Article II, Washington State Constitution

Washington Constitution

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Amendments

## Contents

* 1 Section 1
* 1.1 Amendments
* 1.2 Original text
* 2 Section 1(a)
* 2.1 Amendments
* 2.2 Original text
* 3 Section 2
* 4 Section 3
* 4.1 Amendments
* 4.2 Original text
* 5 Section 4
* 6 Section 5
* 7 Section 6
* 8 Section 7
* 9 Section 8
* 10 Section 9
* 11 Section 10
* 12 Section 11
* 13 Section 12
* 13.1 Amendments
* 13.2 Original text
* 14 Section 13
* 14.1 Amendments
* 14.2 Original text
* 15 Section 14
* 16 Section 15
* 16.1 Amendments
* 16.2 Original text
* 17 Section 16
* 18 Section 17
* 19 Section 18
* 20 Section 19
* 21 Section 20
* 22 Section 21
* 23 Section 22
* 24 Section 23
* 25 Section 24
* 25.1 Amendments
* 25.2 Original text
* 26 Section 25
* 26.1 Amendments
* 26.2 Original text
* 27 Section 26
* 28 Section 27
* 29 Section 28
* 30 Section 29
* 30.1 Amendments
* 30.2 Original text
* 31 Section 30
* 32 Section 31
* 32.1 Amendments
* 32.2 Original text
* 33 Section 32
* 34 Section 33
* 34.1 Amendments
* 34.2 Original text
* 35 Section 34
* 36 Section 35
* 37 Section 36
* 38 Section 37
* 39 Section 38
* 40 Section 39
* 41 Section 40
* 41.1 Amendments
* 42 Section 41
* 42.1 Amendments
* 43 Section 42
* 43.1 Amendments
* 44 Section 43
* 44.1 Amendments
* 45 See also
* 46 External links
* 47 Additional reading
* 48 Footnotes

Article II of the Washington State Constitution is labeled Legislative Department.

Article II has been amended 19 times since 1889. It was first amended in 1912 and most recently, in 2007.

* Initiative & Referendum, Amendment 7 (1912)
* Legislative Vacancies, Amendment 13 (1930)
* Vehicle Taxes, Amendment 18 (1944)
* Canadians Owning Washington Land, Amendment 24 (1950)
* Veto Referenda, Amendment 26 (1952)
* Foreign Corporations, Amendment 29 (1954)
* Initiative Signatures, Amendment 30 (1956)
* Replacement Legislators, Amendment 32 (1956)
* Pension Exemption, Amendment 35 (1958)
* Publicize Amendments, Amendment 36 (1962)

* Emergency Continuity, Amendment 39 (1962)
* Land Ownership, Amendment 42 (1966)
* Legislative Vacancies, Amendment 52 (1968)
* Lotteries Supermajority, Amendment 56 (1972)
* Legislative Sessions, Amendment 68 (1979)
* State Legislators, Amendment 69 (1979)
* Initiative Signatures, Amendment 72 (1981)
* Amendment 74 (1983)
* Vacancies in Office, Amendment 96 (2003)
* Amendment 100 (2007)

|

## Section 1[edit]

| Text of Section 1:

Legislative Powers, Where Vested

The legislative authority of the state of Washington shall be vested in the legislature, consisting of a senate and house of representatives, which shall be called the legislature of the state of Washington, but the people reserve to themselves the power to propose bills, laws, and to enact or reject the same at the polls, independent of the legislature, and also reserve power, at their own option, to approve or reject at the polls any act, item, section, or part of any bill, act, or law passed by the legislature.

(a) Initiative: The first power reserved by the people is the initiative. Every such petition shall include the full text of the measure so proposed. In the case of initiatives to the legislature and initiatives to the people, the number of valid signatures of legal voters required shall be equal to eight percent of the votes cast for the office of governor at the last gubernatorial election preceding the initial filing of the text of the initiative measure with the secretary of state.

Initiative petitions shall be filed with the secretary of state not less than four months before the election at which they are to be voted upon, or not less than ten days before any regular session of the legislature. If filed at least four months before the election at which they are to be voted upon, he shall submit the same to the vote of the people at the said election. If such petitions are filed not less than ten days before any regular session of the legislature, he shall certify the results within forty days of the filing. If certification is not complete by the date that the legislature convenes, he shall provisionally certify the measure pending final certification of the measure. Such initiative measures, whether certified or provisionally certified, shall take precedence over all other measures in the legislature except appropriation bills and shall be either enacted or rejected without change or amendment by the legislature before the end of such regular session. If any such initiative measures shall be enacted by the legislature it shall be subject to the referendum petition, or it may be enacted and referred by the legislature to the people for approval or rejection at the next regular election. If it is rejected or if no action is taken upon it by the legislature before the end of such regular session, the secretary of state shall submit it to the people for approval or rejection at the next ensuing regular general election. The legislature may reject any measure so proposed by initiative petition and propose a different one dealing with the same subject, and in such event both measures shall be submitted by the secretary of state to the people for approval or rejection at the next ensuing regular general election. When conflicting measures are submitted to the people the ballots shall be so printed that a voter can express separately by making one cross (X) for each, two preferences, first, as between either measure and neither, and secondly, as between one and the other. If the majority of those voting on the first issue is for neither, both fail, but in that case the votes on the second issue shall nevertheless be carefully counted and made public. If a majority voting on the first issue is for either, then the measure receiving a majority of the votes on the second issue shall be law.

(b) Referendum. The second power reserved by the people is the referendum, and it may be ordered on any act, bill, law, or any part thereof passed by the legislature, except such laws as may be necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety, support of the state government and its existing public institutions, either by petition signed by the required percentage of the legal voters, or by the legislature as other bills are enacted: Provided, That the legislature may not order a referendum on any initiative measure enacted by the legislature under the foregoing subsection (a). The number of valid signatures of registered voters required on a petition for referendum of an act of the legislature or any part thereof, shall be equal to or exceeding four percent of the votes cast for the office of governor at the last gubernatorial election preceding the filing of the text of the referendum measure with the secretary of state.

(c) No act, law, or bill subject to referendum shall take effect until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it was enacted. No act, law, or bill approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon shall be amended or repealed by the legislature within a period of two years following such enactment: Provided, That any such act, law, or bill may be amended within two years after such enactment at any regular or special session of the legislature by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house with full compliance with section 12, Article III, of the Washington Constitution, and no amendatory law adopted in accordance with this provision shall be subject to referendum. But such enactment may be amended or repealed at any general regular or special election by direct vote of the people thereon.

(d) The filing of a referendum petition against one or more items, sections, or parts of any act, law, or bill shall not delay the remainder of the measure from becoming operative. Referendum petitions against measures passed by the legislature shall be filed with the secretary of state not later than ninety days after the final adjournment of the session of the legislature which passed the measure on which the referendum is demanded. The veto power of the governor shall not extend to measures initiated by or referred to the people. All elections on measures referred to the people of the state shall be had at the next succeeding regular general election following the filing of the measure with the secretary of state, except when the legislature shall order a special election. Any measure initiated by the people or referred to the people as herein provided shall take effect and become the law if it is approved by a majority of the votes cast thereon: Provided, That the vote cast upon such question or measure shall equal one-third of the total votes cast at such election and not otherwise. Such measure shall be in operation on and after the thirtieth day after the election at which it is approved. The style of all bills proposed by initiative petition shall be: "Be it enacted by the people of the State of Washington." This section shall not be construed to deprive any member of the legislature of the right to introduce any measure. All such petitions shall be filed with the secretary of state, who shall be guided by the general laws in submitting the same to the people until additional legislation shall especially provide therefore. This section is self-executing, but legislation may be enacted especially to facilitate its operation.

(e) The legislature shall provide methods of publicity of all laws or parts of laws, and amendments to the Constitution referred to the people with arguments for and against the laws and amendments so referred. The secretary of state shall send one copy of the publication to each individual place of residence in the state and shall make such additional distribution as he shall determine necessary to reasonably assure that each voter will have an opportunity to study the measures prior to election.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amendment 72, 1981 Substitute Senate Joint Resolution No. 133, p 1796. Approved November 3, 1981.

Referendum procedures regarding salaries: Art. 28 Section 1.

* Amendment 7 (1911) \- Art. 2 Section 1 Legislative Powers, Where Vested - The legislative authority of the state of Washington shall be vested in the legislature, consisting of a senate and house of representatives, which shall be called the legislature of the state of Washington, but the people reserve to themselves the power to propose bills, laws, and to enact or reject the same at the polls, independent of the legislature, and also reserve power, at their own option, to approve or reject at the polls any act, item, section or part of any bill, act or law passed by the legislature.

(a) Initiative: The first power reserved by the people is the initiative. Ten per centum, but in no case more than fifty thousand, of the legal voters shall be required to propose any measure by such petition, and every such petition shall include the full text of the measure so proposed. [Note: Signature requirements were superseded by Art. 2 Sec. 1(a), Amendment 30.] Initiative petitions shall be filed with the secretary of state not less than four months before the election at which they are to be voted upon, or not less than ten days before any regular session of the legislature. If filed at least four months before the election at which they are to be voted upon, he shall submit the same to the vote of the people at the said election. If such petitions are filed not less than ten days before any regular session of the legislature, he shall transmit the same to the legislature as soon as it convenes and organizes. Such initiative measure shall take precedence over all other measures in the legislature except appropriation bills and shall be either enacted or rejected without change or amendment by the legislature before the end of such regular session. If any such initiative measures shall be enacted by the legislature it shall be subject to the referendum petition, or it may be enacted and referred by the legislature to the people for approval or rejection at the next regular election. If it is rejected or if no action is taken upon it by the legislature before the end of such regular session, the secretary of state shall submit it to the people for approval or rejection at the next ensuing regular general election. The legislature may reject any measure so proposed by initiative petition and propose a different one dealing with the same subject, and in such event both measures shall be submitted by the secretary of state to the people for approval or rejection at the next ensuing regular general election. When conflicting measures are submitted to the people the ballots shall be so printed that a voter can express separately by making one cross (X) for each, two preferences, first, as between either measure and neither, and secondly, as between one and the other. If the majority of those voting on the first issue is for neither, both fail, but in that case the votes on the second issue shall nevertheless be carefully counted and made public. If a majority voting on the first issue is for either, then the measure receiving a majority of the votes on the second issue shall be law.

(b) Referendum. The second power reserved by the people is the referendum, and it may be ordered on any act, bill, law, or any part thereof passed by the legislature, except such laws as may be necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety, support of the state government and its existing public institutions, either by petition signed by the required percentage of the legal voters, or by the legislature as other bills are enacted. Six per centum, but in no case more than thirty thousand, of the legal voters shall be required to sign and make a valid referendum petition. [Note: Signature requirements were superseded by Art. 2 Sec. 1(a), Amendment 30.]

(c) No act, law, or bill subject to referendum shall take effect until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it was enacted. No act, law, or bill approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon shall be amended or repealed by the legislature within a period of two years following such enactment. But such enactment may be amended or repealed at any general regular or special election by direct vote of the people thereon. (Note: Subsection (c) was expressly superseded by Art. 2 Sec. 41, Amendment 26.)

(d) The filing of a referendum petition against one or more items, sections or parts of any act, law or bill shall not delay the remainder of the measure from becoming operative. Referendum petitions against measures passed by the legislature shall be filed with the secretary of state not later than ninety days after the final adjournment of the session of the legislature which passed the measure on which the referendum is demanded. The veto power of the governor shall not extend to measures initiated by or referred to the people. All elections on measures referred to the people of the state shall be had at the biennial regular elections, except when the legislature shall order a special election. Any measure initiated by the people or referred to the people as herein provided shall take effect and become the law if it is approved by a majority of the votes cast thereon: Provided, That the vote cast upon such question or measure shall equal one-third of the total votes cast at such election and not otherwise. Such measure shall be in operation on and after the thirtieth day after the election at which it is approved. The style of all bills proposed by initiative petition shall be: "Be it enacted by the people of the State of Washington." This section shall not be construed to deprive any member of the legislature of the right to introduce any measure. The whole number of electors who voted for governor at the regular gubernatorial election last preceding the filing of any petition for the initiative or for the referendum shall be the basis on which the number of legal voters necessary to sign such petition shall be counted. [Note: Cf. Art. 2 Sec. 1(a), Amendment 30.] All such petitions shall be filed with the secretary of state, who shall be guided by the general laws in submitting the same to the people until additional legislation shall especially provide therefore. This section is self-executing, but legislation may be enacted especially to facilitate its operation.

The legislature shall provide methods of publicity of all laws or parts of laws, and amendments to the Constitution referred to the people with arguments for and against the laws and amendments so referred, so that each voter of the state shall receive the publication at least fifty days before the election at which they are to be voted upon. [Note: This paragraph was expressly superseded by subsection (e) of this section, which was added by Amendment 36.]

(e) The legislature shall provide methods of publicity of all laws or parts of laws, and amendments to the Constitution referred to the people with arguments for and against the laws and amendments so referred. The secretary of state shall send one copy of the publication to each individual place of residence in the state and shall make such additional distribution as he shall determine necessary to reasonably assure that each voter will have an opportunity to study the measures prior to election. These provisions supersede the provisions set forth in the last paragraph of section 1 of this article as amended by the seventh amendment to the Constitution of this state. [ Amendment 7, 1911 House Bill No. 153 p 136. Approved November, 1912; Subsection (e) added by Amendment 36, 1961 Senate Joint Resolution No. 9, p 2751. Approved November, 1962.][1]

### Original text[edit]

| Original text of Section 1 of Article II:

LEGISLATIVE POWERS, WHERE VESTED - The legislative powers shall be vested in a senate and house of representatives, which shall be called the legislature of the State of Washington.[1]

Note: Art. 2 Sec. 31 was also stricken by Amendment 7.

## Section 1(a)[edit]

| Text of Section 1(a):

### Amendments[edit]

* Stricken by Amendment 72, 1981 Substitute Senate Joint Resolution No. 133, p 1796. Approved November 3, 1981.

### Original text[edit]

See also: Washington signature requirements

| Text of Section 1(a):

Initiative and Referendum, Signatures Required. Amendment 30 (1956) - Art. 2 Section 1(a) INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM, SIGNATURES REQUIRED - Hereafter, the number of valid signatures of legal voters required upon a petition for an initiative measure shall be equal to eight per centum of the number of voters registered and voting for the office of governor at the last preceding regular gubernatorial election. Hereafter, the number of valid signatures of legal voters required upon a petition for a referendum of an act of the legislature or any part thereof, shall be equal to four per centum of the number of voters registered and voting for the office of governor at the last preceding regular gubernatorial election. These provisions supersede the requirements specified in section 1 of this article as amended by the seventh amendment to the Constitution of this state. (Amendment 30, 1955 Senate Joint Resolution No. 4, p 1860. Approved November 6, 1956.][1]

## Section 2[edit]

| Text of Section 2:

House of Representatives and Senate.

The house of representatives shall be composed of not less than sixty-three nor more than ninety-nine members. The number of senators shall not be more than one-half nor less than one-third of the number of members of the house of representatives. The first legislature shall be composed of seventy members of the house of representatives, and thirty-five senators.[1]

## Section 3[edit]

| Text of Section 3:

### Amendments[edit]

* Repealed by Amendment 74, 1983 Substitute Senate Joint Resolution No. 103, p 2202. Approved November 8, 1983.

### Original text[edit]

| Original text of Section 3 of Article II:

THE CENSUS - The legislature shall provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants of the state in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five and every ten years thereafter; and at the first session after such enumeration, and also after each enumeration made by the authority of the United States, the legislature shall apportion and district anew the members of the senate and house of representatives, according to the number of inhabitants, excluding Indians not taxed, soldiers, sailors and officers of the United States army and navy in active service.[1]

## Section 4[edit]

| Text of Section 4:

Election of Representatives and Term of Office.

Members of the house of representatives shall be elected in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-nine at the time and in the manner provided by this Constitution, and shall hold their offices for the term of one year and until their successors shall be elected.[1]

## Section 5[edit]

| Text of Section 5:

Elections, When to be Held.

The next election of the members of the house of representatives after the adoption of this Constitution shall be on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November, eighteen hundred and ninety, and thereafter, members of the house of representatives shall be elected biennially and their term of office shall be two years; and each election shall be on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, unless otherwise changed by law.[1]

## Section 6[edit]

| Text of Section 6:

Election and Term of Office of Senators.

After the first election the senators shall be elected by single districts of convenient and contiguous territory, at the same time and in the same manner as members of the house of representatives are required to be elected; and no representative district shall be divided in the formation of a senatorial district. They shall be elected for the term of four years, one-half of their number retiring every two years. The senatorial districts shall be numbered consecutively, and the senators chosen at the first election had by virtue of this Constitution, in odd numbered districts, shall go out of office at the end of the first year; and the senators, elected in the even numbered districts, shall go out of office at the end of the third year.[1]

## Section 7[edit]

| Text of Section 7:

Qualifications of Legislators.

No person shall be eligible to the legislature who shall not be a citizen of the United States and a qualified voter in the district for which he is chosen.[1]

## Section 8[edit]

| Text of Section 8:

Judges of Their Own Election and Qualification - Quorum.

Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.[1]

Governmental continuity during emergency periods: Art. 2 Section 42.

## Section 9[edit]

| Text of Section 9:

Rules of Procedure.

Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish for contempt and disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members elected, expel a member, but no member shall be expelled a second time for the same offense.[1]

## Section 10[edit]

| Text of Section 10:

Election of Officers.

Each house shall elect its own officers; and when the lieutenant governor shall not attend as president, or shall act as governor, the senate shall choose a temporary president. When presiding, the lieutenant governor shall have the deciding vote in case of an equal division of the senate.[1]

## Section 11[edit]

| Text of Section 11:

Journal, Publicity of Meetings - Adjournments.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings and publish the same, except such parts as require secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open, except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. Neither house shall adjourn for more than three days, nor to any place other than that in which they may be sitting, without the consent of the other.[1]

## Section 12[edit]

| Text of Section 12:

Sessions, When - Duration.

(1) Regular Sessions. A regular session of the legislature shall be convened each year. Regular sessions shall convene on such day and at such time as the legislature shall determine by statute. During each odd-numbered year, the regular session shall not be more than one hundred five consecutive days. During each even-numbered year, the regular session shall not be more than sixty consecutive days.

(2) Special Legislative Sessions. Special legislative sessions may be convened for a period of not more than thirty consecutive days by proclamation of the governor pursuant to Article III, section 7 of this Constitution. Special legislative sessions may also be convened for a period of not more than thirty consecutive days by resolution of the legislature upon the affirmative vote in each house of two-thirds of the members elected or appointed thereto, which vote may be taken and resolution executed either while the legislature is in session or during any interim between sessions in accordance with such procedures as the legislature may provide by law or resolution. The resolution convening the legislature shall specify a purpose or purposes for the convening of a special session, and any special session convened by the resolution shall consider only measures germane to the purpose or purposes expressed in the resolution, unless by resolution adopted during the session upon the affirmative vote in each house of two-thirds of the members elected or appointed thereto, an additional purpose or purposes are expressed. The specification of purpose by the governor pursuant to Article III, section 7 of this Constitution shall be considered by the legislature but shall not be mandatory.

(3) Committees of the Legislature. Standing and special committees of the legislature shall meet and conduct official business pursuant to such rules as the legislature may adopt.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amendment 68, 1979 Substitute Senate Joint Resolution No. 110, p 2286. Approved November 6, 1979.

Extraordinary sessions to reconsider vetoes: Art. 3 Section 12.

Sessions to convene on the second Monday in January: RCW 44.04.010.

### Original text[edit]

| Original text - Art. 2 Section 12

SESSIONS, WHEN - DURATION - The first legislature shall meet on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in November, A. D., 1889. The second legislature shall meet on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January, A. D., 1891, and sessions of the legislature shall be held biennially thereafter, unless specially convened by the governor, but the times of meeting of subsequent sessions may be changed by the legislature. After the first legislature the sessions shall not be more than sixty days.[1]

## Section 13[edit]

| Text of Section 13:

Limitation on Members Holding Office in the State.

No member of the legislature, during the term for which he is elected, shall be appointed or elected to any civil office in the state, which shall have been created during the term for which he was elected. Any member of the legislature who is appointed or elected to any civil office in the state, the emoluments of which have been increased during his legislative term of office, shall be compensated for the initial term of the civil office at the level designated prior to the increase in emoluments.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amendment 69, 1979 Senate Joint Resolution No. 112, p 2287. Approved November 6, 1979.

### Original text[edit]

| Original text of Section 13 of Article II:

LIMITATION ON MEMBERS HOLDING OFFICE IN THE STATE - No member of the legislature, during the term for which he is elected, shall be appointed or elected to any civil office in the state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during the term for which he was elected.[1]

## Section 14[edit]

| Text of Section 14:

Same, Federal or Other Office.

No person, being a member of congress, or holding any civil or military office under the United States or any other power, shall be eligible to be a member of the legislature; and if any person after his election as a member of the legislature, shall be elected to congress or be appointed to any other office, civil or military, under the government of the United States, or any other power, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat, provided, that officers in the militia of the state who receive no annual salary, local officers and postmasters, whose compensation does not exceed three hundred dollars per annum, shall not be ineligible.[1]

## Section 15[edit]

| Text of Section 15:

Vacancies in Legislature and in Partisan County Elective Office.

Such vacancies as may occur in either house of the legislature or in any partisan county elective office shall be filled by appointment by the county legislative authority of the county in which the vacancy occurs: Provided, That the person appointed to fill the vacancy must be from the same legislative district, county, or county commissioner or council district and the same political party as the legislator or partisan county elective officer whose office has been vacated, and shall be one of three persons who shall be nominated by the county central committee of that party, and in case a majority of the members of the county legislative authority do not agree upon the appointment within sixty days after the vacancy occurs, the governor shall within thirty days thereafter, and from the list of nominees provided for herein, appoint a person who shall be from the same legislative district, county, or county commissioner or council district and of the same political party as the legislator or partisan county elective officer whose office has been vacated, and the person so appointed shall hold office until his or her successor is elected at the next general election, and has qualified: Provided, That in case of a vacancy occurring after the general election in a year that the office appears on the ballot and before the start of the next term, the term of the successor who is of the same party as the incumbent may commence once he or she has qualified and shall continue through the term for which he or she was elected: Provided, That in case of a vacancy occurring in the office of joint senator, or joint representative, the vacancy shall be filled from a list of three nominees selected by the state central committee, by appointment by the joint action of the boards of county legislative authorities of the counties composing the joint senatorial or joint representative district, the person appointed to fill the vacancy must be from the same legislative district and of the same political party as the legislator whose office has been vacated, and in case a majority of the members of the county legislative authority do not agree upon the appointment within sixty days after the vacancy occurs, the governor shall within thirty days thereafter, and from the list of nominees provided for herein, appoint a person who shall be from the same legislative district and of the same political party as the legislator whose office has been vacated.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amendment 96, 2003 House Joint Resolution No. 4206, p 2819. Approved November 4, 2003.

Governmental continuity during emergency periods: Art. 2 Section 42.

Vacancies in county, etc., offices, how filled: Art. 11 Section 6.

* Amendment 52, part (1967) - Art. 2 Section 15 VACANCIES IN LEGISLATURE AND IN PARTISAN COUNTY ELECTIVE OFFICE - Such vacancies as may occur in either house of the legislature or in any partisan county elective office shall be filled by appointment by the board of county commissioners of the county in which the vacancy occurs: Provided, That the person appointed to fill the vacancy must be from the same legislative district, county or county commissioner district and the same political party as the legislator or partisan county elective officer whose office has been vacated, and shall be one of three persons who shall be nominated by the county central committee of that party, and in case a majority of said county commissioners do not agree upon the appointment within sixty days after the vacancy occurs, the governor shall within thirty days thereafter, and from the list of nominees provided for herein, appoint a person who shall be from the same legislative district, county or county commissioner district and of the same political party as the legislator or partisan county elective officer whose office has been vacated, and the person so appointed shall hold office until his successor is elected at the next general election, and shall have qualified: Provided, That in case of a vacancy occurring in the office of joint senator, or joint representative, the vacancy shall be filled from a list of three nominees selected by the state central committee, by appointment by the joint action of the boards of county commissioners of the counties composing the joint senatorial or joint representative district, the person appointed to fill the vacancy must be from the same legislative district and of the same political party as the legislator whose office has been vacated, and in case a majority of said county commissioners do not agree upon the appointment within sixty days after the vacancy occurs, the governor shall within thirty days thereafter, and from the list of nominees provided for herein, appoint a person who shall be from the same legislative district and of the same political party as the legislator whose office has been vacated. (Amendment 52, part, 1967 Senate Joint Resolution No. 24, part; see 1969 p 2976. Approved November 5, 1968.)[1]

* Amendment 32 (1956) \- Art. 2 Section 15 VACANCIES IN LEGISLATURE AND IN PARTISAN COUNTY ELECTIVE OFFICE - Such vacancies as may occur in either house of the legislature or in any partisan county elective office shall be filled by appointment by the board of county commissioners of the county in which the vacancy occurs: Provided, That the person appointed to fill the vacancy must be from the same legislative district and the same political party as the legislator whose office has been vacated, and shall be one of three persons who shall be nominated by the county central committee of that party, and the person so appointed shall hold office until his successor is elected at the next general election, and shall have qualified: Provided, That in case of a vacancy occurring in the office of joint senator, or joint representative, the vacancy shall be filled from a list of three nominees selected by the state central committee, by appointment by the joint action of the boards of county commissioners of the counties composing the joint senatorial or joint representative district, the person appointed to fill the vacancy must be from the same legislative district and of the same political party as the legislator whose office has been vacated, and in case a majority of said county commissioners do not agree upon the appointment within sixty days after the vacancy occurs, the governor shall within thirty days thereafter, and from the list of nominees provided for herein, appoint a person who shall be from the same legislative district and of the same political party as the legislator whose office has been vacated. (Amendment 32, 1955 Senate Joint Resolution No. 14, p 1862. Approved November 6, 1956.)[1]

* Amendment 13 (1930) \- Art. 2 Section 15 VACANCIES IN LEGISLATURE - Such vacancies as may occur in either house of the legislature shall be filled by appointment by the board of county commissioners of the county in which the vacancy occurs, and the person so appointed shall hold office until his successor is elected at the next general election, and shall have qualified: Provided, That in case of a vacancy occurring in the office of joint senator, the vacancy shall be filled by appointment by the joint action of the boards of county commissioners of the counties composing the joint senatorial district. (Amendment 13, 1929 p 690. Approved November, 1930.)[1]

### Original text[edit]

| Original text of Section 15 of Article II:

WRITS OF ELECTION TO FILL VACANCIES - The governor shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as may occur in either house of the legislature.[1]

## Section 16[edit]

| Text of Section 16:

Privileges from Arrest.

Members of the legislature shall be privileged from arrest in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace; they shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the legislature, nor for fifteen days next before the commencement of each session.[1]

Note: Section 16 of the Washington State Constitution mirrors Section 15 of Article IV of the Wisconsin Constitution, according to scholars Robert Utter and Hugh Spitzer (2002, p. 59).[2]

## Section 17[edit]

| Text of Section 17:

Freedom of Debate.

No member of the legislature shall be liable in any civil action or criminal prosecution whatever, for words spoken in debate.[1]

## Section 18[edit]

| Text of Section 18:

Style of Laws.

The style of the laws of the state shall be: "Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Washington." And no laws shall be enacted except by bill.[1]

## Section 19[edit]

| Text of Section 19:

Bill to Contain One Subject.

No bill shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.[1]

Note: This section, defining Washington's single-subject rule, was taken from the constitutions of Wisconsin and California. (Utter & Spitzer, 2002, p. 61).[2]

## Section 20[edit]

| Text of Section 20:

Origin and Amendment of Bills.

Any bill may originate in either house of the legislature, and a bill passed by one house may be amended in the other.[1]

## Section 21[edit]

| Text of Section 21:

Yeas and Nays.

The yeas and nays of the members of either house shall be entered on the journal, on the demand of one-sixth of the members present.[1]

## Section 22[edit]

| Text of Section 22:

Passage of Bills.

No bill shall become a law unless on its final passage the vote be taken by yeas and nays, the names of the members voting for and against the same be entered on the journal of each house, and a majority of the members elected to each house be recorded thereon as voting in its favor.[1]

Governmental continuity during emergency periods: Art. 2 Section 42.

## Section 23[edit]

| Text of Section 12:

Compensation of Members.

Each member of the legislature shall receive for his services five dollars for each day's attendance during the session, and ten cents for every mile he shall travel in going to and returning from the place of meeting of the legislature, on the most usual route.[1]

Compensation of legislators, elected state officials, and judges: Art. 28 Section 1, Art. 30.

## Section 24[edit]

| Text of Section 24:

Lotteries and Divorce.

The legislature shall never grant any divorce. Lotteries shall be prohibited except as specifically authorized upon the affirmative vote of sixty percent of the members of each house of the legislature or, notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution, by referendum or initiative approved by a sixty percent affirmative vote of the electors voting thereon.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amendment 56, 1971 Senate Joint Resolution No. 5, p 1828. Approved November 7, 1972.

### Original text[edit]

| Original text of Section 24 of Article II:

LOTTERIES AND DIVORCE - The legislature shall never authorize any lottery or grant any divorce.[1]

## Section 25[edit]

| Text of Section 25:

Extra Compensation Prohibited.

The legislature shall never grant any extra compensation to any public officer, agent, employee, servant, or contractor, after the services shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into, nor shall the compensation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office. Nothing in this section shall be deemed to prevent increases in pensions after such pensions shall have been granted.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amendment 35, 1957 Senate Joint Resolution No. 18, p 1301. Approved November 4, 1958.

Compensation of legislators, elected state officials, and judges: Art. 28 Section 1.

Increase during term of certain officers, authorized: Art. 30 Section 1.

Increase or diminution of compensation during term of office prohibited.

County, city, town or municipal officers: Art. 11 Section 8.

Judicial officers: Art. 4 Section 13.

State officers: Art. 3 Section 25.

### Original text[edit]

| Original text of Section 25 of Article II:

EXTRA COMPENSATION, PROHIBITED - The legislature shall never grant any extra compensation to any public officer, agent, servant, or contractor, after the services shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into, nor shall the compensation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office.[1]

## Section 26[edit]

| Text of Section 26:

Suits Against the State.

The legislature shall direct by law, in what manner, and in what courts, suits may be brought against the state.[1]

## Section 27[edit]

| Text of Section 27:

Elections - Viva Voce Vote.

In all elections by the legislature the members shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered on the journal.[1]

## Section 28[edit]

| Text of Section 28:

Special Legislation.

The legislature is prohibited from enacting any private or special laws in the following cases:

1\. For changing the names of persons, or constituting one person the heir at law of another.

2\. For laying out, opening or altering highways, except in cases of state roads extending into more than one county, and military roads to aid in the construction of which lands shall have been or may be granted by congress.

3\. For authorizing persons to keep ferries wholly within this state.

4\. For authorizing the sale or mortgage of real or personal property of minors, or others under disability.

5\. For assessment or collection of taxes, or for extending the time for collection thereof.

6\. For granting corporate powers or privileges.

7\. For authorizing the apportionment of any part of the school fund.

8\. For incorporating any town or village or to amend the charter thereof.

9\. From giving effect to invalid deeds, wills or other instruments.

10\. Releasing or extinguishing in whole or in part, the indebtedness, liability or other obligation, of any person, or corporation to this state, or to any municipal corporation therein.

11\. Declaring any person of age or authorizing any minor to sell, lease, or encumber his or her property.

12\. Legalizing, except as against the state, the unauthorized or invalid act of any officer.

13\. Regulating the rates of interest on money.

14\. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures.

15\. Providing for the management of common schools.

16\. Authorizing the adoption of children.

17\. For limitation of civil or criminal actions.

18\. Changing county lines, locating or changing county seats, provided, this shall not be construed to apply to the creation of new counties.

Corporations for municipal purposes shall not be created by special laws: Art. 11 Section 10.[1]

## Section 29[edit]

| Text of Section 29:

Convict Labor.

The labor of inmates of this state shall not be let out by contract to any person, copartnership, company, or corporation, except as provided by statute, and the legislature shall by law provide for the working of inmates for the benefit of the state, including the working of inmates in state-run inmate labor programs. Inmate labor programs provided by statute that are operated and managed, in total or in part, by any profit or nonprofit entities shall be operated so that the programs do not unfairly compete with Washington businesses as determined by law.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amendment 100 (2007), which was approved on November 6, 2007 ballot.

### Original text[edit]

| Original text - Art. 2 Section 29

After the first day of January eighteen hundred and ninety the labor of convicts of this state shall not be let out by contract to any person, copartnership, company or corporation, and the legislature shall by law provide for the working of convicts for the benefit of the state.[1]

## Section 30[edit]

| Text of Section 30:

Bribery or Corrupt Solicitation.

The offense of corrupt solicitation of members of the legislature, or of public officers of the state or any municipal division thereof, and any occupation or practice of solicitation of such members or officers to influence their official action, shall be defined by law, and shall be punished by fine and imprisonment. Any person may be compelled to testify in any lawful investigation or judicial proceeding against any person who may be charged with having committed the offense of bribery or corrupt solicitation, or practice of solicitation, and shall not be permitted to withhold his testimony on the ground that it may criminate himself or subject him to public infamy, but such testimony shall not afterwards be used against him in any judicial proceeding - except for perjury in giving such testimony - and any person convicted of either of the offenses aforesaid, shall as part of the punishment therefore, be disqualified from ever holding any position of honor, trust or profit in this state. A member who has a private interest in any bill or measure proposed or pending before the legislature, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon.[1]

## Section 31[edit]

| Text of Section 31:

Laws, When to Take Effect.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* This section stricken by Amendment 7, 1911 House Bill No. 153, p 136. Approved November, 1912.

### Original text[edit]

| Original text of Section 31 of Article II:

Original text - Art. 2 Section 31 LAWS, WHEN TO TAKE EFFECT - No law, except appropriation bills, shall take effect until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it was enacted, unless in case of an emergency (which emergency must be expressed in the preamble or in the body of the act) the legislature shall otherwise direct by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house; said vote to be taken by yeas and nays and entered on the journals.[1]

Effective dates of laws: Art. 2 Sections 1 and 41.

## Section 32[edit]

| Text of Section 32:

Laws, How Signed.

No bill shall become a law until the same shall have been signed by the presiding officer of each of the two houses in open session, and under such rules as the legislature shall prescribe.[1]

## Section 33[edit]

| Text of Section 33:

Alien Ownership.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Repealed by Amendment 42, 1965 ex.s. Senate Joint Resolution No. 20, p 2816. Approved November 8, 1966.

Amendment 29 (1954) \- Art. 2 Section 33 ALIEN OWNERSHIP - The ownership of lands by aliens, other than those who in good faith have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, is prohibited in this state, except where acquired by inheritance, under mortgage or in good faith in the ordinary course of justice in the collection of debts; and all conveyances of lands hereafter made to any alien directly, or in trust for such alien, shall be void: Provided, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to lands containing valuable deposits of minerals, metals, iron, coal, or fire clay, and the necessary land for mills and machinery to be used in the development thereof and the manufacture of the products therefrom: And provided further, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to the citizens of such of the Provinces of the Dominion of Canada as do not expressly or by implication prohibit ownership of provincial lands by citizens of this state. (Amendment 29, 1953 House Joint Resolution No. 16, p 853. Approved November 2, 1954.][1]

Amendment 24 (1950) \- Art. 2 Section 33 ALIEN OWNERSHIP - The ownership of lands by aliens, other than those who in good faith have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, is prohibited in this state, except where acquired by inheritance, under mortgage or in good faith in the ordinary course of justice in the collection of debts; and all conveyances of lands hereafter made to any alien directly, or in trust for such alien, shall be void: Provided, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to lands containing valuable deposits of minerals, metals, iron, coal, or fire clay, and the necessary land for mills and machinery to be used in the development thereof and the manufacture of the products therefrom: And provided further, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to the citizens of such of the Provinces of the Dominion of Canada as do not expressly or by implication prohibit ownership of provincial lands by citizens of this state. Every corporation, the majority of the capital stock of which is owned by aliens, shall be considered an alien for the purposes of this prohibition. (Amendment 24, 1949 Senate Joint Resolution No. 9, p 999. Approved November, 1950.][1]

### Original text[edit]

| Original text of Section 33 of Article II:

OWNERSHIP OF LANDS BY ALIENS, PROHIBITED - Exceptions - The ownership of lands by aliens, other than those who in good faith have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, is prohibited in this state, except where acquired by inheritance, under mortgage or in good faith in the ordinary course of justice in the collection of debts; and all conveyances of lands hereafter made to any alien directly or in trust for such alien shall be void: Provided, That the provisions of this section shall not apply to lands containing valuable deposits of minerals, metals, iron, coal, or fire-clay, and the necessary land for mills and machinery to be used in the development thereof and the manufacture of the products therefrom. Every corporation, the majority of the capital stock of which is owned by aliens, shall be considered on alien for the purposes of this prohibition.[1]

## Section 34[edit]

| Text of Section 34:

Bureau of Statistics, Agriculture and Immigration.

There shall be established in the office of the secretary of state, a bureau of statistics, agriculture and immigration, under such regulations as the legislature may provide.[1]

## Section 35[edit]

| Text of Section 35:

Protection of Employees.

The legislature shall pass necessary laws for the protection of persons working in mines, factories and other employments dangerous to life or deleterious to health; and fix pains and penalties for the enforcement of the same.[1]

## Section 36[edit]

| Text of Section 36:

When Bills Must be Introduced.

No bill shall be considered in either house unless the time of its introduction shall have been at least ten days before the final adjournment of the legislature, unless the legislature shall otherwise direct by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, said vote to be taken by yeas and nays and entered upon the journal, or unless the same be at a special session.[1]

## Section 37[edit]

| Text of Section 37:

Revision or Amendment.

No act shall ever be revised or amended by mere reference to its title, but the act revised or the section amended shall be set forth at full length.[1]

## Section 38[edit]

| Text of Section 38:

Limitation on Amendments.

No amendment to any bill shall be allowed which shall change the scope and object of the bill.[1]

## Section 39[edit]

| Text of Section 39:

Free Transportation to Public Officer Prohibited.

It shall not be lawful for any person holding public office in this state to accept or use a pass or to purchase transportation from any railroad or other corporation, other than as the same may be purchased by the general public, and the legislature shall pass laws to enforce this provision.[1]

## Section 40[edit]

| Text of Section 40:

Highway Funds.

All fees collected by the State of Washington as license fees for motor vehicles and all excise taxes collected by the State of Washington on the sale, distribution or use of motor vehicle fuel and all other state revenue intended to be used for highway purposes, shall be paid into the state treasury and placed in a special fund to be used exclusively for highway purposes. Such highway purposes shall be construed to include the following:

(a) The necessary operating, engineering and legal expenses connected with the administration of public highways, county roads and city streets;

(b) The construction, reconstruction, maintenance, repair, and betterment of public highways, county roads, bridges and city streets; including the cost and expense of (1) acquisition of rights-of-way, (2) installing, maintaining and operating traffic signs and signal lights, (3) policing by the state of public highways, (4) operation of movable span bridges, (5) operation of ferries which are a part of any public highway, county road, or city street;

(c) The payment or refunding of any obligation of the State of Washington, or any political subdivision thereof, for which any of the revenues described in section 1 may have been legally pledged prior to the effective date of this act;

(d) Refunds authorized by law for taxes paid on motor vehicle fuels;

(e) The cost of collection of any revenues described in this section:

Provided, That this section shall not be construed to include revenue from general or special taxes or excises not levied primarily for highway purposes, or apply to vehicle operator's license fees or any excise tax imposed on motor vehicles or the use thereof in lieu of a property tax thereon, or fees for certificates of ownership of motor vehicles.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amendment 18, 1943 House Joint Resolution No. 4, p 938. Approved November, 1944.

## Section 41[edit]

| Text of Section 41:

Laws, Effective Date, Initiative, Referendum - Amendment or Repeal.

No act, law, or bill subject to referendum shall take effect until ninety days after the adjournment of the session at which it was enacted. No act, law or bill approved by a majority of the electors voting thereon shall be amended or repealed by the legislature within a period of two years following such enactment: Provided, That any such act, law or bill may be amended within two years after such enactment at any regular or special session of the legislature by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house with full compliance with section 12, Article III, of the Washington Constitution, and no amendatory law adopted in accordance with this provision shall be subject to referendum. But such enactment may be amended or repealed at any general regular or special election by direct vote of the people thereon. These provisions supersede the provisions of subsection (c) of section 1 of this article as amended by the seventh amendment to the Constitution of this state.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amendment 26, 1951 Substitute Senate Joint Resolution No. 7, p 959. Approved November 4, 1952.

Reviser's note: (1) In third sentence, comma between "general" and "regular" omitted in conformity with enrolled resolution.

(2) Subsection (c) of section 1 of this article was amended by Amendment 72, approved November 3, 1981.

## Section 42[edit]

| Text of Section 42:

Governmental Continuity During Emergency Periods.

The legislature, in order to insure continuity of state and local governmental operations in periods of emergency resulting from a catastrophic incident or enemy attack, shall have the power and the duty, immediately upon and after adoption of this amendment, to enact legislation providing for prompt and temporary succession to the powers and duties of public offices of whatever nature and whether filled by election or appointment, the incumbents and legal successors of which may become unavailable for carrying on the powers and duties of such offices; the legislature shall likewise enact such other measures as may be necessary and proper for insuring the continuity of governmental operations during such emergencies. Legislation enacted under the powers conferred by this amendment shall in all respects conform to the remainder of the Constitution: Provided, That if, in the judgment of the legislature at the time of disaster, conformance to the provisions of the Constitution would be impracticable or would admit of undue delay, such legislation may depart during the period of emergency caused by enemy attack only, from the following sections of the Constitution:

Article 14, Sections 1 and 2, Seat of Government;

Article 2, Sections 8, 15 (Amendments 13 and 32), and 22, Membership, Quorum of Legislature and Passage of Bills;

Article 3, Section 10 (Amendment 6), Succession to Governorship: Provided, That the legislature shall not depart from Section 10, Article III, as amended by Amendment 6, of the state Constitution relating to the Governor's office so long as any successor therein named is available and capable of assuming the powers and duties of such office as therein prescribed;

Article 3, Section 13, Vacancies in State Offices;

Article 11, Section 6, Vacancies in County Offices;

Article 11, Section 2, Seat of County Government;

Article 3, Section 24, State Records.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Section 42 was added to the Washington State Constitution via Amendment 39, 1961 House Joint Resolution No. 9, p 2758. Approved November, 1962.

Continuity of government act: Chapter 42.14 RCW.

* SJR 8200 approved by voters in 2019 amended the section to include catastrophic incidents.

## Section 43[edit]

| Text of Section 43:

Redistricting.

(1) In January of each year ending in one, a commission shall be established to provide for the redistricting of state legislative and congressional districts.

(2) The commission shall be composed of five members to be selected as follows: The legislative leader of the two largest political parties in each house of the legislature shall appoint one voting member to the commission by January 15th of each year ending in one. By January 31st of each year ending in one, the four appointed members, by an affirmative vote of at least three, shall appoint the remaining member. The fifth member of the commission, who shall be nonvoting, shall act as its chairperson. If any appointing authority fails to make the required appointment by the date established by this subsection, within five days after that date the supreme court shall make the required appointment.

(3) No elected official and no person elected to legislative district, county, or state political party office may serve on the commission. A commission member shall not have been an elected official and shall not have been an elected legislative district, county, or state political party officer within two years of his or her appointment to the commission. The provisions of this subsection do not apply to the office of precinct committee person.

(4) The legislature shall enact laws providing for the implementation of this section, to include additional qualifications for commissioners and additional standards to govern the commission. The legislature shall appropriate funds to enable the commission to carry out its duties.

(5) Each district shall contain a population, excluding nonresident military personnel, as nearly equal as practicable to the population of any other district. To the extent reasonable, each district shall contain contiguous territory, shall be compact and convenient, and shall be separated from adjoining districts by natural geographic barriers, artificial barriers, or political subdivision boundaries. The commission's plan shall not provide for a number of legislative districts different than that established by the legislature. The commission's plan shall not be drawn purposely to favor or discriminate against any political party or group.

(6) The commission shall complete redistricting as soon as possible following the federal decennial census, but no later than November 15th of each year ending in one. At least three of the voting members shall approve such a redistricting plan. If three of the voting members of the commission fail to approve a plan within the time limitations provided in this subsection, the supreme court shall adopt a plan by April 30th of the year ending in two in conformance with the standards set forth in subsection (5) of this section.

(7) The legislature may amend the redistricting plan but must do so by a two-thirds vote of the legislators elected or appointed to each house of the legislature. Any amendment must have passed both houses by the end of the thirtieth day of the first session convened after the commission has submitted its plan to the legislature. After that day, the plan, with any legislative amendments, constitutes the state districting law.

(8) The legislature shall enact laws providing for the reconvening of a commission for the purpose of modifying a districting law adopted under this section. Such reconvening requires a two-thirds vote of the legislators elected or appointed to each house of the legislature. The commission shall conform to the standards prescribed under subsection (5) of this section and any other standards or procedures that the legislature may provide by law. At least three of the voting members shall approve such a modification. Any modification adopted by the commission may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the legislators elected and appointed to each house of the legislature. The state districting law shall include the modifications with amendments, if any.

(9) The legislature shall prescribe by law the terms of commission members and the method of filling vacancies on the commission.

(10) The supreme court has original jurisdiction to hear and decide all cases involving congressional and legislative redistricting.

(11) Legislative and congressional districts may not be changed or established except pursuant to this section. A districting plan and any legislative amendments to the plan are not subject to Article III, section 12 of this Constitution.[1]

### Amendments[edit]

* Amended on November 8, 1983, via voter approval of Amendment 74.
* Amended on November 8, 2016, via voter approval of Senate Joint Resolution No. 8210.

## See also[edit]

* State constitution
* Constitutional article
* Constitutional amendment
* Constitutional revision
* Constitutional convention
* Amendments
* Initiated constitutional amendment
* Legislatively-referred constitutional amendment
* Publication requirements for proposed state constitutional amendments
* Rules about constitutional conventions in state constitutions
* State constitutional articles governing state legislatures

## External links[edit]

| Suggest a link

|

* Washington State Legislature, "Washington Constitution"
* Washington State SOS, "The Origin of the Constitution of the State of Washington"

## Additional reading[edit]

* Utter, Robert F., and Hugh D. Spitzer. (2002). The Washington State Constitution: A Reference Guide, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing
* Utter, Robert F., and Hugh D. Spitzer. (2013). The Washington State Constitution, New York, New York: Oxford University Press

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 Washington State Legislature, "Washington Constitution," accessed March 30, 2014
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Washington State Constitution: A Reference Guide, by Robert F. Utter and Hugh D. Spitzer, 2002, Greenwood Press

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