SINAD

The signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD) is a measure of the quality of a signal from a communications device, often defined as

SINAD=10log10Psignal+Pnoise+PdistortionPnoise+Pdistortion,

where P is the average power of the signal, noise and distortion components. SINAD is usually expressed in dB and is quoted alongside the receiver RF sensitivity, to give a quantitative evaluation of the receiver sensitivity. Note that with this definition, unlike SNR, a SINAD reading can never be less than 1 (i.e. it is always positive when quoted in dB).

When calculating the distortion, it is common to exclude the DC components.[1]

Due to widespread use, SINAD has collected several different definitions. SINAD is commonly defined as:

1. The ratio of (a) total received power, i.e., the signal to (b) the noise-plus-distortion power. This is modeled by the equation above.[2]
2. The ratio of (a) the power of a test signal, i.e. a sine wave, to (b) the residual received power, i.e. noise-plus-distortion power. With this definition, it is possible to have a SINAD level less than one. This definition is used in the calculation of ENOB for DACs[3] and ADCs.[4]

Information on the relations between SINAD, ENOB, SNR, THD and SFDR can be found in the footnotes of this article.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Commercial radio specifications
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Commercial radio specifications

A typical example, quoted from a commercial hand held VHF or UHF radio, might be:

Receiver sensitivity: 0.25 μV at 12 dB SINAD.

This is stating that the receiver will produce intelligible speech with a signal at its input as low as 0.25 μV. Radio receiver designers will test the product in a laboratory using a procedure, which is typically as follows:

* With no signal present on the input, the noise and distortion of the receiver are measured at a convenient level.
* A signal is applied to the input such that the output increases by 12 dB.
* The level of the signal needed to produce this is noted. In this case, it was found to be 0.25 microvolts.

According to the radio designer, intelligible speech can be detected 12 dB above the receiver's noise floor (noise and distortion). Regardless of the accuracy of this output power in regards to intelligible speech, having a standard output SINAD allows easy comparison between radio receiver input sensitivities. This 0.25 μV value is typical for VHF commercial radio, while 0.35 μV is probably more typical for UHF. In the real world, lower SINAD values (more noise) can still result in intelligible speech, but it is tiresome work to listen to a voice in that much noise.

## See also

* Signal-to-noise ratio
* Total harmonic distortion (THD+N)

## References

1. ↑ (PDF) Tutorial 740 : Glossary of Frequently Used High-Speed Data Converter Terms, Maxim Integrated, 2001-12-17, https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/tutorials/7/740.html, retrieved 2021-04-25
2. ↑ "What is SINAD | SINAD Measurements | Electronics Notes". https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/radio/radio-receiver-sensitivity/what-is-sinad-signal-to-noise-and-distortion.php.
3. ↑ "IEEE Standard for Terminology and Test Methods of Digital-to-Analog Converter Devices". IEEE STD 1658-2011: 1–126. 2012-02-01. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2012.6152113. ISBN 978-0-7381-7147-0.
4. ↑ "IEEE Standard for Terminology and Test Methods for Analog-to-Digital Converters". IEEE STD 1241-2010 (Revision of IEEE STD 1241-2000): 1–139. 2011-01-01. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2011.5692956. ISBN 978-0-7381-6239-3.
5. ↑ Kester, Walt (October 2008), Understand SINAD, ENOB, SNR, THD, THD + N, and SFDR so You Don't Get Lost in the Noise Floor, MT-003, Analog Devices, Inc., https://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/MT-003.pdf, retrieved 2021-04-25

## External links

* SINAD and SINAD measurements for radio receivers

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Noise (physics and telecommunications)

General|

* Acoustic quieting
* Distortion
* Noise cancellation
* Noise control
* Noise measurement
* Noise power
* Noise reduction
* Noise temperature
* Phase distortion

Noise in...|

* Audio
* Buildings
* Electronics
* Environment
* Government regulation
* Human health
* Images
* Radio
* Rooms
* Ships
* Sound masking
* Transportation
* Video

Class of noise|

* Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
* Atmospheric noise
* Background noise
* Brownian noise
* Burst noise
* Cosmic noise
* Flicker noise
* Gaussian noise
* Grey noise
* Jitter
* Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise)
* Pink noise
* Quantization error (or q. noise)
* Shot noise
* White noise
* Coherent noise
* Value noise
* Gradient noise
* Worley noise

Engineering
terms|

* Channel noise level
* Circuit noise level
* Effective input noise temperature
* Equivalent noise resistance
* Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
* Impulse noise (audio)
* Noise figure
* Noise floor
* Noise shaping
* Noise spectral density
* Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH)
* Phase noise
* Pseudorandom noise
* Statistical noise

Ratios|

* Carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N)
* Carrier-to-receiver noise density (C/kT)
* dBrnC
* Eb/N0 (energy per bit to noise density)
* Es/N0 (energy per symbol to noise density)
* Modulation error ratio (MER)
* Signal, noise and distortion (SINAD)
* Signal-to-interference ratio (S/I)
* Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N, SNR)
* Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
* Signal to noise plus interference (SNIR)
* Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR)
* Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)

Related topics|

* List of noise topics
* Acoustics
* Colors of noise
* Interference (communication)
* Noise generator
* Radio noise source
* Spectrum analyzer
* Thermal radiation

Denoise
methods|

| General|

* Low-pass filter
* Median filter
* Total variation denoising
* Wavelet denoising

|

2D (Image)|

* Gaussian blur
* Anisotropic diffusion
* Bilateral filter
* Non-local means
* Block-matching and 3D filtering (BM3D)
* Shrinkage Fields
* Denoising autoencoder (DAE)
* Deep Image Prior

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