Satellite Launch Vehicle

Short description: First launch vehicle of the Indian Space Research Organisation

Satellite Launch Vehicle

Satellite Launch Vehicle

Function| Small-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer| ISRO
Country of origin| India
Size
Height| 22 m (72 ft)
Diameter| 1 m (3.3 ft)
Mass| 17,000 kg (37,000 lb)
Capacity
Payload to LEO| 41.5 kg (91 lb)
Associated rockets
Derivatives| ASLV, PSLV
Launch history
Status| Retired
Launch sites| Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Total launches| 4
Successes| 2
Failures| 1
Partial failures| 1
First flight| 10 August 1979
Last flight| 17 April 1983
Notable payloads| Rohini
First stage
Propellant mass| 8.6 t (19,000 lb)
Engines| 1 solid
Thrust| 450 kN (100,000 lbf)
Specific impulse| 253 seconds (2.48 km/s)
Burn time| 72 seconds (Altitude of 32 KM)
Fuel| PBAN (Polybutadiene acrylonitrile) Solid[1]
Second stage
Propellant mass| 3 tonnes
Engines| 1 solid
Thrust| 20 tonnes
Specific impulse| 267 sec
Burn time| 40 seconds
Fuel| PBAN (Polybutadine Acrylo Nitrate) Solid
Third stage
Propellant mass| 1 tonnes
Engines| 1 solid
Thrust| 6.3 tonnes
Specific impulse| 277 sec
Burn time| 45 seconds
Fuel| High energy propellant (HEF 20) Solid
Fourth stage
Propellant mass| 262 kg
Engines| 1 solid
Thrust| 2.4 tonnes
Specific impulse| 283 sec
Burn time| 33 seconds
Fuel| High energy propellant (HEF 20) Solid

The Satellite Launch Vehicle or SLV was a small-lift launch vehicle project started in the early 1970s by ISRO to develop the technology needed to launch satellites. SLV was intended to reach a height of 400 kilometres (250 mi) and carry a payload of 40 kg (88 lb).[2] It was a four-stage rocket with all solid-propellant motors.[3]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Launch history
* 3 Launch statistics
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## History

The SLV-3 project was the first Indian Satellite launch vehicle project to develop a rocket capable of launching an 40 kilogram Rohini satellite into low-earth orbit from India. The project was setup in early 1972 by Vikram Sarabhai for an inaugural launch in 1977.[4] The project was led by Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam as the project director, along with other prominent Indian engineers such as Dr. S. Srinivasan, Ved Prakash Sandlas, D. Narayanamoorthi, G. Madhavan Nair, M.S.R. Dev, M.K. Abdul Majeed, D. Sasikumar, P.S. Veeraraghavan and A. Sivathanu Pillai. India would develop and launch its first satellite, Aryabhatta on a Soviet Kosmos-3M rocket in 1975.[5] The rocket represented the culmination of seven years of developmental efforts of ISRO. The rocket was designed with 44 major systems and 250 sub-systems and was mostly built in Thumba. Much of the control systems were developed on the indigenous Iris 55 computers. The total development cost for the SLV-3 programme by 1980 was ₹20 crore (equivalent to ₹372 crore or US$52 million in 2023). Some components (up to 15% of the original design) had been developed from a joint project with CNES for the upper stage development, which was partially inspired from the Diamant rocket.[6][4][7]

The SLV-3 was primarily developed from technology built for the smaller Rohini sounding rockets which had been used by ISRO previously. The SLV-3 was unique in the fact that it was not derived from an pre-existing Ballistic missile, as the early rockets of most nations were. The First stage of the SLV-3 rocket would eventually be used on the PSLV as a booster stage. The stage would also be repurposed for the India's strategic Agni ballistic missile family.[8][9][10]

It took approximately seven years to realise the vehicle from start. The solid motor case for first and second stage were fabricated from 15 CDV6 steel sheets and third and fourth stages from fibre reinforced plastic.[1] The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the National Aerospace Laboratories' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.[11]

The first launch of the SLV took place in Sriharikota on 10 August 1979. The fourth and final launch of the SLV took place on 17 April 1983.

The United States would later accuse India that the SLV-3 rocket was a copied derivative of the Scout rocket, and the Agni-I missile (with SLV-3 design heritage) combined it with a liquid fuelled stage from the SA-2 missile.[12][7] The US would also claim German,French and Russian compliancy for the rocket, with the Germans supplying most major technologies and the testing wind-tunnel models. The Indian scientists have opposed it, stating that the rocket was built for peaceful exploration purposes. Notably, while the rocket shared some superficial design similarities, they used different propellants, and the SLV-3 incorporated a higher Length/Diameter ratio, had different thrust rates and burn times. Unlike the early Scout rockets, the SLV-3 incorporated a larger payload fairing, although they could not launch as much payload to orbit.[13][14]

## Launch history

All four SLV launches occurred from the SLV Launch Pad at the Sriharikota High Altitude Range. The first two launches were experimental (E) and the next 2 were designated as developmental (D) as this was the first launch vehicle being developed by India and was not intended for a long service life.[15] The first experimental flight of SLV, in August 1979, was a failure.[3] The first successful launch took place on 18 July 1980.

Flight No.  | Date / time (UTC)  | Rocket,
Configuration  | Launch site  | Payload  | Payload mass  | Orbit  | User  | Launch
outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

E1  | 10 August 1979  | Satellite Launch Vehicle  | SLV Launch Pad | Rohini Technology Payload[16] | 35 kg  | Low Earth | ISRO | Failure
Faulty valve caused vehicle to crash into the Bay of Bengal 317 seconds after launch.[15][17]
E2  | 18 July 1980  | Satellite Launch Vehicle  | SLV Launch Pad | Rohini RS-1  | 35 kg  | Low Earth | ISRO | Success [15]
It was the first satellite successfully launched by the indigenous launch vehicle SLV. It provided data on the fourth stage of SLV.
D1  | 31 May 1981  | Satellite Launch Vehicle  | SLV Launch Pad | Rohini RS-D1 | 38 kg  | Low Earth | ISRO | Partial failure
Orbit too low. Decayed after nine days[15]
D2  | 17 April 1983  | Satellite Launch Vehicle  | SLV Launch Pad | Rohini RS-D2 | 41.5 kg  | Low Earth | ISRO | Success[15]
Earth Observation satellite. The launch was witnessed by then Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi.[6]

## Launch statistics

Script error: No such module "Chart".

Decade-wise summary of SLV launches

Decade  | Successful  | Partial success  | Failure  | Total

|
|
|
|

1970s  | 0  | 0  | 1  | 1
1980s  | 2  | 1  | 0  | 3
Total  | 2  | 1  | 1  | 4

## See also

* Comparison of orbital launchers families
* Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
* Scout Rocket
* Kosmos-3M

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "First Successful Launch of SLV-3 - Silver Jubilee". ISRO. https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/58-SI-Jul-Sep-05/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf.
2. ↑ "Launch Vehicles". Department of Space, Government of India. http://dos.gov.in/launchvehicles.aspx.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "SLV". http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dubey, Suman; Menon, Amarnath (1980-08-15). "India takes its first step into outer space with the launch of SLV-3" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/19800815-india-takes-its-first-step-into-outer-space-with-the-launch-of-slv-3-821350-2014-01-16.
5. ↑ Jaswanth (2021-05-30). "A Glimpse into History of ISRO" (in en-US). https://www.spacecuriosity.com/history-of-isro/.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 TS, Subramaniyan (2005-08-26). "New horizons" (in en). https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30205968.ece.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Abdul Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen (1999) (in English). Wings of Fire (1st ed.). India: Universities Press. ISBN 978-8173711466.
8. ↑ https://www.prl.res.in/~rajiv/planexnews/oldarticles/Volume -2, Issue-4.8-12.pdf
9. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/technology/launch-vehicle/Launch-vehicles-of-the-world#ref959181
10. ↑ Vasant, Gowarikar; Suresh, B. N. (2009-12-01). "History of rocketry in India". Acta Astronautica 65 (11): 1515–1519. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.03.083. ISSN 0094-5765. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576509002331.
11. ↑ "Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service" (in en). 2022-06-06. https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/.
12. ↑ "The Link Between Space Launch and Missile Technology" (in en-US). 2000-03-16. https://www.wisconsinproject.org/the-link-between-space-launch-and-missile-technology/.
13. ↑ Menon, Amarnath K. (2014-01-16). "SLV-3 is closer to the American Scout launcher: Abdul Kalam" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/19800815-slv-3-is-closer-to-the-american-scout-launcher-abdul-kalam-821345-2014-01-16.
14. ↑ "BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR ". https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/archives/MONITOR/ISSUE2-4/thundyil.html.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 "Silver jubilee of the first successful SLV-3". http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2217/stories/20050826002609000.htm.
16. ↑ "Rohini Technology Payload". http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/rtp-1.
17. ↑ "SLV-3 launch fails, plunges into Bay of Bengal seconds after take-off" (in en). 2014-02-24. https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/19790915-slv-3-launch-fails-plunges-into-bay-of-bengal-seconds-after-take-off-822576-2014-02-24.

## External links

* https://web.archive.org/web/20071009040815/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-launchers-slv.html

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launch systems

* List of orbital launch systems
* Comparison of orbital launch systems

Current|

* Angara
* A5
* Antares 230+
* Ariane 5
* Atlas V
* Delta IV Heavy
* Electron
* Epsilon
* Falcon 9 Block 5
* Falcon Heavy
* GSLV
* Mk II
* Mk III
* H-IIA
* H-IIB
* Hyperbola-1
* Jielong 1
* Kuaizhou
* 1
* 1A
* Kaituozhe 2
* Long March
* 2C
* 2D
* 2F
* 3A
* 3B/E
* 3C
* 4B
* 4C
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 11
* Minotaur
* I
* IV
* V
* C
* OS-M1
* Pegasus XL
* Proton-M
* PSLV
* Safir
* Shavit
* Simorgh
* Soyuz-2
* 2.1a / STA
* 2.1b / STB
* 2-1v
* Unha
* Vega
* Zenit
* 3SL
* 3SLB
* 3F
* Zhuque-1

In development|

* Angara 1.2
* Ariane 6
* Bloostar
* Cyclone-4M
* Eris
* Firefly Alpha
* Beta
* H3
* Hyperbola-2
* Irtysh
* Kuaizhou
* 11
* 21
* 31
* LauncherOne
* Long March
* 8
* 9
* Miura 5
* New Glenn
* New Line 1
* Nuri
* OmegA
* OS-M2
* OS-M4
* Orbex Prime
* SLS
* Soyuz-7
* SSLV
* Starship
* Terran 1
* Vega C
* Vega E
* Vulcan
* Zero
* Zhuque-2

Retired|

* Antares 110/120/130/230
* Ariane
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* ASLV
* Athena
* I
* II
* Atlas
* B
* D
* E/F
* G
* H
* I
* II
* III
* LV-3B
* SLV-3
* Able
* Agena
* Centaur
* Black Arrow
* Conestoga
* Delta
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* G
* J
* L
* M
* N
* 0100
* 1000
* 2000
* 3000
* 4000
* 5000
* II
* III
* IV
* Diamant
* Dnepr
* Energia
* Europa
* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
* v1.0
* v1.1
* v1.2 "Full Thrust"
* Feng Bao 1
* GSLV
* Mk I
* H-I
* H-II
* Juno I
* Juno II
* Kaituozhe-1
* Kosmos
* 1
* 2I
* 3
* 3M
* Lambda 4S
* Long March
* 1
* 1D†
* 2A
* 2E
* 3
* 3B
* 4A
* Mu
* 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII
* V
* N1†
* N-I
* N-II
* Naro-1
* Paektusan
* Pilot†
* R-7
* Luna
* Molniya
* M
* L
* Polyot
* Soyuz
* original
* FG
* L
* M
* U
* U2
* Soyuz/Vostok
* Sputnik
* Voskhod
* Vostok
* L
* K
* 2
* 2M
* R-29
* Shtil'
* Volna
* Saturn
* I
* IB
* V
* Scout
* SLV
* Space Shuttle
* SPARK†
* Sparta
* SS-520
* Start-1
* Thor
* Able
* Ablestar
* Agena
* Burner
* Delta
* DSV-2U
* Thorad-Agena
* Titan
* II GLV
* IIIA
* IIIB
* IIIC
* IIID
* IIIE
* 34D
* 23G
* CT-3
* IV
* Tsyklon
* 2
* 3
* 4
* UR (Proton)
* UR-500 (Proton)
* Proton-K
* Rokot
* Strela
* Vanguard
* VLS-1†
* Zenit
* 2
* 2M

Classes|

* Sounding rocket
* Small-lift launch vehicle
* Medium-lift launch vehicle
* Heavy-lift launch vehicle
* Super heavy-lift launch vehicle

* Symbol † indicates projects terminated before a successful orbital launch

* v
* t
* e

Indian space program

* Department of Space (DoS)

Organisations|

* Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
* Antrix Corporation
* Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
* Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
* Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)
* National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)
* New Space India Limited
* Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
* Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)
* Integrated Space Cell
* Defence Space Agency

Programmes|

* Bhaskara
* GAGAN
* GSAT
* INSAT
* IRNSS
* IRS
* Cartosat
* RISAT
* Rohini
* SROSS
* Chandrayaan
* Human Spaceflight Programme

Satellites|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* HAMSAT
* IMS-1
* Megha-Tropiques
* NISAR
* SARAL
* South Asia Satellite
* SRE
* SRE II
* Kalpana-1
* CARE

Space observatories|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1 (planned)
* AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar and
planetary spacecraft|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chandrayaan-3 (planned, 2021)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (proposed)
* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed)
* Shukrayaan-1 (proposed)

Crewed spacecraft|

* Gaganyaan (Under development)

Rockets|

* Engines
* CE-7.5
* CE-20
* Vikas
* Orbital
* SLV
* ASLV
* PSLV
* GSLV
* Mk I
* Mk II
* Mk III
* Suborbital
* Rohini
* ATV
* Concepts
* ULV
* Under development
* RLV Technology Demonstration Programme
* RLV-TD
* HEX
* SSLV
* SCE-200

Facilities|

* Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)
* ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)
* ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC)
* Master Control Facility (MCF)
* Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)
* Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)
* ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment (ISITE)
* Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC)
* Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC)
* ISRO Propulsion Complex
* Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC)

Related|

* SAGA-220 (supercomputer)
* RESPOND

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions

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