Chinese Lunar Exploration Program

Short description: Lunar research program (2004–present)

Chinese Lunar Exploration Program

Program insignia: a lunar crescent with two footprints at its center. The symbol resembles 月, the Chinese character for "Moon".

Country| China
Organization| China National Space Administration (CNSA)
Purpose| Robotic Moon missions
Human spaceflight (beginning 2030)
Status| Ongoing
Program history
Duration| 23 January 2004–present
Maiden flight| Chang'e 1, 24 October 2007, 10:05:04.602 (2007-10-24UTC10:05:04Z) UTC
Last flight| Chang'e 6, 3 May 2024, 09:27:29.132 (2024-05-03UTC09:27:29Z) UTC
Successes| 9
Failures| 0
Launch site(s)|

* Xichang Satellite Launch Center
* Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site

Vehicle information
Launch vehicle(s)|

* Long March rockets

The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP; Chinese: 中国探月工程; pinyin: Zhōngguó Tànyuè Gōngchéng), also known as the Chang'e Project (Chinese: 嫦娥工程; pinyin: Cháng'é Gōngchéng) after the Chinese Moon goddess Chang'e, is the first and ongoing series of robotic Moon missions by the China National Space Administration (CNSA), part of the Chinese space program.

Chang'e 1 (2007) and Chang'e 2 (2010) orbited the Moon, surveying potential landing sites. Chang'e 3 (2013) deployed China's first lander and rover, Yutu. Chang'e 4 (2019) made the world's first landing on the far side of the Moon; its Yutu-2 became the longest-lived lunar rover. Chang'e 5 (2020) provided the world's first lunar sample return since Luna 24 in 1974, also conducting the first robotic lunar orbit docking. Chang'e 6 (2024) retrieved the first ever lunar far side samples.

Support missions include Queqiao-1 (2018) and Queqiao-2 (2024), communications satellites in halo and frozen orbits respectively, for coverage of the far side and lunar south pole. Chang'e 5-T1 (2014) tested the reentry capsule and docking technology needed for sample returns. Larger payloads from Chang'e 5 onwards use the heavy lift Long March 5 rocket; the Chang'e 3 and 4 landers used the Long March 3B.

China plans Chang'e 7 (late 2026) and Chang'e 8 (2028), which will explore the lunar south pole for ice, using multi-landing flying probes; the latter will test in situ resource utilization. China plans a crewed lunar landing in 2029 or 2030, using the Mengzhou orbiter and Lanyue lander, each launched by a super heavy-lift Long March 10 rocket. China aims to construct the International Lunar Research Station at the lunar south pole from 2031, collaborating with Roscosmos and 11 other countries. The Long March 9 super heavy-lifter is planned for this construction. The program previously saw collaboration with the European Space Agency on deep space telemetry and scientific payloads.

## Contents

* 1 Engineering program
* 2 Program structure
* 2.1 Phase I (robotic): Orbital missions
* 2.2 Phase II (robotic): Soft landers/rovers
* 2.3 Phase III (robotic): Sample-return
* 2.4 Phase IV (robotic): Lunar robotic research station
* 2.5 Crewed mission phase
* 2.6 2035 and thereafter: International Moon base and application
* 3 List of missions
* 3.1 Conducted missions
* 3.2 Upcoming missions
* 4 Key technologies
* 4.1 Long-range TT&C
* 4.2 Environmental adaptability
* 4.3 Orbit design and flight sequence control
* 4.4 Attitude control
* 4.5 Hazard avoidance
* 5 International cooperation
* 5.1 Cooperation with Russia
* 6 Gallery
* 7 Timeline
* 7.1 Phase I to phase IV
* 7.2 Phase IV to International Lunar Research Station
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Engineering program

The program encompasses lunar orbiters, landers, rovers and sample return spacecraft, launched using the Long March series of rockets. A human lunar landing component may have been added to the program, after China publicly announced crewed lunar landing plans by the year 2030 during a conference in July 2023.[1]

The program's launches and flights are monitored by a telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) system, which uses 50-meter (160-foot) radio antennas in Beijing and 40-meter (130-foot) antennas in Kunming, Shanghai, and Ürümqi to form a 3,000-kilometer (1,900-mile) VLBI antenna.[2][3] A proprietary ground application system is responsible for downlink data reception.

In 2019, China National Space Administration head Zhang Kejian announced that China is planning to build a scientific research station on the Moon's south pole "within the next 10 years".[4]

## Program structure

Ouyang Ziyuan, a geologist and chemical cosmologist, is the program's chief scientist. Ye Peijian serves as the program's chief commander and chief designer.[5] Sun Jiadong, an aerospace engineer, is the program's general designer and Sun Zezhou is deputy general designer. The leading program manager is Luan Enjie. The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program is divided into four main operational phases, with each mission serving as a technology demonstrator in preparation for future missions. International cooperation in the form of various payloads and a robotic station is invited by China.[6]

### Phase I (robotic): Orbital missions

The first phase entailed the launch of two lunar orbiters, and is now effectively complete.

* Chang'e 1 was launched aboard a Long March 3A rocket from Xichang Satellite Launch Center on 24 October 2007,[7] having been delayed from the initial planned date of 17–19 April 2007.[8] It scanned the entire Moon in unprecedented detail, generating a high definition 3D map that would provide a reference for future soft landings. The probe also mapped the abundance and distribution of various chemical elements on the lunar surface as part of an evaluation of potentially useful resources.
* Chang'e 2, launched on 1 October 2010 aboard a Long March 3C rocket, reached the Moon in under 5 days, compared to 12 days for Chang'e 1, and mapped the Moon in even greater detail. It then left lunar orbit and headed for the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point in order to test the TT&C network. Having done that it completed a flyby of asteroid 4179 Toutatis on 13 December 2012, before heading into deep space to further test the TT&C network.

### Phase II (robotic): Soft landers/rovers

Yutu-2, the first rover deployed on the far side of the Moon, working during Chang'e 4 mission

Before Chang'e 5, no lunar sample-return was conducted in over four decades.

The second phase is ongoing[when?], and incorporates spacecraft capable of soft-landing on the Moon and deploying lunar rovers.

* Chang'e 3, launched on 2 December 2013 aboard a Long March 3B rocket, landed on the Moon on 14 December 2013. It carried with it a 140 kilograms (310 pounds) lunar rover named Yutu, which was designed to explore an area of 3 square kilometers (1.2 square miles) during a 3-month mission. It was also supposed to conduct ultra-violet observations of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, variable stars, binaries, novae, quasars, and blazars, as well as the structure and dynamics of the Earth's plasmasphere.
* Chang'e 4 was launched on 7 December 2018. Originally scheduled for 2015, it was a back-up for Chang'e 3. However, as a result of the success of that mission, the configuration of Chang'e 4 was adjusted for the next mission.[9] It landed on 3 January 2019 on the South Pole-Aitken Basin, on the far side of the Moon, and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[10]

### Phase III (robotic): Sample-return

The third phase included a lunar sample-return mission.

* Chang'e 5-T1 was launched on 23 October 2014. It was designed to test the lunar return spacecraft.
* Chang'e 5 was launched on 23 November 2020, landed near Mons Rümker on the Moon on 1 December 2020, and returned to Earth with 1,731 grams (61.1 oz) of lunar samples back to Earth.[11][12]

### Phase IV (robotic): Lunar robotic research station

Phase IV is the development of an autonomous lunar research station near the Moon's south pole.[6][13][14] The Phase IV program entered active development in 2023 following the successful completion of the previous three phases.[15]

* Chang'e 6, launched on 3 May 2024,[16][17][18] investigated the topography, composition and subsurface structure of the South Pole–Aitken basin on the far side of the Moon. The mission returned samples to Earth from Apollo Basin on the far side of the Moon.[19][20] It also carried a Chinese rover called Jinchan to conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.[21]
* Chang'e 7, expected to launch in August 2026, is a mission that will explore the south pole for resources. The mission will include an orbiter, a lander, and a mini-flying probe.[22]
* Chang'e 8, expected to launch in 2028, will verify in-situ resource development and utilization technologies.[22] It may include a lander, a rover, and a flying detector,[13] as well as a 3D-printing experiment using in situ resource utilization (ISRU) to test-build a structure,[6] It will also transport a small sealed ecosystem experiment.[13] It will test technology necessary to the construction of a lunar science base.[23]

### Crewed mission phase

See also: Mengzhou (spacecraft) and Lanyue

China plans to conduct its first crewed lunar landing in 2029 or 2030.[24] This will use the Mengzhou crewed spacecraft and the Lanyue crewed lunar lander; they will launch separately on two Long March 10 rockets, and conduct lunar orbit rendezvous.[25][26][24] China's crewed lunar program is also developing the Wangyu (zh) lunar space suit and the Tansuo (zh) crewed lunar rover.[27]

In 2019, China was reviewing preliminary studies for a crewed lunar landing mission in the 2030s,[28][29] and possibly building an outpost near the lunar south pole with international cooperation.[6][28]

On 12 July 2023, at the 9th China (International) Commercial Aerospace Forum in Wuhan, Hubei province, Zhang Hailian, a deputy chief designer with the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), publicly introduced a preliminary plan to land two astronauts on the Moon by the year 2030[1]

On 28 September 2024, in Chongqing, the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) unveiled the extravehicular lunar spacesuit and also solicited suggestions for a name for the suit.[30]

### 2035 and thereafter: International Moon base and application

See also: Astronomy:Moonbase

In 2021, China and Russia announced they will be building a Moon base together, also formally invited more countries and international organizations to join their International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) project being developed by the two nations,[31] as an alternative to the American Artemis Program.[32] China announced on April 24 the International Lunar Research Station Cooperation Organization (ILRSCO) with members including: China, Russia, South Africa, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Pakistan and Egypt.[33]

## List of missions

### Conducted missions

Planned hard landing  Planned soft landing

Mission
| Launch date  | Launch vehicle  | Orbital insertion date  | Landing date  | Return date  | Notes
| Status

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Main
mission  | Extended
mission
Phase 1
Chang'e 1 | 24 Oct 2007  | Long March 3A | 7 Nov 2007  | 1 Mar 2009  | \-  | Lunar orbiter; first Chinese lunar mission.  | Success  | Template:No attempt
Chang'e 2 | 1 Oct 2010  | Long March 3C | 6 Oct 2010  | \-  | \-  | Lunar orbiter; following lunar orbit mission flew extended mission to 4179 Toutatis.  | Success  | Success
Phase 2
Chang'e 3 | 1 Dec 2013  | Long March 3B | 6 Dec 2013  | 14 Dec 2013  | \-  | Lunar lander and rover; first Chinese lunar landing, landed in Mare Imbrium with Yutu 1.  | Success  | Ongoing
Queqiao 1 | 20 May 2018  | Long March 4C | 14 Jun 2018  | \-  | \-  | Relay satellite located at the Earth-Moon L2 point in order to allow communications with Chang'e 4.  | Success  | Ongoing
Chang'e 4 | 7 Dec 2018  | Long March 3B | 12 Dec 2018  | 3 Jan 2019  | \-  | Lunar lander and rover; first soft landing on the Far side of the Moon, landed in Von Karman crater with Yutu-2.  | Success  | Ongoing
Phase 3
Chang'e 5-T1 | 23 Oct 2014  | Long March 3C | 10 Jan 2015  | \-  | 31 Oct 2014  | Experimental test flight testing technologies ahead of first Lunar sample return; tested return capsule and lunar orbit autonomous rendezvous techniques and other maneuvers.  | Success  | Success
Chang'e 5 | 23 Nov 2020  | Long March 5 | 28 Nov 2020  | 1 Dec 2020  | 16 Dec 2020  | Lunar orbiter, lander, and sample return; which landed near Mons Rümker and returned 1731g of lunar soil to Earth. The service module made a visit to Lagrange point L1 and also performed a lunar flyby in extended mission.[34] | Success  | Ongoing
Phase 4
Queqiao 2  | 20 Mar 2024  | Long March 8 | 24 Mar 2024  | \-  | \-  | Lunar Relay satellite to support communications for the upcoming lunar missions, including Chang'e 6, 7 and 8.[16] | Success  | Ongoing
Chang'e 6 | 3 May 2024  | Long March 5 | 8 May 2024  | 1 Jun 2024[35] | 25 Jun 2024  | Lunar orbiter, lander, rover, and sample return; landed at the South Pole–Aitken basin on the far side of the Moon.[17] | Success  | Success

### Upcoming missions

Mission  | Launch date  | Launch vehicle  | Mission type  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Phase 4
Chang'e 7 | 2026  | Long March 5 | Lunar surface survey  | Lunar orbiter, lander, rover, and mini-flying probe; expected to perform in-depth exploration of the lunar south pole to look for resources.[22]
Chang'e 8 | 2028  | Long March 5 | Lunar surface survey  | Full mission details are currently unknown; will test ISRU and 3D-printing technologies, ahead of future crewed exploration of the Moon.[22]
1st crewed lunar mission  | 2029-2030  | Long March 10 | Human landing on lunar surface  | 2 launches using the Long March 10 to place two astronauts on the lunar surface via the Mengzhou crewed lunar spacecraft and the Lanyue crewed lunar lander.[1]

## Key technologies

### Long-range TT&C

See also: Astronomy:Chinese Deep Space Network

The biggest challenge in Phase I of the program was the operation of the TT&C system, because its transmission capability needed sufficient range to communicate with the probes in lunar orbit.[36] China's standard satellite telemetry had a range of 80,000 kilometers (50,000 miles), but the distance between the Moon and the Earth can exceed 400,000 kilometers (250,000 miles) when the Moon is at apogee. In addition, the Chang'e probes had to carry out many attitude maneuvers during their flights to the Moon and during operations in lunar orbit. The distance across China from east to west is 5,000 kilometers (3,100 miles),[37] forming another challenge to TT&C continuity. At present, the combination of the TT&C system and the Chinese astronomical observation network has met the needs of the Chang'e program,[38] but only by a small margin.

### Environmental adaptability

The complexity of the space environment encountered during the Chang'e missions imposed strict requirements for environmental adaptability and reliability of the probes and their instruments. The high-radiation environment in Earth-Moon space required hardened electronics to prevent electromagnetic damage to spacecraft instruments. The extreme temperature range, from 130 degrees Celsius (266 degrees Fahrenheit) on the side of the spacecraft facing the Sun to −170 degrees Celsius (−274 degrees Fahrenheit) on the side facing away from the Sun, imposed strict requirements for temperature control in the design of the detectors.

### Orbit design and flight sequence control

Given the conditions of the three-body system of the Earth, Moon and a space probe, the orbit design of lunar orbiters is more complicated than that of Earth-orbiting satellites, which only deal with a two-body system. The Chang'e 1 and Chang'e 2 probes were first sent into highly elliptical Earth orbits. After separating from their launch vehicles, they entered an Earth-Moon transfer orbit through three accelerations in the phase-modulated orbit. These accelerations were conducted 16, 24, and 48 hours into the missions, during which several orbit adjustments and attitude maneuvers were carried out so as to ensure the probes' capture by lunar gravity. After operating in the Earth-Moon orbit for 4–5 days, each probe entered a lunar acquisition orbit. After entering their target orbits, conducting three braking maneuvers and experiencing three different orbit phases, Chang'e 1 and Chang'e 2 carried out their missions.

### Attitude control

Lunar orbiters have to remain properly oriented with respect to the Earth, Moon and Sun. All onboard detectors must be kept facing the lunar surface in order to complete their scientific missions, communication antennas have to face the Earth in order to receive commands and transfer scientific data, and solar panels must be oriented toward the Sun in order to acquire power. During lunar orbit, the Earth, the Moon and the Sun also move, so attitude control is a complex three-vector control process. The Chang'e satellites need to adjust their attitude very carefully to maintain an optimal angle towards all three bodies.

### Hazard avoidance

During the second phase of the program, in which the spacecraft were required to soft-land on the lunar surface, it was necessary to devise a system of automatic hazard avoidance in order that the landers would not attempt to touch down on unsuitable terrain. Chang'e 3 utilized a computer vision system in which the data from a down-facing camera, as well as 2 ranging devices, were processed using specialized software. The software controlled the final stages of descent, adjusting the attitude of the spacecraft and the throttle of its main engine. The spacecraft hovered first at 100 meters (330 feet), then at 30 meters (98 feet), as it searched for a suitable spot to set down. The Yutu rover is also equipped with front-facing stereo cameras and hazard avoidance technology.

## International cooperation

Chang'e 1: The first Chinese lunar orbiter, launched in 2007. It carried a European Space Agency (ESA) instrument called D-CIXS, which measured the elemental composition of the lunar surface. It also received tracking and data relay support from ESA's ground stations in Australia and Spain.

Chang'e 2: The second Chinese lunar orbiter, launched in 2010. It carried a laser altimeter provided by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), which mapped the lunar topography with high precision. It also used ESA's deep space network for communication and navigation during its extended mission to the asteroid 4179 Toutatis.

Chang'e 3: The first Chinese lunar lander and rover, launched in 2013. It carried a lunar ultraviolet telescope (LUT) developed by the National Astronomical Observatories of China (NAOC) and the International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA), which performed the first astronomical observations from the lunar surface. It also received data relay support from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) for the landing of the Chang'e 3 probe.

Chang'e-4: The first mission to land and explore the far side of the Moon, with four international scientific payloads from the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and Saudi Arabia. It also received support from NASA's LRO team, Russia's radioisotope heat source, China's deep space station in Argentina, and the European Space Agency;s tracking station.

Chang'e-5: The first mission to return lunar samples since 1976, with international cooperation in telemetry, tracking, and command from the European Space Agency, Argentina, Namibia, Pakistan, and other countries and organizations. It also carried a French magnetic field detector. Scientists from various countries, including Australia, Russia, France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden, have participated in scientific research involving Chinese lunar samples.

### Cooperation with Russia

In November 2017, China and Russia signed an agreement on cooperative lunar and deep space exploration.[39] The agreement includes six sectors, covering lunar and deep space, joint spacecraft development, space electronics, Earth remote sensing data, and space debris monitoring.[39][40][41] Russia may also look to develop closer ties with China in human spaceflight,[39] and even shift its human spaceflight cooperation from the US to China and build a crewed lunar lander.[42]

## Gallery

* Chang'e 4 lander on the Moon

* Yutu-2 rover on lunar surface

* Lunar soil sample collected by China's Chang'e 5 mission, displayed at Airshow China 2021

The first panorama from the far side of the Moon by Chang'e 4 lander, with the Yutu-2 rover

## Timeline

### Phase I to phase IV

Template:Timeline of the Chang'e missions

### Phase IV to International Lunar Research Station

Template:Timeline of the International Lunar Research Station

## See also

* Exploration of the Moon
* List of missions to the Moon
* Apollo program
* Artemis program
* Chandrayaan programme
* Luna programme
* Chinese space program
* Planetary Exploration of China
* Tianwen-1
* New Space Race

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Andrew Jones (17 July 2023). "China sets out preliminary crewed lunar landing plan". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/china-sets-out-preliminary-crewed-lunar-landing-plan/.
2. ↑ ""嫦娥奔月"地面主干工程基本完成 云南天文台巨型射电追踪望远镜年底投入使用". http://www.yndaily.com/html/20060317/news_88_1052407.html.
3. ↑ "巨型望远镜送"嫦娥"飞月-望远镜,嫦娥-北方网-科技无限". http://tech.enorth.com.cn/system/2006/08/19/001388423.shtml.
4. ↑ "China to build moon station in 'about 10 years'". https://phys.org/news/2019-04-china-moon-station-years.html.
5. ↑ "嫦娥工程总指挥兼总设计师叶培建". Sohu. 22 October 2007. http://news.sohu.com/20071022/n252783811.shtml.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Chang'e 4 press conference. CNSA, broadcast on 14 January 2019.
7. ↑ ""嫦娥一号"发射时间确定 但未到公布时机". Xinhua News Agency. 2007-07-07. http://news3.xinhuanet.com/tech/2007-07/07/content_6340313.htm.
8. ↑ "阅读文章". http://www.newsmth.net/bbscon.php?board=Aero&id=97395.
9. ↑ Austin Ramzy (16 December 2013). "China Celebrates Lunar Probe and Announces Return Plans". The New York Times. https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/china-celebrates-lunar-probe-and-announces-return-plans/.
10. ↑ Rivers, Matt; Regan, Helen; Jiang, Steven (3 January 2019). "China lunar rover successfully touches down on far side of the moon, state media announces". https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/02/health/china-lunar-rover-far-moon-landing-intl/index.html.
11. ↑ "China recovers Chang'e-5 moon samples after complex 23-day mission" (in en-US). 2020-12-16. https://spacenews.com/china-recovers-change-5-moon-samples-after-complex-23-day-mission/.
12. ↑ CNSA. "China's Chang'e-5 retrieves 1,731 kilograms of moon samples". http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6810963/content.html.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 China's Planning for Deep Space Exploration and Lunar Exploration before 2030. (PDF) XU Lin, ZOU Yongliao, JIA Yingzhuo. Space Sci., 2018, 38(5): 591-592. doi:10.11728/cjss2018.05.591
14. ↑ A Tentative Plan of China to Establish a Lunar Research Station in the Next Ten Years. Zou, Yongliao; Xu, Lin; Jia, Yingzhuo. 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 14–22 July 2018, in Pasadena, California, USA, Abstract id. B3.1-34-18.
15. ↑ "China to advance lunar exploration program". Xinhua. 6 February 2023. https://english.news.cn/20230206/10408e89573d4ca5bd8db3d84054fab1/c.html.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 China N' Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (24 November 2022). "Update:
2024 Queqiao-2 data relay
2025 Chang'e-6 lunar sample return from far side
2026 Chang'e-7 lunar landing in south pole
2028 Chang'e-8 basic model of lunar research station". https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1595758500977971201.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jones, Andrew (8 July 2021). "China's Chang'e 6 mission will collect lunar samples from the far side of the moon by 2024". Space.com. https://www.space.com/china-chang-e-6-moon-sample-return-preparations.
18. ↑ "大陸「嫦娥六號」明年5月發射 擬帶回月球背面岩石採樣" (in zh-hant). 聯合報. 2023-04-25. https://udn.com/news/story/7333/7122039. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
19. ↑ "Lunar plans for phase IV". http://passport.acfun.cn/a/ac4857461.
20. ↑ Lunar program next plan
21. ↑ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Jones, Andrew (28 November 2022). "China outlines pathway for lunar and deep space exploration". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/china-outlines-pathway-for-lunar-and-deep-space-exploration/.
23. ↑ Future Chinese Lunar Missions. David R. Williams, NASA. Accessed on 7 November 2019.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Marín, Daniel (2025-04-19). "Misiones CZ-10 Y4 e Y5: el primer alunizaje tripulado chino - Eureka" (in es-ES). Eureka. https://danielmarin.naukas.com/2025/04/19/misiones-cz-10-y4-e-y5-el-primer-alunizaje-tripulado-chino/.
25. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2023-05-29). "China sets sights on crewed lunar landing before 2030" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/china-sets-sights-on-crewed-lunar-landing-before-2030/.
26. ↑ Zhao, Lei (24 February 2024). "Chinese lunar lander and new crew spaceship names revealed". China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202402/24/WS65d9506aa31082fc043b8df2.html.
27. ↑ published, Andrew Jones (2025-02-14). "Meet 'Tansuo' and 'Wangyu,' China's next moon rover and astronaut spacesuit (video)" (in en). https://www.space.com/china-names-spacesuit-moon-rover-wangyu-tansuo.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 China lays out its ambitions to colonize the moon and build a "lunar palace". Echo Huang, Quartz. 26 April 2018.
29. ↑ China prepares first manned mission to the Moon. Ben Blanchard, Independent. 7 June 2017.
30. ↑ "China unveils lunar spacesuit for crewed moon mission". https://spacenews.com/china-unveils-lunar-spacesuit-for-crewed-moon-mission/.
31. ↑ "China, Russia open moon base project to international partners, early details emerge". 26 April 2021. https://spacenews.com/china-russia-open-moon-base-project-to-international-partners-early-details-emerge/.
32. ↑ "Lunar Research Station: Russia, China Almost Ready To Ink Pact On 'Moon Base' That Will Rival Artemis Accords - Rogozin". 1 June 2022. https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-china-almost-ready-to-ink-pact-on-moon-base/.
33. ↑ @CNSpaceflight (April 24, 2023). "CNSA announces to establish International Lunar Research Station Cooperation Organization and founding member states to sign agreement by June". https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1650687403642986496.
34. ↑ "China's Chang'e-5 orbiter is heading back to the moon" (in en-US). 2021-09-06. https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-5-orbiter-is-heading-back-to-the-moon/.
35. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2024-06-01). "Chang'e-6 lands on far side of the moon to collect unique lunar samples" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/change-6-lands-on-far-side-of-the-moon-to-collect-unique-lunar-samples/.
36. ↑ Shen, Rongjun; Qian, Weiping (29 September 2012). Proceedings of the 26th Conference of Spacecraft TT&C Technology in China. Springer. ISBN 9783642336621. https://books.google.com/books?id=LipnTrbYd9cC&q=chinese+tt&c;&pg=PA33.
37. ↑ "China's Location, Size, Land Boundaries, Length of Coastline, and Maritime Claims". http://www.chinese-outpost.com/chinapedia/geography/location-size-land-boundaries-length-of-coastline-maritime-claims.asp.
38. ↑ "China Builds Advanced Spacecraft Tracking and Command Network". https://www.spacedaily.com/news/china-00za.html.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 China, Russia agree cooperation on lunar and deep space exploration, other sectors. GB Times. 2 November 2017.
40. ↑ Russia, China to add lunar projects to joint space cooperation program. TASS, Russia. 11 July 2018.
41. ↑ China, Russia agree cooperation on lunar and deep space. Janet R. Aguilar, Tunisie Soir. 3 March 2018.
42. ↑ Russia's Space Agency Might Break Up With the U.S. To Get With China. Anatoly Zak, Popular Mechanics. 7 March 2018.

## External links

* CLEP official website
* Data Release and Information Service System of China's Lunar Exploration Program
* "China's Lunar Exploration Program - English". http://en.people.cn/90002/91752/index.html.
* Encyclopedia Astronautica
* The Scientific Objectives of Chinese Lunar Exploration Project by Ouyang Ziyuan
* 我国发射首颗探月卫星专题
* 嫦娥探月专题
* Sūn Huīxiān (孙辉先); Dài Shùwǔ (代树武); Yáng Jiànfēng (杨建峰); Wú Jì (吴季); Jiāng Jǐngshān (姜景山) (2005). "Scientific objectives and payloads of Chang'E-1 lunar satellite". Journal of Earth System Science 114 (6): 789–794. doi:10.1007/BF02715964. Bibcode: 2005JESS..114..789H. http://www.ias.ac.in/jessci/dec2005/ilc-25.pdf.

* v
* t
* e

Chinese Lunar Exploration Program

* China National Space Administration
* Chinese space program

Missions|

* Chang'e 1 (Oct 2007)
* Chang'e 2 (Oct 2010)
* Chang'e 3 (Dec 2013)
* Yutu rover
* Chang'e 5-T1 (Oct 2014)
* Queqiao (relay satellite, May 2018)
* Chang'e 4 (Dec 2018)
* Yutu-2 rover
* Chang'e 5 (2020)
* Chang'e 6 (2023–2024)
* Chang'e 7 (2023)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 3A
* Long March 3B
* Long March 3C
* Long March 5

Launch sites|

* Xichang Satellite Launch Center (include China Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site)

People|

* Zhang Qingwei
* Ouyang Ziyuan
* Ma Xingrui
* Ye Peijian

Future spacecraft in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Chinese space program

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)

| Spaceports and landing sites|

* Jiuquan
* Taiyuan
* Wenchang
* Xichang
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

|

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 2
* Long March 3
* Long March 4
* Long March 5
* Long March 6
* Long March 7
* Long March 11
* Kuaizhou
* Kaituozhe

Exploration programs|

* Shuguang (cancelled)
* Shenzhou (human spaceflight)
* Chang'e (lunar exploration)
* Tiangong (space station)

Projects and missions

Science|

| Planetary science|

* Chang'e 1 (2007–09)
* Chang'e 2 (2010–present)
* Yinghuo 1† (2011)
* Chang'e 3 (2013–present)
* Chang'e 5-T1 (2014–present)
* Yutu (2013–2016)
* Chang'e 4 (2018-present)
* Yutu-2 (2018-present)
* Chang'e 5 (2020)
* Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover (2020)
* ZhengHe (2024)

|

Astronomy and
cosmology

* DAMPE (2015–present)
* HXMT (2017–present)
* GECAM (2020)
* SVOM (2021)
* EP (2021)
* ASO-S (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope

Earth observation|

* CSES (2018–present)
* Double Star (2003–07)
* Gaofen (2013–present)
* HY
* TanSat (2016–present)
* Yaogan (2006–present)
* Ziyuan (CBERS) (1999–present)
* SMILE (2023)

Human spaceflight|

| Crewed expeditions|

* List of Chinese astronauts
* Shenzhou 5
* Shenzhou 6
* Shenzhou 7
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11

|

Space laboratories and cargos|

* Tiangong 1 (2011–18)
* Tiangong 2 (2016–19)
* Tianzhou 1 (2017)

Chinese space station|

* Tianhe (2021)
* Wentian (2021)
* Mengtian (2022)

Navigation|

* BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)

Telecommunications|

* Tianlian I (2008–present)
* ChinaSat 9 (2009–present)
* Apstar 6C (2018–present)
* Tianlian 2 (2019–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* FSW Program (1969–2006)
* QUESS (2016–present)
* XPNAV 1 (2016–present)

* Future missions marked in italics, failed missions marked with † sign

* v
* t
* e

Chinese spacecraft

Earth observation|

* Fengyun
* Gaofen
* FSW
* HY
* Jilin
* Shiyan
* SMMS
* TanSat
* Tansuo
* Tianhui
* Yaogan
* Ziyuan

Communication and engineering|

* Dong Fang Hong
* FH-1
* Apstar
* APMT
* Asiasat
* Chinasat
* ChinaStar
* HKSTG
* LGSP
* OlympicSat
* Shijian
* Sinosat
* Tsinghua-1
* Xiwang 1

Data relay satellite system|

* Queqiao
* Tianlian I
* Tianlian I-01
* Tianlian I-02
* Tianlian I-03
* Tianlian II

Positioning|

* BeiDou-1
* BeiDou-2

Astronomical observation|

* Double Star (joint with ESA)
* Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE)
* Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT)
* Huanjing
* Kuafu
* Longjiang-2
* Queqiao
* Space Solar Telescope (SST)
* Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)
* Xuntian

Lunar exploration|

* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
* Chang'e 1
* Chang'e 2
* Chang'e 3
* Yutu
* Chang'e 5-T1
* Chang'e 4
* Yutu-2
* Chang'e 5
* Chang'e 6
* Chang'e 7
* Chang'e 8

Planetary exploration|

* Yinghuo-1
* Chang'e 2
* Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover
* ZhengHe

Microsatellites|

* Fengniao
* Xinyan

Future spacecraft in italics.

{{Navbox | name = Lunar rovers | title = Lunar rovers | bodyclass = hlist | state = | basestyle = background:#DDDDDD;

| group1 = Active | list1 =

* Yutu-2 (2019–present, on Chang'e 4)}}

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs|

* American
* Apollo
* Artemis
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services
* Lunar Orbiter
* Lunar Precursor
* Pioneer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Chinese (Chang'e)
* Indian (Chandrayaan)
* Japanese
* Russian
* Luna-Glob
* Soviet
* Crewed
* Luna
* Lunokhod
* Zond

Active
missions|

| Orbiters|

* ARTEMIS
* Chang'e 5-T1 (service module)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao (relay satellite at L2)
* Chandrayaan-2

|

Landers|

* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4

Rovers|

* Yutu-2

Past
missions|

| Crewed landings|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* (List of Apollo astronauts)

|

Orbiters|

* Apollo 8
* 10
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Chang'e 1
* 2
* Chandrayaan-1
* Clementine
* Explorer 35
* 49
* GRAIL
* Hiten
* LADEE
* Longjiang-2
* Luna 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 19
* 22
* Lunar Orbiter 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* Lunar Prospector
* PFS-1
* PFS-2
* SMART-1
* SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)

Impactors|

* LCROSS
* Luna 2
* Moon Impact Probe
* Ranger 4
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Landers|

* Apollo Lunar Module ×6
* Luna 9
* 13
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21
* 23
* 24
* Surveyor 1
* 3
* 5
* 6
* 7

Rovers|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle
* Apollo 15
* 16
* 17
* Lunokhod 1
* 2
* Yutu

Sample return|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* Luna 16
* 20
* 24

Failed landings|

* Surveyor 2
* 4
* Luna 5
* 7
* 8
* 15
* 18
* Beresheet
* Vikram / Pragyan

Flybys|

* 4M
* Apollo 13
* AsiaSat-3 / HGS-1
* Chang'e 5-T1 / Xiaofei
* Geotail
* ICE
* Longjiang-1
* Luna 1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* Mariner 10
* Nozomi
* Pioneer 4
* Ranger 5
* STEREO
* TESS
* WMAP
* WIND
* Zond 3
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* PAS-22

Planned
missions|

| Artemis|

* Artemis 1 (2020)
* ArgoMoon
* BioSentinel
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* CuSP
* EQUULEUS
* LunaH-Map
* Lunar Flashlight
* Lunar IceCube
* NEA Scout
* OMOTENASHI
* SkyFire
* Team Miles
* Artemis 2 (2022)
* Artemis 3 (2024)
* Artemis 4 (2025)
* Artemis 5 (2026)
* Artemis 6 (2027)
* Artemis 7 (2028)
* Artemis 8 (2028)

|

CLPS|

* CAPSTONE (December 2020)
* Nova-C (2021)
* Peregrine M1 (Jul 2021)
* VIPER (2022)

Luna-Glob|

* Luna 25 (2021)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2027)
* Luna 29 (2028)
* Luna 30 (2028)
* Luna 31 (2028)

CLEP|

* Chang'e 5 (mid-2020)
* Chang'e 6 (2023–2024)
* Chang'e 7 (2023)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)

Others|

* Moon Express Lunar Scout (Jul 2020)
* International Lunar Observatory
* MoonLIGHT
* ALINA (2021)
* CubeRover
* Uni
* Hakuto-R M1 (Oct 2021)
* MoonRanger (2022)
* SLIM (Jan 2022)
* KPLO (Jul 2022)
* DESTINY+ (2022)
* Hakuto-R M2 (Mar 2023)
* #dearMoon project (2023)

Proposed
missions|

| Robotic|

* Chandrayaan-3 (November 2020)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (2024)
* Artemis-7
* Blue Moon
* BOLAS
* Garatéa-L
* ISOCHRON
* Lunar Pathfinder
* McCandless
* Moon Diver
* XL-1

|

Crewed|

* DSE-Alpha
* Lunar Gateway (Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander)
* Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts|

* Altair
* Baden-Württemberg 1
* European Lunar Explorer
* International Lunar Network
* LEO
* LK
* Lunar-A
* Lunar Lander
* Lunar Mission One
* Lunar Observer
* Lunokhod 3
* MoonLITE
* MoonRise
* Prospector
* Resource Prospector
* SELENE-2
* Ukrselena

See also|

* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
* List of lunar probes
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* Lunar resources
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Apollo 11 anniversaries
* List of crewed lunar lander designs

* Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Colonization of the Moon

American projects|

* Project Horizon (1960s)
* Lunex Project (1960s)
* Apollo Lunar Base (1970s)
* JSC Moon Base (1980s)
* Lunox (1990s)
* Lunar Outpost (2000s)

Soviet and
Russian projects|

* Zvezda moonbase (1960s)
* KLE Complex Lunar Expedition (1970s)
* L3M (1970s)
* Lunar Expeditionary Complex (1970s)
* Energia Lunar Expedition (1980s)
* Luna-Glob (2030s)

Other projects|

* "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" (1950s)
* Artemis Project (1990s)
* Human Lunar Return (1990s)
* Chinese Lunar Base (2030s)
* JAXA Moon Base (2030s)

Proposed sites|

* Sinus Roris
* Eratosthenes
* Sinus Medii
* Montes Apenninus
* Kepler
* Shackleton
* Peary

* Exploration of the Moon
* Tourism on the Moon

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War Space Race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

First Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* NSIL
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* INCOSPAR
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese Lunar Exploration Program. Read more

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