Voting methods and equipment by state

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The types of voting equipment used in the United States vary from state to state. Some jurisdictions use electronic devices to record votes while others use paper ballots. Tabulation methods likewise vary from state to state.[1][2]

## Contents

* 1 Types of voting equipment
* 2 Voting equipment by state
* 3 Voting equipment by state in past elections
* 3.1 2020
* 4 Noteworthy events
* 4.1 2018
* 4.1.1 Pennsylvania
* 5 Explore election legislation with Ballotpedia
* 6 See also
* 7 External links
* 8 Footnotes

## Types of voting equipment[edit]

The following types of voting equipment are in use in the United States or have been used in recent years:[1]

* Optical scan paper ballot systems: Voters mark their votes by filling in an oval, box, or similar shape on a paper ballot. The paper ballots are scanned either at the polling place or at a central location.[1]

* Direct recording electronic (DRE) systems: DRE systems employ computers that record votes directly into the computers' memory. These interfaces may incorporate touchscreens, dials, or mechanical buttons. The voter's choices are stored by the computer on a cartridge or hard drive. Some DRE systems are also equipped with Voter-Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) printers, which produce paper records that can be preserved to be tabulated in case of an audit or recount.[1]

* Ballot-marking devices and systems (BMDs): A BMD "allows for the electronic presentation of a ballot, electronic selection of valid contest options, and the production of a human-readable paper ballot, but does not make any other lasting record of the voter’s selections." Initially used primarily to accommodate voters with disabilities, BMDs are used by all voters in some locations.[1]

## Voting equipment by state[edit]

The table below shows what voting equipment was used in each state as of August 2024.[1]

Voting equipment usage as of August 13, 2024 State | Ballot marking methods | Tabulation methods

|
|

Alabama | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Alaska | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs and DREs with VVPAT | Hand Count, optical scan, and DRE
Arizona | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Arkansas | BMDs for all voters | Optical scan
California | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Colorado | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
Connecticut | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Delaware | Ballot Marking Devices for all voters | BMD/Tabulator
Florida | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Georgia | BMDs for all voters | Optical scan
Hawaii | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Idaho | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
Illinois | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Indiana | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with and without VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Iowa | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Kansas | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | BMD/Tabulator and optical scan
Kentucky | BMDs for all voters | Optical scan
Louisiana | DREs without VVPAT for all voters | DRE
Maine | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
Maryland | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Massachusetts | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
Michigan | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Minnesota | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
Mississippi | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with and without VVPAT | Optical scan
Missouri | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Hand count and optical scan
Montana | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
Nebraska | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Nevada | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: BMDs and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
New Hampshire | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
New Jersey | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with and without VVPAT | BMD/Tabulator, optical scan, DRE, and accessible interface records votes directly into optical scan tabulation
New Mexico | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
New York | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
North Carolina | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
North Dakota | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Ohio | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | BMD/Tabulator, optical scan, and DRE
Oklahoma | Hand marked paper ballots; Direct recording assistive interface without VVPAT for accessibility | Optical scan, accessible interface records votes directly into optical scan tabulation
Oregon | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Pennsylvania | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | BMD/Tabulator and optical scan
Rhode Island | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
South Carolina | BMDs for all voters | Optical scan
South Dakota | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Tennessee | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs and DREs with and without VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Texas | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs and DREs without VVPAT | Hand count, optical scan, and DRE
Utah | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Vermont | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
Virginia | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Washington | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
West Virginia | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | BMD/Tabulator and optical scan
Wisconsin | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs and DREs with VVPAT | Hand count, optical scan, and DRE
Wyoming | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Source: Verified Voting, "The Verifier – Election Day Equipment – November 2024," accessed August 13, 2024

## Voting equipment by state in past elections[edit]

### 2020[edit]

The table below shows what voting equipment was used in each state for the November 3, 2020, general election.[3]

Voting equipment usage in the November 3, 2020, general election State | Ballot marking methods | Tabulation methods

|
|

Alabama | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
Alaska | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Hand count and optical scan
Arizona | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan
Arkansas | BMDs for all voters | Optical scan
California | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Colorado | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
Connecticut | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
Delaware | BMDs for all voters | Optical scan
Florida | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
Georgia | BMDs for all voters | Optical scan
Hawaii | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Idaho | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Hand count, optical scan, and DRE
Illinois | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Indiana | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs without VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Iowa | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
Kansas | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with and without VVPAT | Hand count, optical scan, and DRE
Kentucky | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs without VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Louisiana | DREs without VVPAT for all voters | DRE
Maine | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Hand count and optical scan
Maryland | Voting center jurisdiction: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Massachusetts | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Hand count and optical scan
Michigan | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
Minnesota | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Hand count and optical scan
Mississippi | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with and without VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Missouri | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Hand count, optical scan, and DRE
Montana | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Hand count and optical scan
Nebraska | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
Nevada | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
New Hampshire | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Hand count and optical scan
New Jersey | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs without VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
New Mexico | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
New York | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
North Carolina | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
North Dakota | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
Ohio | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Oklahoma | Hand-marked paper ballots; direct recording assistive interface for accessibility without VVPAT | Optical scan
Oregon | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Pennsylvania | Hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Optical scan
Rhode Island | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
South Carolina | BMDs for all voters | Optical scan
South Dakota | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
Tennessee | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs without VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Texas | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs without VVPAT | Hand count, optical scan, and DRE
Utah | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
Vermont | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots and BMDs | Hand count and optical scan
Virginia | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs for accessibility | Optical scan
Washington | All-mail ballots. Election Day voting centers: hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan and DRE
West Virginia | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Hand count, optical scan, and DRE
Wisconsin | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Hand count, optical scan, and DRE
Wyoming | Hand-marked paper ballots, BMDs, and DREs with VVPAT | Optical scan
Source: Verified Voting, "The Verifier – Polling Place Equipment – November 2020," accessed April 25, 2024

## Noteworthy events[edit]

### 2018[edit]

#### Pennsylvania[edit]

See also: Voting in Pennsylvania

On February 9, 2018, Acting Secretary of State Robert Torres issued a directive to county election officials stipulating that all voting equipment purchased thereafter provide for a paper record of all votes cast. The directive did not mandate that counties obtain new equipment, but it did establish specifications for new equipment that counties could purchase should they opt to replace their existing voting systems. In a press release, Torres said, "This directive will ensure that the next generation of the commonwealth’s voting systems conforms to enhanced standards of resiliency, auditability and security. The current voting equipment in counties works and can be audited. But new voting machines with paper ballots or voter-verifiable paper backup will improve auditability and augment security."[4][5]

On April 12, 2018, Torres issued another directive to county election administrators instructing them to ensure that all voting machines, regardless of purchase date, provide for a paper record of all votes cast. Torres set a deadline of the end of 2019 for counties to comply with the directive. Torres said, "We want to bring about the system upgrades so Pennsylvania voters are voting on the most secure and auditable equipment as promptly and feasibly as possible." According to Verified Voting, as of November 2016, Pennsylvania was one of seven states in which both paper ballot and direct recording electronic (DRE) systems without paper trails were used. The other six states were Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. For more information about the voting equipment used in the United States, see this article.[4][5][6][7][8]

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## See also[edit]

* Voting
* Voter fraud

## External links[edit]

| Suggest a link

|

* Verified Voting, "Voting Equipment in the United States"
* National Convention of State Legislatures, "Elections Technology: Nine Things Legislators May Want to Know"

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Verified Voting, "The Verifier – Polling Place Equipment – November 2024," accessed April 25, 2024 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "verify" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "verify" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "verify" defined multiple times with different content
2. ↑ Brennan Center for Justice, "America's Voting Machines at Risk," accessed April 25, 2024
3. ↑ Verified Voting, "The Verifier – Polling Place Equipment – November 2020," accessed April 25, 2024
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pennsylvania Pressroom, "Wolf Administration Directs that New Voting Systems in the Commonwealth Provide Paper Record," February 9, 2018
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Associated Press, "Pennsylvania to require voting machines with paper backup," February 9, 2018
6. ↑ Verified Voting, "The Verifier - Polling Place Equipment - November 2018," accessed February 14, 2018
7. ↑ BuzzFeed News, "Pennsylvania Will Eliminate Paperless Voting Machines In Time For The 2020 Election," April 12, 2018
8. ↑ PA.gov, "Department of State Tells Counties to Have New Voting Systems in Place by End of 2019," April 12, 2018

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