCl2,
NdCl3 | PmCl3 | SmCl2,
SmCl3 | EuCl2,
EuCl3 | GdCl3 | TbCl3 | DyCl2,
DyCl3 | HoCl3 | ErCl3 | TmCl2
TmCl3 | YbCl2
YbCl3 | LuCl3
AcCl3 | ThCl4 | PaCl5 | UCl3
UCl4
UCl5
UCl6 | NpCl4 | PuCl3 | AmCl2
AmCl3 | CmCl3 | BkCl3 | CfCl3 | EsCl3 | Fm  | Md  | No  | LrCl3

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*[CID]: Compound ID
*[EPA]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
*[H301]: Toxic if swallowed
*[H330]: Fatal if inhaled
*[H340]: May cause genetic defects
*[H350]: May cause cancer
*[H360]: May damage fertility or the unborn child
*[H372]: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
*[H410]: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
*[P210]: Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces – No smoking
*[P260]: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
*[P273]: Avoid release to the environment
*[P284]: Wear respiratory protection
*[P301+310]: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
*[P310]: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
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