Minnesota Court of Appeals

Judges of the Minnesota Court of Appeals

Minnesota Court of Appeals

Court information
Judges: |  19
Founded: |  1983
Salary: | Associates: $180,313[1]
Judicial selection
Method: |  Nonpartisan election of judges
Term: |  6 years

The Minnesota Court of Appeals, created in 1983, is the intermediate appellate court in Minnesota and was designed to relieve the volume of cases that go to the Minnesota Supreme Court.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Jurisdiction
* 2 Caseload
* 3 Judges
* 3.1 Former judges
* 4 Judicial selection
* 4.1 Qualifications
* 4.2 Salary
* 5 Elections
* 5.1 2022
* 5.1.1 Judges with expiring terms
* 5.1.1.1 Seat 1
* 5.1.1.2 Seat 5
* 5.1.1.3 Seat 7
* 5.1.1.4 Seat 8
* 5.1.1.5 Seat 10
* 5.1.1.6 Seat 11
* 5.1.1.7 Seat 16
* 5.1.1.8 Seat 17
* 5.1.1.9 Seat 18
* 5.1.1.10 Seat 19
* 5.2 2020
* 5.2.1 Judges with expiring terms
* 5.3 2018
* 5.4 2016
* 5.4.1 Candidates
* 5.4.1.1 Seat 5
* 5.4.1.2 Seat 8
* 5.4.1.3 Seat 11
* 5.4.1.4 Seat 13
* 5.4.1.5 Seat 14
* 5.4.1.6 Seat 16
* 5.4.1.7 Seat 17
* 5.4.1.8 Seat 18
* 5.4.1.9 Seat 19
* 5.4.2 Election results
* 5.4.2.1 November 8 general election
* 5.5 2014
* 5.6 2012
* 5.7 2010
* 6 Ethics
* 6.1 Removal of judges
* 7 Noteworthy cases
* 8 State profile
* 8.1 Presidential voting pattern
* 8.1.1 Pivot Counties (2016)
* 8.1.2 Pivot Counties (2020)
* 9 Recent news
* 10 See also
* 11 External links
* 12 Footnotes

### Jurisdiction[edit]

It is the responsibility of the Court of Appeals to provide citizens with prompt and deliberate review of all final decisions of the trial courts, state agencies and local governments. Exceptions to this, which go directly to the Minnesota Supreme Court, are appeals from the Minnesota Tax Court, the Minnesota Workers' Compensation Court of Appeals, first-degree murder cases and statewide election contests.[2]

### Caseload[edit]

The Court of Appeals' decisions are the final ruling in about 95 percent of the 2,000 to 2,400 appeals filed every year. Typically, approximately 5 percent of the court's decisions are accepted by the Minnesota Supreme Court for further review.

Each judge participates in roughly 300 cases each year. The judges also share responsibility for hundreds of special term opinions and orders on motions and petitions filed with the court. The Court of Appeals issues a published, unpublished or order opinion on each case it considers.

By law, the court must issue a decision within 90 days after oral arguments. If no oral argument is held, a decision is due within 90 days of the case's scheduled conference date. This deadline is the shortest imposed on any appellate court in the nation. The court expedites decisions on child custody cases, mental health commitments and other matters in which the parties request accelerated response.[2][3]

## Judges[edit]

As part of the court's effort to expedite justice and to make access to the appellate system less burdensome and expensive, the court's 19 judges sit in three-judge panels and travel to locations throughout Minnesota to hear oral arguments, which are open to the public. They serve six-year terms.[4]

Judge | Tenure | Appointed By

|
|

Peter M. Reyes Jr.

2014 - Present

Mark Dayton

Denise D. Reilly

2014 - Present

Mark Dayton

Elise Larson

July 1, 2022 - Present

Tim Walz

Sarah Wheelock

December 1, 2021 - Present

Tim Walz

Jennifer Frisch

May 1, 2020 - Present

Tim Walz

Theodora Gaïtas

August 22, 2020 - Present

Tim Walz

Matthew Johnson

January 1, 2008 - Present

Tim Pawlenty

Michelle Ann Larkin

2008 - Present

Tim Pawlenty

Louise Dovre Bjorkman

2008 - Present

Tim Pawlenty

Francis J. Connolly

January 1, 2008 - Present

Tim Pawlenty

Renee L. Worke

2005 - Present

Tim Pawlenty

Kevin G. Ross

February 23, 2006 - Present

Tim Pawlenty

Jeanne Cochran

2018 - Present

Mark Dayton

Randall Slieter

2018 - Present

Mark Dayton

Diane Bratvold

2016 - Present

Mark Dayton

Lucinda E. Jesson

2016 - Present

Mark Dayton

Tracy M. Smith

2016 - Present

Mark Dayton

Jeffrey M. Bryan

November 25, 2019 - Present

Tim Walz

Susan Segal

November 25, 2019 - Present

Tim Walz

### Former judges[edit]

* Margaret Chutich
* Edward J. Cleary
* Natalie Hudson
* Thomas Kalitowski
* Michael Kirk
* David Minge
* Randolph Peterson
* John R. Rodenberg
* Terri Stoneburner
* James B. Florey

## Judicial selection[edit]

Judges of the court of appeals are elected in nonpartisan elections. Incumbents serve six-year terms and must be re-elected to continue serving. The governor appoints interim judges as necessary; interim incumbents who wish to serve another term must run in the next election that takes place more than a year after appointment.[5]

For details about Minnesota's judicial elections, visit the Minnesota judicial elections page.

### Qualifications[edit]

To serve on the court of appeals, a judge must be:

* "learned in the law," a phrase courts have interpreted to mean a licensed attorney-at-law;
* no more than 70 years old[5][6]

### Salary[edit]

In 2022, the associate judges of the court received a salary of $180,313, according to the National Center for State Courts.[7]

## Elections[edit]

### 2022[edit]

See also: Minnesota intermediate appellate court elections, 2022

The terms of 10 Minnesota intermediate appellate court judges will expire on January 2, 2023. The 10 seats are up for nonpartisan election on November 8, 2022.

#### Judges with expiring terms[edit]

This is a list of the judges who must stand for nonpartisan election in 2022 in order to remain on the bench. Judges may choose not to stand for election. The list is subject to change if judges retire or are appointed.

■ Michelle Ann Larkin
■ Theodora Gaïtas
■ Denise D. Reilly
■ Louise Bjorkman
■ Peter M. Reyes, Jr.
■ Matthew Johnson
■ Francis Connolly
■ Jennifer Frisch
■ Susan Segal
■ Jeffrey M. Bryan

##### Seat 1[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Theodora Gaïtas is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Theodora Gaïtas (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Theodora Gaïtas advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

##### Seat 5[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Louise Dovre Bjorkman is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Louise Dovre Bjorkman (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Louise Dovre Bjorkman advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

##### Seat 7[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Susan Segal is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Susan Segal (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Susan Segal advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

##### Seat 8[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Denise D. Reilly is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Denise D. Reilly (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Denise D. Reilly advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

##### Seat 10[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Jennifer Frisch is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Jennifer Frisch (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Jennifer Frisch advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

##### Seat 11[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Michelle Ann Larkin is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Michelle Ann Larkin (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Michelle Ann Larkin advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

##### Seat 16[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Peter M. Reyes Jr. is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Peter M. Reyes Jr. (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Peter M. Reyes Jr. advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

##### Seat 17[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Matthew Johnson is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Matthew Johnson (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Matthew Johnson advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

##### Seat 18[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Jeffrey M. Bryan is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Jeffrey M. Bryan (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Jeffrey M. Bryan advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

##### Seat 19[edit]

General election

##### General election for Minnesota Court of Appeals

Incumbent Francis J. Connolly is running in the general election for Minnesota Court of Appeals on November 8, 2022.

Candidate

|

| Francis J. Connolly (Nonpartisan)

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined.

|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.

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Nonpartisan primary election

The primary election was canceled. Incumbent Francis J. Connolly advanced from the primary for Minnesota Court of Appeals.

### 2020[edit]

See also: Minnesota intermediate appellate court elections, 2020

The terms of four Minnesota Court of Appeals justices expired on January 4, 2021. The four seats were up for nonpartisan election on November 3, 2020. A primary was scheduled for August 11, 2020. A full term on the court is six years.

#### Judges with expiring terms[edit]

This is a list of the justices who had to stand for nonpartisan election in 2020 in order to remain on the bench. Justices could choose not to stand for election.

■ Jeanne Cochran
■ Carol A. Hooten
■ Kevin Ross
■ Randall Slieter

### 2018[edit]

See also: Minnesota intermediate appellate court elections, 2018

The terms of six Minnesota Court of Appeals judges expired on January 7, 2019. All stood for nonpartisan election by voters in 2018 in order to remain on the bench. A full term on the court is six years.

### 2016[edit]

#### Candidates[edit]

##### Seat 5[edit]

■ Louise Bjorkman (Incumbent/Unopposed)

##### Seat 8[edit]

■ Denise D. Reilly (Incumbent/Unopposed)

##### Seat 11[edit]

■ Michelle Ann Larkin (Incumbent/Unopposed)

##### Seat 13[edit]

■ Randolph Peterson (Incumbent/Unopposed)

##### Seat 14[edit]

■ Lawrence Stauber (Incumbent/Unopposed)

##### Seat 16[edit]

■ Peter M. Reyes, Jr. (Incumbent/Unopposed)

##### Seat 17[edit]

■ Matthew Johnson (Incumbent/Unopposed)

##### Seat 18[edit]

■Heidi Schellhas (Incumbent/Unopposed)

##### Seat 19[edit]

■ Francis Connolly (Incumbent/Unopposed)

#### Election results[edit]

##### November 8 general election[edit]

Incumbent Louise Bjorkman ran unopposed in the general election for Seat 5 on the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

Minnesota Court of Appeals, Seat 5, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes
Louise Bjorkman Incumbent (unopposed) | 98.91% | 1,704,673
Write-in votes | 1.09% | 18,790
Total Votes (4073 of 4120 precincts reporting: 99%) | 1,723,463
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

Incumbent Denise D. Reilly ran unopposed in the general election for Seat 8 on the Minnesota Court of appeals.

Minnesota Court of Appeals, Seat 8, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes
Denise D. Reilly Incumbent (unopposed) | 99.01% | 1,679,432
Write-in votes | 0.99% | 16,847
Total Votes (4073 of 4120 precincts reporting: 99%) | 1,696,279
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

Incumbent Michelle Ann Larkin ran unopposed in the general election for Seat 11 on the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

Minnesota Court of Appeals, Seat 11, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes
Michelle Ann Larkin Incumbent (unopposed) | 99.05% | 1,673,976
Write-in votes | 0.95% | 16,043
Total Votes (4073 of 4120 precincts reporting: 99%) | 1,690,019
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

Incumbent Randolph Peterson ran unopposed in the general election for Seat 13 on the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

Minnesota Court of Appeals, Seat 13, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes
Randolph Peterson Incumbent (unopposed) | 99.03% | 1,655,611
Write-in votes | 0.97% | 16,225
Total Votes (4073 of 4120 precincts reporting: 99%) | 1,671,836
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

Incumbent Lawrence Stauber ran unopposed in the general election for Seat 14 on the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

Minnesota Court of Appeals, Seat 14, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes
Lawrence Stauber Incumbent (unopposed) | 99.03% | 1,648,207
Write-in votes | 0.97% | 16,156
Total Votes (4073 of 4120 precincts reporting: 99%) | 1,664,363
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

Incumbent Peter M. Reyes, Jr. ran unopposed in the general election for Seat 16 on the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

Minnesota Court of Appeals, Seat 16, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes
Peter M. Reyes, Jr. Incumbent (unopposed) | 99.07% | 1,639,561
Write-in votes | 0.93% | 15,308
Total Votes (4073 of 4120 precincts reporting: 99%) | 1,654,869
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

Incumbent Matthew Johnson ran unopposed in the general election for Seat 17 on the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

Minnesota Court of Appeals, Seat 17, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes
Matthew Johnson Incumbent (unopposed) | 99.08% | 1,640,174
Write-in votes | 0.92% | 15,226
Total Votes (4073 of 4120 precincts reporting: 99%) | 1,655,400
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

Incumbent Heidi Schellhas ran unopposed in the general election for Seat 18 on the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

Minnesota Court of Appeals, Seat 18, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes
Heidi Schellhas Incumbent (unopposed) | 99.09% | 1,635,569
Write-in votes | 0.91% | 14,981
Total Votes (4073 of 4120 precincts reporting: 99%) | 1,650,550
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

Incumbent Francis Connolly ran unopposed in the general election for Seat 19 on the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

Minnesota Court of Appeals, Seat 19, 2016

Candidate | Vote % | Votes
Francis Connolly Incumbent (unopposed) | 99.09% | 1,632,466
Write-in votes | 0.91% | 14,915
Total Votes (4073 of 4120 precincts reporting: 99%) | 1,647,381
Source: Minnesota Secretary of State

### 2014[edit]

The following candidates were elected or re-elected after running unopposed in the general election.

Court| Candidate

|

Click the arrows in the column headings to sort columns alphabetically.
Court of Appeals| Carol A. Hooten
Court of Appeals| Edward J. Cleary
Court of Appeals| John P. Smith
Court of Appeals| John R. Rodenberg
Court of Appeals| Kevin Ross (Minnesota)
Court of Appeals| Margaret Chutich
Court of Appeals| Michael Kirk

### 2012[edit]

Candidate| Incumbency| Place| Primary Vote| Election Vote

|
|
|
|

Flaskamp HalbrooksJill Flaskamp Halbrooks A| Yes| | | 99.03% A
WorkeRenee Worke A| Yes| Seat 6| | 98.98% A

### 2010[edit]

Out of the 10 seats up for election on the Minnesota Court of Appeals, only two were contested.

District  | Candidates  | Details  | Results

|
|
|

Minnesota Court of Appeals | Randolph Peterson and Roxann Klugman | Randolph Peterson ran for re-election. | Randolph Peterson won with 56.6 percent of the vote.
Minnesota Court of Appeals | Lawrence Stauber and Dan Griffith | Lawrence Stauber ran for re-election. | Lawrence Stauber won with 51.7 percent of the vote.

[8][9]

These judges ran unopposed for re-election:

* Louise Bjorkman
* Francis Connolly
* Natalie Hudson
* Matthew Johnson
* Michelle Ann Larkin
* David Minge
* Heidi Schellhas
* Wilhelmina Wright[8]

## Ethics[edit]

The Minnesota Code of Judicial Conduct sets forth ethical guidelines and principles for the conduct of judges and judicial candidates in Minnesota. It is composed of four canons:

* Canon 1: "A Judge Shall Uphold and Promote the Independence, Integrity, and Impartiality of the Judiciary, and Shall Avoid Impropriety and the Appearance of Impropriety"
* Canon 2: "A Judge Shall Perform the Duties of Judicial Office Impartially, Competently, and Diligently"
* Canon 3: "A Judge Shall Conduct the Judge's Personal and Extrajudicial Activities to Minimize the Risk of Conflict with the Obligations of Judicial Office"
* Canon 4: "A Judge or Candidate for Judicial Office Shall Not Engage in Political or Campaign Activity that is Inconsistent with the Independence, Integrity, or Impartiality of the Judiciary"[10]

The full text of the Minnesota Code of Judicial Conduct can be found here.

### Removal of judges[edit]

Judges in Minnesota may be removed in one of three ways:

* By the supreme court, after a public hearing and on the recommendation of the board on judicial standards
* Impeached by a majority vote of the house of representatives and convicted by a two-thirds vote of the senate
* By recall via a popular vote[11]

## Noteworthy cases[edit]

• Minnesota appellate court reverses dismissal in drug case (2015)| Click for summary→

|

Adam Alvarado was stopped by police on October 13, 2013. A search of his body by cops revealed three Fentanyl patches, which are used to treat chronic pain, and 29 grams of marijuana in a baggie in his pocket. The police then searched his car, finding 17.5 grams of methamphetamines. Alvarado was charged with fifth-degree drug possession. He filed a motion to suppress the evidence resulting from the searches conducted by the police.

Judge Jennifer Fischer agreed with Alvarado and granted his motion. Fischer made her ruling after finding that the warrantless search by law enforcement was done illegally as no exception to the requirement for a warrant was present. The state subsequently dismissed the case, as its key evidence for trial was suppressed. The prosecutor on the case, however, appealed Judge Fischer's ruling to the Minnesota Court of Appeals. That court reversed Judge Fischer.

Judge Renee Worke wrote for the court. She said that Judge Fischer was incorrect when she found no exception to the warrant requirement in Alvarado's case. Worke said that the automobile exception existed. Further, law enforcement had probable cause to conduct the search. As a result, suppression of the drug evidence was inappropriate.

The Court of Appeals remanded the case back to the Kandiyohi County District Court for trial, which has been set for June.

Articles:

* West Central Tribune, "Appeals court reverses decision to dismiss Willmar man’s drug charge," April 15, 2015

## State profile[edit]

Demographic data for Minnesota

| Minnesota| U.S.
Total population:| 5,482,435| 316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):| 79,627| 3,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:| 84.8%| 73.6%
Black/African American:| 5.5%| 12.6%
Asian:| 4.4%| 5.1%
Native American:| 1%| 0.8%
Pacific Islander:| 0%| 0.2%
Two or more:| 2.7%| 3%
Hispanic/Latino:| 5%| 17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:| 92.4%| 86.7%
College graduation rate:| 33.7%| 29.8%
Income
Median household income:| $61,492| $53,889
Persons below poverty level:| 12.2%| 11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Minnesota.

* * *

**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

### Presidential voting pattern[edit]

See also: Presidential voting trends in Minnesota

Minnesota voted for the Democratic candidate in all five presidential elections between 2000 and 2020.

#### Pivot Counties (2016)

Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, 19 are located in Minnesota, accounting for 9.22 percent of the total pivot counties.[12]

#### Pivot Counties (2020)

In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. Minnesota had 15 Retained Pivot Counties and four Boomerang Pivot Counties, accounting for 8.29 and 16.00 percent of all Retained and Boomerang Pivot Counties, respectively.

More Minnesota coverage on Ballotpedia

* Elections in Minnesota
* United States congressional delegations from Minnesota
* Public policy in Minnesota
* Influencers in Minnesota
* Minnesota fact checks
* More...

## Recent news[edit]

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Minnesota Court Appeals. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

Minnesota Court of Appeals - Google News

## See also[edit]

Minnesota | Judicial Selection | More Courts

|
|

Courts in Minnesota Minnesota Court of Appeals Minnesota Supreme Court |  Elections: 2022 • 2021 • 2020 • 2019 • 2018 • 2017 Gubernatorial appointments Judicial selection in Minnesota |  Federal courts State courts Local courts

## External links[edit]

* Minnesota Judicial Branch, "Minnesota Court of Appeals"

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ The salary of the chief judge may be higher than an associate judge.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Minnesota Judicial Branch, "Court of Appeals"
3. ↑ Minnesota Judicial Branch, "The Minnesota Court of Appeals," February 27, 2008
4. ↑ 7 Minnesota Constitution, "Article VI, Section 7"
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 National Center for State Courts, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Minnesota," July 11, 2015
6. ↑ House Research, "Judicial Selection in Minnesota," August 2007
7. ↑ National Center for State Courts, "2022 Survey of Judicial Salaries," accessed October 20, 2022
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Minnesota Secretary of State, "State Offices"
9. ↑ Minnesota Secretary of State, "Statewide Results for All Judicial Races," November 2, 2010
10. ↑ The Office of the Revisor of Statutes, Minnesota Courts Rules: Code of Judicial Conduct, adopted July 1, 2009, accessed July 11, 2015
11. ↑ National Center for State Courts, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Minnesota, Removal of Judges," accessed July 11, 2015
12. ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.

Minnesota courts

* * *

Federal courts:

Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals • U.S. District Court: District of Minnesota • U.S. Bankruptcy Court: District of Minnesota

State courts:

Minnesota Supreme Court • Minnesota Court of Appeals • Minnesota District Courts • Minnesota Problem-Solving Courts • Minnesota Tax Court • Minnesota Workers' Compensation Court of Appeals

State resources:

Courts in Minnesota • Minnesota judicial elections • Judicial selection in Minnesota

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