Isotopes of bismuth

Main isotopes of Chemistry:bismuth (83Bi) | Iso­tope | Decay

|

| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
207Bi  | syn | 31.55 y  | β+ | 207Pb
208Bi  | syn  | 3.68×105 y  | β+ | 208Pb
209Bi | 100%  | 2.01×1019 y  | α | 205Tl
210Bi  | trace | 5.012 d  | β− | 210Po
α  | 206Tl
210mBi  | syn  | 3.04×106 y  | IT | 210Bi
α  | 206Tl
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Bi)|

* 208.98040(1)[1]

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Bismuth (83Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one naturally occurring, very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given from that isotope, bismuth-209. Though it is now known to be radioactive, it may still be considered practically stable because it has a half-life of 2.01×1019 years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe.

Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 31.22 years, none of which occur in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 15 days, most under two hours. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic 210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. 210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life many orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

## Contents

* 1 List of isotopes
* 2 Bismuth-213
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] | Historic
name  | Z | N | Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life
[n 4] | Decay
mode
[n 5] | Daughter
isotope
[n 6] | Spin and
parity
[n 7][n 8] | Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)

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Excitation energy[n 8] | Normal proportion  | Range of variation

184Bi  |  | 83  | 101  | 184.001347(131)#  | 2003 | 6.6(1.5) ms | α  | 180Tl  | 3+#  |
184mBi[n 9] |  | 150(100) keV | 2003 | 13(2) ms | α  | 180Tl  | 10−#  |
185Bi[2] |  | 83  | 102  | 184.99760(9)#  | 1996 | 2.8+2.3
−1.0 μs | p (92%)  | 184Pb  | (1/2+)  |
α (8%)  | 181Tl
185mBi  |  | 70(50) keV | 2021 | 58(2) μs | IT  | 185Bi  | (7/2−, 9/2−)  |
186Bi  |  | 83  | 103  | 185.996623(18)  | 1997 | 14.8(7) ms | α (99.99%)  | 182Tl  | (3+)  |
β+ (?%)  | 186Pb
β+, SF (0.011%)  | (various)
186mBi[n 9] |  | 170(100) keV | 1997 | 9.8(4) ms | α (99.99%)  | 182Tl  | (10−)  |
β+ (?%)  | 186Pb
β+, SF (0.011%)  | (various)
187Bi  |  | 83  | 104  | 186.993147(11)  | 1999 | 37(2) ms | α  | 183Tl  | (9/2−)  |
187m1Bi  |  | 108(8) keV | 1999 | 370(20) μs | α  | 183Tl  | 1/2+  |
187m2Bi  |  | 252(3) keV | 2002 | 7(5) μs | IT  | 187Bi  | (13/2+)  |
188Bi  |  | 83  | 105  | 187.992276(12)  | 1980 | 60(3) ms | α  | 184Tl  | (3+)  |
β+, SF (0.0014%)  | (various)
188m1Bi  |  | 66(30) keV | 2006 | >5 μs |  |  | 7+#  |
188m2Bi  |  | 153(30) keV | 1997 | 265(15) ms | α  | 184Tl  | (10−)  |
β+, SF (0.0046%)  | (various)
189Bi  |  | 83  | 106  | 188.989195(22)  | 1973 | 688(5) ms | α  | 185Tl  | 9/2−  |
189m1Bi  |  | 184(5) keV | 1993 | 5.0(1) ms | α (83%)  | 185Tl  | 1/2+  |
IT (17%)  | 189Bi
189m2Bi  |  | 357.6(5) keV | 2001 | 880(50) ns | IT  | 189Bi  | 13/2+  |
190Bi  |  | 83  | 107  | 189.988625(23)  | 1972 | 6.3(1) s | α (77%)  | 186Tl  | (3+)  |
β+ (23%)  | 190Pb
β+, SF (6×10−6%)  | (various)
190m1Bi  |  | 120(40) keV | 1988 | 6.2(1) s | α (70%)  | 186Tl  | 10−  |
β+ (30%)  | 190Pb
β+, SF (4×10−6%)  | (various)
190m2Bi  |  | 121(15) keV | 2009 | 175(8) ns | IT  | 190Bi  | (5−)  |
190m3Bi  |  | 394(40) keV | 2001 | 1.3(8) μs | IT  | 190Bi  | (8−)  |
191Bi  |  | 83  | 108  | 190.985787(8)  | 1972 | 12.4(3) s | α (51%)  | 187Tl  | 9/2−  |
β+ (49%)  | 191Pb
191m1Bi  |  | 242(4) keV | 1981 | 125(8) ms | α (68%)  | 187Tl  | 1/2+  |
IT (?%)  | 191Bi
β+ (?%)  | 191Pb
191m2Bi  |  | 429.7(5) keV | 2004 | 562(10) ns | IT  | 191Bi  | 13/2+  |
191m3Bi  |  | 1875(25) keV | 2004 | 400(40) ns | IT  | 191Bi  | 25/2-#  |
192Bi  |  | 83  | 109  | 191.98547(3)  | 1970 | 34.6(9) s | β+ (88%)  | 192Pb  | (3+)  |
α (12%)  | 188Tl
192mBi  |  | 140(30) keV | 1987 | 39.6(4) s | β+ (90%)  | 192Pb  | 10−  |
α (10%)  | 188Tl
193Bi  |  | 83  | 110  | 192.982947(8)  | 1970 | 63.6(30) s | β+ (96.5%)  | 193Pb  | 9/2−  |
α (3.5%)  | 189Tl
193m1Bi  |  | 305(6) keV | 1971 | 3.20(14) s | α (84%)  | 189Tl  | 1/2+  |
β+ (16%)  | 193Pb
193m2Bi  |  | 605.53(18) keV | 2004 | 153(10) ns | IT  | 193Bi  | 13/2+  |
193m3Bi  |  | 2349.6(6) keV | 2004 | 85(3) μs | IT  | 193Bi  | 29/2+  |
193m4Bi  |  | 2405.1(7) keV | 2004 | 3.02(8) μs | IT  | 193Bi  | (29/2−)  |
194Bi  |  | 83  | 111  | 193.982799(6)  | 1970 | 95(3) s | β+ (99.54%)  | 194Pb  | 3+  |
α (0.46%)  | 190Tl
194m1Bi  |  | 150(50) keV | 1976 | 125(2) s | β+ | 194Pb  | (6+, 7+)  |
194m2Bi  |  | 163(4) keV | 1988 | 115(4) s | β+ (99.80%)  | 194Pb  | (10−)  |
α (0.20%)  | 190Tl
195Bi  |  | 83  | 112  | 194.980649(6)  | 1970 | 183(4) s | β+ (99.97%)  | 195Pb  | 9/2−  |
α (0.030%)  | 191Tl
195m1Bi  |  | 399(6) keV | 1974 | 87(1) s | β+ (67%)  | 195Pb  | 1/2+  |
α (33%)  | 191Tl
195m2Bi  |  | 2381.0(5) keV | 1986 | 614(5) ns | IT  | 195Bi  | (29/2−)  |
195m3Bi  |  | 2615.9(5) keV | 2015 | 1.49(1) μs | IT  | 195Bi  | 29/2+  |
196Bi  |  | 83  | 113  | 195.980667(26)  | 1976 | 5.13(20) min | β+ | 196Pb  | (3+)  |
α (0.00115%)  | 192Tl
196m1Bi  |  | 166.4(29) keV | 1987 | 0.6(5) s | IT  | 196Bi  | (7+)  |
196m2Bi  |  | 272(3) keV | 1987 | 4.00(5) min | β+ (74.2%)  | 196Pb  | (10−)  |
IT (25.8%)  | 196Bi
α (3.8×10−4%)  | 196Bi
197Bi  |  | 83  | 114  | 196.978865(9)  | 1970 | 9.33(50) min | β+ | 197Pb  | 9/2−  |
197m1Bi  |  | 533(12) keV | 1991 | 5.04(16) min | α (55%)  | 193Tl  | 1/2+  |
β+ (45%)  | 197Pb
197m2Bi  |  | 2403(12) keV | 1986 | 263(13) ns | IT  | 197Bi  | (29/2−)  |
197m3Bi  |  | 2929.5(5) keV | 1986 | 209(30) ns | IT  | 197Bi  | (31/2−)  |
198Bi  |  | 83  | 115  | 197.979201(30)  | 1950 | 10.3(3) min | β+ | 198Pb  | 3+  |
198m1Bi  |  | 290(40) keV | 1992 | 11.6(3) min | β+ | 198Pb  | 7+  |
198m2Bi  |  | 540(40) keV | 1972 | 7.7(5) s | IT  | 198Bi  | 10−  |
199Bi  |  | 83  | 116  | 198.977673(11)  | 1950 | 27(1) min | β+ | 199Pb  | 9/2−  |
199m1Bi  |  | 667(3) keV | 1964 | 24.70(15) min | β+ (>98%)  | 199Pb  | (1/2+)  |
IT (<2%)  | 199Bi
α (0.01%)  | 195Tl
199m2Bi  |  | 1962(23) keV | 1985 | 0.10(3) μs | IT  | 199Bi  | 25/2+#  |
199m3Bi  |  | 2548(23) keV | 1985 | 168(13) ns | IT  | 199Bi  | 29/2−#  |
200Bi  |  | 83  | 117  | 199.978131(24)  | 1950 | 36.4(5) min | β+ | 200Pb  | 7+  |
200m1Bi[n 9] |  | 100(70) keV | (1978)[n 10] | 31(2) min | β+ (?%)  | 200Pb  | (2+)  |
IT (?%)  | 200Bi
200m2Bi  |  | 428.20(10) keV | 1972 | 400(50) ms | IT  | 200Bi  | (10−)  |
201Bi  |  | 83  | 118  | 200.976995(13)  | 1950 | 103(3) min | β+ | 201Pb  | 9/2−  |
201m1Bi  |  | 846.35(18) keV | 1950 | 57.5(21) min | β+ | 201Pb  | 1/2+  |
α (?%)  | 197Tl
201m2Bi  |  | 1973(23) keV | 1982 | 118(28) ns | IT  | 201Bi  | 25/2+#  |
201m3Bi  |  | 2012(23) keV | 1985 | 105(75) ns | IT  | 201Bi  | 27/2+#  |
201m4Bi  |  | 2781(23) keV | 1982 | 124(4) ns | IT  | 201Bi  | 29/2−#  |
202Bi  |  | 83  | 119  | 201.977723(15)  | 1951 | 1.72(5) h | β+ | 202Pb  | 5+  |
α (<10−5%)  | 198Tl
202m1Bi  |  | 625(12) keV | 1981 | 3.04(6) μs | IT  | 202Bi  | 10−#  |
202m2Bi  |  | 2617(12) keV | 1981 | 310(50) ns | IT  | 202Bi  | (17+)  |
203Bi  |  | 83  | 120  | 202.976892(14)  | 1950 | 11.76(5) h | β+ | 203Pb  | 9/2−  |
203m1Bi  |  | 1098.21(9) keV | 1982 | 305(5) ms | IT  | 203Bi  | 1/2+  |
203m2Bi  |  | 2041.5(6) keV | 1978 | 194(30) ns | IT  | 203Bi  | 25/2+  |
204Bi  |  | 83  | 121  | 203.977836(10)  | 1947 | 11.22(10) h | β+ | 204Pb | 6+  |
204m1Bi  |  | 805.5(3) keV | 1974 | 13.0(1) ms | IT  | 204Bi  | 10−  |
204m2Bi  |  | 2833.4(11) keV | 1974 | 1.07(3) ms | IT  | 204Bi  | 17+  |
205Bi  |  | 83  | 122  | 204.977385(5)  | 1951 | 14.91(7) d | β+ | 205Pb  | 9/2−  |
205m1Bi  |  | 1497.17(9) keV | 1969 | 7.9(7) μs | IT  | 205Bi  | 1/2+  |
205m2Bi  |  | 2064.7(4) keV | 1978 | 100(6) ns | IT  | 205Bi  | 21/2+  |
205m3Bi  |  | 2139.0(7) keV | 1978 | 220(25) ns | IT  | 205Bi  | 25/2+  |
206Bi  |  | 83  | 123  | 205.978499(8)  | 1947 | 6.243(3) d | β+ | 206Pb | 6+  |
206m1Bi  |  | 59.897(17) keV | 1958 | 7.7(2) μs | IT  | 206Bi  | 4+  |
206m2Bi  |  | 1044.8(7) keV | 1973 | 890(10) μs | IT  | 206Bi  | 10−  |
206m3Bi  |  | 9233.3(8) keV | 2012 | 155(15) ns | IT  | 206Bi  | (28−)  |
206m4Bi  |  | 10170.5(8) keV | 2012 | >2 μs | IT  | 206Bi  | (31+)  |
207Bi  |  | 83  | 124  | 206.9784706(26)  | 1950 | 31.22(17) y | β+ | 207Pb | 9/2−  |
207mBi  |  | 2101.61(16) keV | 1967 | 182(6) μs | IT  | 207Bi  | 21/2+  |
208Bi  |  | 83  | 125  | 207.9797421(25)  | 1953 | 3.68(4)×105 y | β+ | 208Pb | 5+  |
208mBi  |  | 1571.1(4) keV | 1961 | 2.58(4) ms | IT  | 208Bi  | 10−  |
209Bi
[n 11][n 12] |  | 83  | 126  | 208.9803986(15)  | 1924 | 2.01(8)×1019 y[n 13] | α  | 205Tl | 9/2−  | 1.0000
210Bi  | Radium E  | 83  | 127  | 209.9841202(15)  | 1905 | 5.012(5) d | β− | 210Po  | 1−  | Trace[n 14]
α (1.32×10−4%)  | 206Tl
210mBi  |  | 271.31(11) keV | 1950 | 3.04(6)×106 y | α[n 15] | 206Tl  | 9−  |
211Bi  | Actinium C  | 83  | 128  | 210.987269(6)  | 1905 | 2.14(2) min | α (99.72%)  | 207Tl  | 9/2−  | Trace[n 16]
β− (0.276%)  | 211Po
211mBi  |  | 1257(10) keV | 1998 | 1.4(3) μs | IT  | 211Bi  | (25/2−)  |
212Bi  | Thorium C  | 83  | 129  | 211.9912850(20)  | 1905 | 60.55(6) min | β− (64.05%)  | 212Po  | 1−  | Trace[n 17]
α (35.94%)  | 208Tl
β−, α (0.014%)  | 208Pb
212m1Bi  |  | 250(30) keV | 1978 | 25.0(2) min | α (67%)  | 208Tl  | (8−, 9−)  |
β−, α (30%)  | 208Pb
β− (3%)  | 212Po
212m2Bi  |  | 1479(30) keV | 1978 | 7.0(3) min | β− | 212Po  | (18−)  |
213Bi
[n 18] |  | 83  | 130  | 212.994384(5)  | 1947 | 45.60(4) min | β− (97.91%)  | 213Po  | 9/2−  | Trace[n 19]
α (2.09%)  | 209Tl
213mBi  |  | 1353(21) keV | 2012 | >168 s |  |  | 25/2−#  |
214Bi  | Radium C  | 83  | 131  | 213.998711(12)  | 1904 | 19.9(4) min | β− (99.98%)  | 214Po  | 1−  | Trace[n 14]
α (0.021%)  | 210Tl
β−, α (0.003%)  | 210Pb
214mBi  |  | 539(30) keV | 2021 | >93 s |  |  | 8−#  |
215Bi  |  | 83  | 132  | 215.001749(6)  | 1953 | 7.62(13) min | β−[n 20] | 215Po  | (9/2−)  | Trace[n 16]
215mBi  |  | 1367(20) keV | 2003 | 36.9(6) s | IT (76.9%)  | 215Bi  | (25/2−)  |
β− (23.1%)  | 215Po
216Bi  |  | 83  | 133  | 216.006306(12)  | 1989 | 2.21(4) min | β− | 216Po  | (6−, 7−)  |
216mBi[n 9] |  | 24(19) keV | 2000 | 6.6(21) min | β− | 216Po  | 3−#  |
217Bi  |  | 83  | 134  | 217.009372(19)  | 1998 | 98.5(13) s | β− | 217Po  | 9/2−#  |
217mBi  |  | 1491(20) keV | 2014 | 3.0(2) μs | IT  | 217Bi  | 25/2−#  |
218Bi  |  | 83  | 135  | 218.014188(29)  | 1998 | 33(1) s | β− | 218Po  | 8−#  |
219Bi  |  | 83  | 136  | 219.01752(22)#  | 2010 | 8.7(29) s | β− | 219Po  | 9/2−#  |
220Bi  |  | 83  | 137  | 220.02250(32)#  | 2010 | 9.5(57) s | β− | 220Po  | 1−#  |
221Bi  |  | 83  | 138  | 221.02598(32)#  | 2010 | 2# s [>300 ns]  |  |  | 9/2−#  |
222Bi  |  | 83  | 139  | 222.03108(32)#  | 2010 | 3# s [>300 ns]  |  |  | 1−#  |
223Bi  |  | 83  | 140  | 223.03461(43)#  | 2010 | 1# s [>300 ns]  |  |  | 9/2−#  |
224Bi  |  | 83  | 141  | 224.03980(43)#  | 2010 | 1# s [>300 ns]  |  |  | 1−#  |

1. ↑ mBi - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ↑ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ↑ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ↑ Bold half-life - nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
5. ↑ Modes of decay:  EC: | Electron capture

|

IT: | Isomeric transition

p: | Proton emission
6. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
7. ↑ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
10. ↑ Only published in a conference proceeding and not a refereed journal
11. ↑ Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
12. ↑ Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide 237Np
13. ↑ Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Intermediate decay product of 238U
15. ↑ Theoretically capable of isomeric transition to 210Bi with a partial half-life of ~5.5×1020 years or β− decay to 210Po with a partial half-life over 1013 years.[3]
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Intermediate decay product of 235U
17. ↑ Intermediate decay product of 232Th
18. ↑ Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
19. ↑ Intermediate decay product of 237Np
20. ↑ Theoretically capable of α decay to 211Tl; the branching ratio is expected to be ~8×10−5% (partial half-life ~18.1 y).[4]

## Bismuth-213

Bismuth-213 (213Bi) has a half-life of 45.6 minutes and decays mainly by beta emission to polonium-213; with only 2.1% going via alpha emission to thallium-209; however, as the polonium instantly decays by alpha, one alpha particle is emitted per atom. The amounts needed for medical use are always produced through its decay chain (the neptunium series) from either thorium-229 (limited supply due to the long life of that isotope) or actinium-225, which can be produced directly from radium-226, for example by bombardment with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator, knocking out a neutron and through beta decay giving actinium-225.

In 1997, an antibody conjugate with 213Bi was used to treat patients with leukemia, and this isotope has otherwise been used in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) to treat a variety of cancers.[5]

Bismuth-213 is also produced in the decay of uranium-233, the fuel bred by thorium reactors, but as mentioned this goes through the long-lived thorium-229, so the production rates from each reactor will not be large.

## See also

Daughter products other than bismuth

* Isotopes of polonium
* Isotopes of lead
* Isotopes of thallium

## References

1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
2. ↑ Doherty, D. T.; Andreyev, A. N.; Seweryniak, D.; Woods, P. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Auranen, K.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Back, B. B. et al. (12 November 2021). "Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus 185Bi" (in en). Physical Review Letters 127 (20). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34860042. Bibcode: 2021PhRvL.127t2501D. https://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
3. ↑ Tuggle, D. G. (August 1976). Decay studies of a long lived high spin isomer of 210Bi (Thesis). California Univ., Berkeley (USA): Lawrence Berkeley Lab. See the section "210mBi Decay to 210Po".
4. ↑ "Adopted Levels for 215Bi". NNDC Chart of Nuclides. https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/ensnds/215/Bi/adopted.pdf.
5. ↑ Imam, S (2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 51 (1): 271–278. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. PMID 11516878.

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