Luxembourg City

Short description: Capital and largest city of Luxembourg

"Luxembourg, Luxembourg" redirects here. For the 2022 film, see Luxembourg, Luxembourg (film).

Luxembourg

* Lëtzebuerg (Luxembourgish)
* Luxembourg (French)
* Luxemburg (German)

Capital city and commune

Stad Lëtzebuerg

View of the Ville Haute, including the Fortress of Luxembourg, Notre-Dame Cathedral and the City History Museum

Grand Ducal Palace

Luxembourg tram

Place Guillaume II

Schueberfouer

Kirchberg

Flag

Coat of arms

Brandmark

Luxembourg

Location within Luxembourg

Show map of Luxembourg

Luxembourg

Location within Europe

Show map of Europe

Coordinates:  [ ⚑ ] : 49°36′42″N 6°7′55″E﻿ / ﻿49.61167°N 6.13194°E﻿ / 49.61167; 6.13194
Country| Luxembourg
Canton| Luxembourg
Government

• Mayor| Template:Luxembourg commune mayor (DP)
Area

• Total| Template:Luxembourg commune area km2 (Formatting error: invalid input when rounding sq mi)
Area rank| Template:Luxembourg commune area rank of 100
Highest elevation

| Template:Luxembourg commune high m (Formatting error: invalid input when rounding ft)
• Rank| Template:Luxembourg commune high rank of 100
Lowest elevation

| Template:Luxembourg commune low m (Formatting error: invalid input when rounding ft)
• Rank| Template:Luxembourg commune low rank of 100
• Rank| Template:Luxembourg commune population rank of 100
• Density rank| Template:Luxembourg commune density rank of 100
Time zone| UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+02:00 (CEST)
LAU 2| LU0000304
Climate| Temperate oceanic climate (Cfb)
Website| vdl.lu

Luxembourg[pron 1] (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg; French: Luxembourg; German: Luxemburg),[pron 2] also known as Luxembourg City (Luxembourgish: Stad Lëtzebuerg or d'Stad; French: Ville de Luxembourg; German: Stadt Luxemburg or Luxemburg-Stadt),[pron 3] is the capital city of Luxembourg and the country's most populous commune. Standing at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers in southern Luxembourg, the city lies in the center of Western Europe, situated 213 km (132 mi) by road from Brussels and 209 km (130 mi) from Cologne.[1] The city contains Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.

As of 31 December 2025[update], Luxembourg City has a population of 137,696 inhabitants,[2] which is more than three times the population of the country's second most populous commune (Esch-sur-Alzette). The population consists of 160 nationalities. Foreigners represent 69.5% of the city's population, whilst Luxembourgers represent 30.5% of the population,[2] making it the commune with the highest proportion of foreign residents in Luxembourg.[3]

In 2024, Luxembourg was ranked by the IMF as having the highest GDP per capita in the world at $140,310 (PPP),[4] with the city having developed into a banking and administrative centre. In the 2019 Mercer worldwide survey of 231 cities, Luxembourg was placed first for personal safety, while it was ranked 18th for quality of living.[5]

Luxembourg is one of the de facto capitals of the European Union (alongside Brussels, Frankfurt and Strasbourg), as it is the seat of several institutions, agencies and bodies, including the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Court of Auditors, the Secretariat of the European Parliament, the European Public Prosecutor's Office, the European Investment Bank, the European Investment Fund, the European Stability Mechanism, Eurostat, as well as other European Commission departments and services.[6] The Council of the European Union meets in the city for three months annually.[6]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Geography
* 2.1 Topography
* 2.2 Districts of Luxembourg City
* 2.3 Climate
* 3 Demographics
* 4 Government
* 4.1 Local government
* 4.2 National government
* 4.3 European institutions
* 5 Culture
* 5.1 UNESCO World Heritage Site
* 5.2 Sport
* 6 Places of interest
* 7 Transport
* 7.1 Highways
* 7.2 Public transport
* 7.2.1 Rail
* 7.2.2 Bus
* 7.2.3 Tram
* 7.3 Air
* 8 International relations
* 8.1 Twin towns – Sister cities
* 9 Image gallery
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 Bibliography
* 14 Further reading
* 15 External links

## History

For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of Luxembourg City.

Map of the City around 1600 The Old City of Luxembourg at night

In the Roman era, a fortified tower guarded the crossing of two Roman roads that met at the site of Luxembourg city. Through an exchange treaty with the abbey of Saint Maximin in Trier in 963, Siegfried I of the Ardennes, a close relative of King Louis II of France and Emperor Otto the Great, acquired the feudal lands of Luxembourg. Siegfried built his castle, named Lucilinburhuc ("small castle"), on the Bock Fiels ("rock"), mentioned for the first time in the aforementioned exchange treaty.

In 987, Archbishop Egbert of Trier consecrated five altars in the Church of the Redemption (today St. Michael's Church). At a Roman road intersection near the church, a marketplace appeared around which the city developed.

The city, because of its location and natural geography, has through history been a place of strategic military significance. The first fortifications were built as early as the 10th century. By the end of the 12th century, as the city expanded westward around the new St. Nicholas Church (today the Cathedral of Notre Dame), new walls were built that included an area of 5 hectares (12 acres). In about 1340, under the reign of John the Blind, new fortifications were built that stood until 1867.

In the 17th century, the first casemates were built; initially, Spain built 23 km (14 mi) of tunnels, starting in 1644.[7] These were then enlarged under French rule by Marshal Vauban, and augmented again under Austrian rule in the 1730s and 1740s.

During the French Revolutionary Wars, the city was occupied by France twice: once, briefly, in 1792–93, and, later, after a seven-month siege.[8] Luxembourg held out for so long under the French siege that French politician and military engineer Lazare Carnot called Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to the city's nickname: the 'Gibraltar of the North'.[8][9]

Nonetheless, the Austrian garrison eventually surrendered, and as a consequence, Luxembourg was annexed by the French Republic, becoming part of the département of Forêts, with Luxembourg City as its préfecture. Under the 1815 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Napoleonic Wars, Luxembourg City was placed under Prussian military control as a part of the German Confederation, although sovereignty passed to the House of Orange-Nassau, in personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

After the Luxembourg Crisis, the 1867 Treaty of London required Luxembourg to dismantle the fortifications in Luxembourg City. Their demolition took sixteen years, cost 1.5 million gold francs, and required the destruction of over 24 km (15 mi) of underground defences and 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of casemates, batteries, barracks, etc.[10] Furthermore, the Prussian garrison was to be withdrawn.[11]

Until 1920, the boundaries of the city proper (in the center of the map) were considerably smaller. The Passerelle, also known as the viaduct or old bridge, overlooking the Pétrusse river valley. It opened in 1861.

When, in 1890, Grand Duke William III died without any male heirs, the Grand Duchy passed out of Dutch hands, and into an independent line under Grand Duke Adolphe. Thus, Luxembourg, which had hitherto been independent in theory only, became a truly independent country, and Luxembourg City regained some of the importance that it had lost in 1867 by becoming the capital of a fully independent state.

Despite Luxembourg's best efforts to remain neutral in the First World War, it was occupied by Germany on 2 August 1914. On 30 August, Helmuth von Moltke moved his headquarters to Luxembourg City, closer to his armies in France in preparation for a swift victory. However, the victory never came, and Luxembourg would play host to the German high command for another four years. At the end of the occupation, Luxembourg City was the scene of an attempted communist revolution; on 9 November 1918, communists declared a socialist republic, but it lasted only a few hours.[12]

In 1920 and 1921, the city limits were greatly expanded, with the communes of Eich, Hamm, Hollerich, and Rollingergrund all merging with Luxembourg City. Until then, the city proper had only had an area of 3.55 km2 (1.37 sq mi); the merger gave Luxembourg City a new area of 51.52 km2 (19.89 sq mi),[13] making the city the largest commune in the country (a position that it would hold until 1978).

In 1940, Germany occupied Luxembourg again. The Nazis were not prepared to allow Luxembourgers self-government, and gradually integrated Luxembourg into the Third Reich by informally attaching the country administratively to a neighbouring German province. Under the occupation, the capital city's streets all received new, German names, which was announced on 4 October 1940.[14] The Avenue de la Liberté for example, a major road leading to the railway station, was renamed "Adolf-Hitlerstraße".[14] On 26 March 1943, Nazi authorities expanded the city's boundaries by incorporating the communes of Strassen and Walferdange and parts of the commune of Hesperange.[15] Luxembourg City was liberated on 10 September 1944,[16] after which the pre-occupation city boundaries were restored. The city was under long-range bombardment by the German V-3 cannon in December 1944 and January 1945.

After the war, Luxembourg ended its neutrality, and became a founding member of several inter-governmental and supra-governmental institutions. In 1952, the city became the headquarters of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. In 1967, the High Authority was merged with the commissions of the other European institutions; although Luxembourg City was no longer the seat of the ECSC, it hosted some part-sessions of the European Parliament until 1981.[17] Luxembourg remains the seat of the European Parliament's secretariat, as well as the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Court of Auditors, and the European Investment Bank. Several departments of the European Commission are also based in Luxembourg.[6] The Council of the EU meets in the city for the months of April, June and October annually.[6]

## Geography

View from the Grund up to the Old Town Detailed map of Luxembourg City

### Topography

Luxembourg City lies on the southern part of the Luxembourg plateau, a large Early Jurassic sandstone formation that forms the heart of the Gutland, a low-lying and flat area that covers the southern two-thirds of the country.

The city centre occupies a picturesque site on a salient, perched high on precipitous cliffs that drop into the narrow valleys of the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers, whose confluence is in Luxembourg City. The 70 m (230 ft) deep gorges cut by the rivers are spanned by many bridges and viaducts, including the Adolphe Bridge, the Grand Duchess Charlotte Bridge, and the Passerelle. Although Luxembourg City is not particularly large, its layout is complex, as the city is set on several levels, straddling hills and dropping into the two gorges.

The commune of Luxembourg City covers an area of over 51 km2 (20 sq mi), or 2% of the Grand Duchy's total area. This makes the city the fourth-largest commune in Luxembourg, and by far the largest urban area. Luxembourg City is not particularly densely populated, at about 2,600 people per km2; large areas of Luxembourg City are maintained as parks, forested areas, or sites of important heritage (particularly the UNESCO sites), while there are also large tracts of farmland within the city limits.

### Districts of Luxembourg City

Luxembourg City is subdivided into twenty-four districts (French: quartiers), which cover the commune in its entirety. The districts generally correspond to the major neighbourhoods and suburbs of Luxembourg City, although a few of the historic districts, such as Bonnevoie, are divided between two districts.

### Climate

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## Demographics

Historical population

| Year| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1821| 15,091| —
1851| 21,754| +44.2%
1871| 26,303| +20.9%
1880| 30,205| +14.8%
1890| 32,767| +8.5%
1900| 39,488| +20.5%
1910| 45,169| +14.4%
1922| 46,530| +3.0%
1930| 53,837| +15.7%
| Year| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1947| 61,996| +15.2%
1960| 71,653| +15.6%
1970| 76,159| +6.3%
1981| 78,912| +3.6%
1991| 75,833| −3.9%
2001| 76,688| +1.1%
2011| 95,058| +24.0%
2021| 128,097| +34.8%
Source: Le Portail des Statistiques du Luxembourg
Age pyramid of the city of Luxembourg Age pyramid of the city of Luxembourg, showing the ratio of nationals to foreigners.

## Government

### Local government

Luxembourg City Hall is the heart of the communal administration, and hosts the offices of both the communal council and the mayor.

Under the Luxembourgish constitution, local government is centred on the city's communal council. Consisting of twenty-seven members (fixed since 1964), each elected every six years on the second Sunday of October and taking office on 1 January of the next year,[22] the council is the largest of all communal councils in Luxembourg. The city is considered a stronghold of the Democratic Party (DP),[23] which has provided its mayor without interruption since 1969 and is the second-largest party nationally. The Democratic Party is the largest party on the council, with ten councillors.[24]

The city's administration is headed by the mayor, who is the leader of the largest party on the communal council. After Xavier Bettel became Luxembourg's new prime minister on 4 December 2013, Lydie Polfer (DP), who had already been in office from 1982 to 1999, was sworn in as new mayor of Luxembourg on 17 December of the same year. Since the last elections the mayor leads the cabinet, the College of Aldermen, in which the DP forms a coalition with the CSV. Unlike other cities in Luxembourg, which are limited to four aldermen at most, Luxembourg is given special dispensation to have six aldermen on its College.[25]

### National government

The Plateau de Kirchberg has many new buildings including those for the European Institutions.

Luxembourg City is the seat for the Luxembourg Government. The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg lives at Berg Castle in Colmar-Berg.

For national elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the city is located in the Centre constituency.[26]

### European institutions

Luxembourg City is the seat of several institutions, agencies and bodies of the European Union, including the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Commission, the secretariat of the European Parliament, the European Court of Auditors and the European Investment Bank. The majority of these institutions are located in the Kirchberg quarter, in the northeast of the city.[27]

## Culture

Casino Luxembourg is used for exhibitions of local art. Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg

Despite the city's small size, it has several notable museums: the recently renovated National Museum of History and Art (MNHA), the Luxembourg City History Museum, the new Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art (Mudam) and National Museum of Natural History (NMHN).

In addition to its two main theatres, the Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg and the Théâtre des Capucins, there is the Philharmonie concert hall, as well as a conservatory with a large auditorium. Art galleries include the Villa Vauban, the Casino Luxembourg and Am Tunnel.[28]

Luxembourg was the first city to be named European Capital of Culture twice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007, along with the Romanian city of Sibiu, the European Capital of Culture[29] was to be a cross-border area (Greater Region of SaarLorLux or Grande Région) consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and the Lorraine area in France. The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing borders in all areas, physical, psychological, artistic and emotional. [30]

Luxembourg City is also famed for its wide selection of restaurants and cuisines, including four Michelin starred establishments.[31]

### UNESCO World Heritage Site

The city of Luxembourg is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications, on account of the historical importance of its fortifications.[32] The site is located mainly in Ville Haute (Uewerstad).

### Sport

Stade de Luxembourg

The ING Europe Marathon has been contested annually in the capital since June 2006. It attracted 11,000 runners and over 100,000 spectators during the 2014 edition.

The Luxembourg Open is a tennis tournament held since 1991 in the capital. The tournament runs from 13 to 21 October. BGL BNP Paribas, one of the more famous sponsors in the world of tennis, was the contracted title sponsor of the tournament until 2014.

The Stade de Luxembourg, situated in Gasperich, southern Luxembourg City, is the country's national stadium and largest sports venue in the country with a capacity of 9,386 for sporting events, including football and rugby union, and 15,000 for concerts.[33] The largest indoor venue in the country is d'Coque, Kirchberg, north-eastern Luxembourg City, which has a capacity of 8,300. The arena is used for basketball, handball, gymnastics, and volleyball, including the final of the 2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship. D'Coque also includes an Olympic-size swimming pool.[34]

The two football clubs of the city of Luxembourg; Racing FC Union Luxembourg and F.C. Luxembourg City, play in the country's highest league, the BGL Ligue, and second-tier, Division of Honour, respectively. The Stade de Luxembourg hosts the Luxembourg national football team.

## Places of interest

Cathedral Our Lady of Luxembourg, West entrance The Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial

Places of interest include the Gothic Revival Cathedral of Notre Dame, the fortifications, Am Tunnel (an art gallery underground), the Grand Ducal Palace, the Gëlle Fra war memorial, the casemates, the Neimënster Abbey, the Place d'Armes, the Adolphe Bridge and the city hall. The city is home to the RTL Group.

The Second World War Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial is located within the city limits of Luxembourg at Hamm. This cemetery is the final resting place of 5,076 American military dead, including General George S. Patton. There is also a memorial to 371 Americans whose remains were never recovered or identified.

## Transport

### Highways

Luxembourg is situated in the heart of Europe in the Gold Triangle between Frankfurt, Paris, and Amsterdam. It is therefore connected to several motorways and international routes.[35]

* A1 (E44): to Grevenmacher and Trier (Germany).
* A3 (E25): to Dudelange and Thionville (France).
* A4: to Esch-sur-Alzette and to A13 to Pétange, Athus (Belgium) and Longwy (France).
* A6 (E25 / E411): to Arlon and Brussels.
* A7 (E421): to Mersch and Ettelbruck.

Luxembourg Railway Station

### Public transport

Public transport in Luxembourg City, like in the rest of country, has been free since 29 February 2020, including rail, bus and tram.[36]

#### Rail

Luxembourg City is served by five rail stations operated by the state rail company, the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois (CFL), including the principal station and terminus of all rail lines in the Grand Duchy, Luxembourg station. Stations in Luxembourg City are served by domestic rail services operated by CFL, as well as international rail services, operated by CFL, and German, Belgian, and French service providers. Additionally, Luxembourg station is connected to the French LGV Est network, providing high-speed services on to Paris and Strasbourg. Services to Basel and Zürich in Switzerland are available via two daily scheduled international trains.[37]

#### Bus

Luxembourg City has a network of 40[38] bus routes, operated by the municipal transport authority, Autobus de la Ville de Luxembourg (AVL), partly subcontracted to private bus companies. There is also a free bus service linking the Glacis to Luxembourg station, the "Joker Line" for seniors, and a "City night network". A "Park & Ride" scheme is operated by the city with five carparks connected to the bus network. In addition to AVL buses, CFL and RGTR operate regional buses to other locales in Luxembourg and nearby cities in Germany and France.

#### Tram

Tram in Luxembourg City

Between 1875 and 1964, the city was covered by an extensive tram network. In December 2017, trams were reintroduced to the capital, with the phased opening of a new line, line T1, completed in March 2025, which runs between Luxembourg Airport and the Stade de Luxembourg, via the city centre.[39][40][41] The network is expected to have 4 lines by 2035, with future lines currently in the planning stages.[42]

### Air

Luxembourg City is served by the only international airport in the country: Luxembourg Airport (codes: IATA: LUX, ICAO: ELLX). Accessibility to the airport, situated in the commune of Sandweiler, 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the city centre, is provided via lines 6, 16 and 29 of the municipal bus network, and line T1 of the city tramway, which terminates there since 2025.[43][44] The airport is the principal hub for Luxembourg's flag carrier, Luxair, and one of the world's largest cargo airlines, Cargolux.[45]

## International relations

Luxembourg is a member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Trier, Saarbrücken, and Metz (neighbouring countries: Germany and France).[46]

### Twin towns – Sister cities

Luxembourg is twinned with:

* Metz, France
* Tambov Oblast, Russia
* Prague, Czech Republic[47]

## Image gallery

* Luxembourg City as seen from a Sentinel-2 satellite

* Skyline of the Hollerich quarter

* The Gëlle Fra monument commemorates those who volunteered for service in the armed forces of the Entente.

* The gorges and Adolphe Bridge

* View of the Luxembourg center cityscape from Cité Judiciaire

* The Center of Luxembourg City with the Pulvermuhl Viaduct

* Cité Judiciaire in Luxembourg

## See also

* Cessange
* Eurovision Song Contest 1962
* Eurovision Song Contest 1966
* Eurovision Song Contest 1973
* Eurovision Song Contest 1984
* Limes Luxemburgensis
* List of mayors of Luxembourg City
* Strassen, Luxembourg

## Notes

1. ↑ /ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːrɡ/
2. ↑ lb

3. ↑ lb or lb

de or de

## References

1. ↑ "Great Circle Distances between Cities". United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov/cec/java/lat-long.htm.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "La ville en chiffres". https://www.vdl.lu/fr/la-ville/en-bref/la-ville-en-chiffres.
3. ↑ "Répartition géographique des immigrés au Luxembourg" (in fr). 2023-12-21. https://statistiques.public.lu/dam-assets/recensement/publication-9/docs/rp2021-repartition-geographique-des-immigres-au-luxembourg-fr.pdf.
4. ↑ "Luxembourg". International Monetary Fund. January 2024. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD.
5. ↑ "Quality of living city ranking". https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/insights/quality-of-living-rankings.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "The European institutions in Luxembourg" (in en). https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/international-openness/eu-institutions.html.
7. ↑ "The Fortress". Luxembourg City Tourism Office. http://www.lcto.lu/html_en/sites_attractions/attractions/the_fortress.html.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kreins (2003), p. 64
9. ↑ "History of Luxembourg City: The fascinating story of a fortress city". 18 May 2025. https://www.luxembourg-city.com/en/about-luxembourg-city/presentation/history#:~:text=For a period of almost,"Gibraltar of the North"..
10. ↑ "World Heritage List – Luxembourg". UNESCO. 1 October 1993. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/699.pdf.
11. ↑ (in French) Treaty of London, 1867 , Article IV. GWPDA. Retrieved 19 July 2006.
12. ↑ "Luxembourg's history : Mutiny in the Grand Duchy" (in en). https://today.rtl.lu/luxembourg-insider/history/a/1690130.html.
13. ↑ Philippart, Robert L. (2021-05-01). "La ville intègre sa périphérie" (in fr). p. 19. https://onsstad.vdl.lu/fileadmin/ausgaben/123/Ons-Stad_123_2021_18-23.pdf.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 May, Guy (2002). "Die Straßenbezeichnungen der Stadt Luxemburg unter deutscher Besatzung (1940–1944)" (in de). Ons Stad (71): 30–32. http://onsstad.vdl.lu/uploads/media/ons_stad_71-2002_30-32.pdf.
15. ↑ Beck, Simone (2021). "Die (Nicht)- Eingemeindung von 1943" (in de). p. 13. https://onsstad.vdl.lu/fileadmin/ausgaben/123/ons-stad_123_2021_1-68.pdf?csrt=5919998714865516551.
16. ↑ Thewes (2003), p. 121
17. ↑ "Alcide De Gasperi Building". Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 16 June 2006. http://www.ena.lu/europe/european-union/parliament-alcide-gasperi-building-luxembourg.htm.
18. ↑ "Annuaire climatologique 2021" (in fr). Meteolux. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify `|archiveurl=`, you must also specify `|archivedate=`. https://web.archive.org/web/20220106213150/https://www.meteolux.lu/fr/filedownload/467/annuaire_climatologique_2021.pdf/type/pdf.
19. ↑ "Données Climatologiques". Meteolux. http://www.meteolux.lu/IMG/pdf/resume_des_moyennes_tricennales_1981_a_2010.pdf.
20. ↑ "Normales et extrêmes" (in fr). Administration de l’Aéroport de Luxembourg. https://www.meteolux.lu/fr/climat/normales-et-extremes/?lang=fr.
21. ↑ "Climatologie de l'année à Luxembourg" (in fr). Infoclimat. https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/luxembourg/valeurs/06590.html.
22. ↑ "Organisation et fonctionnement des organes politiques" (in fr). https://www.vdl.lu/la-ville/vie-politique/organisation-et-fonctionnement-des-organes-politiques.
23. ↑ "Cliff-hanger". 1999-10-07. https://www.land.lu/page/article/393/393/FRE/index.html.
24. ↑ "Members of the Municipal Council" (in en). Ville de Luxembourg. https://www.vdl.lu/en/city/political-life/municipal-council/members.
25. ↑ "Organisation des communes – Textes Organiques" (in fr). Code administratif Luxembourgeois. Service central de législation. 2007. http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/compilation/code_administratif/VOL_8/ORGANISATION/TXT_ORGANIQ.pdf.
26. ↑ "Principles - Legislative elections". https://elections.public.lu/en/systeme-electoral/legislatives-mode-emploi/principes.html. "The country is broken down into four electoral districts (...) 2. the Centre, comprising the cantons of Luxembourg and Mersch"
27. ↑ "Kirchberg Plateau in Luxembourg City". https://www.luxembourg-city.com/en/things-to-do/kirchberg-district.
28. ↑ "Art et Culture", Ville de Luxembourg. (in French) Retrieved 30 October 2011.
29. ↑ "Luxembourg and Greater Region, European Capital of Culture 2007". http://www.mcesr.public.lu/presse/annee_culturelle_2007/portail_luxembourg_2007/Rapport_final_anglais.pdf.
30. ↑ "Luxembourg et Sibiu, capitales européennes de la culture 2007" (in fr). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/presse/pr_post_story/2007/FR/03A-DV-PRESSE_STO(2007)01-25(02408)_FR.pdf.
31. ↑ ""Guide Michelin 2012: Le Luxembourg perd des étoiles"". Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111123195826/http://www.lequotidien.lu/le-pays/29391.html.
32. ↑ "Culture in Luxembourg". http://shanghai.mae.lu/en/The-Grandy-Duchy-of-Luxembourg/Culture.
33. ↑ "Stade de Luxembourg (Stade National) – StadiumDB.com". http://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/lux/stade_de_luxembourg.
34. ↑ "Infrastructure" (in en). 22 February 2019. https://www.coque.lu/en/qui-sommes-nous/infrastructure.
35. ↑ "Detailed Clear Large Road Map of Luxembourg - Ezilon Maps". https://www.ezilon.com/maps/europe/luxembourg-road-maps.html.
36. ↑ "Public transport" (in en). http://luxembourg.public.lu/en/living/mobility/public-transport.html.
37. ↑ "A guide to French Railway's TGV high-speed trains". https://www.seat61.com/trains-and-routes/tgv.htm.
38. ↑ "En bus". vdl.lu. https://www.vdl.lu/fr/se-deplacer/en-bus.
39. ↑ Lemaire, Christophe (2 March 2025). "Tram takes first passengers to Luxembourg Airport". Luxembourg Times. https://www.luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/tram-takes-first-passengers-to-luxembourg-airport/46740272.html.
40. ↑ Bauldry, Jess (12 July 2017). "Tram returns to city after 50 years" (in en). delano.lu. https://delano.lu/article/delano_tram-returns-city-after-50-years.
41. ↑ Fick, Maurice (7 July 2024). "New section opening on Sunday: Tram passengers to expect 'several new exciting changes': Luxtram director" (in en). today.rtl.lu. https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/2211653.html.
42. ↑ Carette, Julien (2 May 2022). "Tram network to grow to four lines by 2035" (in en). delano.lu. https://delano.lu/article/tram-network-to-grow-to-four-l.
43. ↑ "Bus & Tram". https://www.lux-airport.lu/parking-transport/bus/.
44. ↑ Arellano, Gaël (2025-03-02). "Tram line to Findel airport launches on Sunday". https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/2281564.html.
45. ↑ "Luxembourg Airport | My Journey Starts Here" (in en-US). https://www.lux-airport.lu/.
46. ↑ "Futurium | Border Focal Point Network - QuattroPole: a cross-border network in the heart of Europe" (in it). https://futurium.ec.europa.eu/en/border-focal-point-network/good-practices/quattropole-cross-border-network-heart-europe?language=it.
47. ↑ "Partnerská města HMP" (in cs). Prague. http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html.

* Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003) (in fr). Histoire du Luxembourg (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-053852-3.
* Thewes, Guy (July 2003) (in fr). Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848 (Édition limitée ed.). Luxembourg City: Service Information et Presse. ISBN 2-87999-118-8. http://www.gouvernement.lu/publications/download/gouvernements_1848_2.pdf. Retrieved 6 July 2006.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

* Philippart, Robert L. (2021). "La ville intègre sa périphérie" (in fr). Ons Stad (123): 18–23. https://onsstad.vdl.lu/fileadmin/ausgaben/123/Ons-Stad_123_2021_18-23.pdf.
* Thewes, Guy; Wagener, Danièle (1995). "La Ville de Luxembourg en 1795" (in fr). Ons Stad (49): 4–7. https://onsstad.vdl.lu/fileadmin/uploads/media/ons_stad_49-1995_4-7.pdf. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
* Thewes, Guy (2002). "Nationalsozialistische Architektur in Luxemburg" (in de). Ons Stad (71): 25–29. https://onsstad.vdl.lu/fileadmin/uploads/media/ons_stad_71-2002_25-29.pdf. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
* Thewes, Guy (2004). "L'évacuation des déchets de la vie urbaine sous l'Ancien Régime" (in fr). Ons Stad (75): 30–33. https://onsstad.vdl.lu/fileadmin/uploads/media/ons_stad_75-2004_30-33.pdf. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
* Thewes, Guy (2012). "Le "grand renfermement" – La ville à l'âge de la forteresse" (in fr). Ons Stad (99): 10–13. https://onsstad.vdl.lu/fileadmin/uploads/media/ons_stad_99-2012_10-13.pdf?csrt=8022649195951373032.
* Thewes, Guy (2013). "Luxembourg, ville dangereuse sous l'Ancien Régime? – Police et sécurité au XVIIIe siècle" (in fr). Ons Stad (104): 58–61. https://onsstad.vdl.lu/fileadmin/uploads/media/ons_stad_104-2013_58-61.pdf. Retrieved 11 September 2017.

## External links

* Luxembourg City official website
* Luxembourg City Tourism Office
* HoloGuides – photos, events and news[Usurped!]
* Luxembourg (city) Photo Gallery
* A short break in Luxembourg (city)
* Events, things to do and practical stuff in Luxembourg

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Places adjacent to Luxembourg City

| Kopstal | Walferdange, Steinsel | Niederanven

|
|

Strassen
Bertrange |

Luxembourg City

| Sandweiler
Leudelange | Roeser | Hesperange

Template:Communes of Luxembourg

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of Europe

Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.

Sovereign states|

* Amsterdam, Netherlands1
* Andorra la Vella, Andorra
* Ankara, Turkey2
* Astana, Kazakhstan2
* Athens, Greece
* Baku, Azerbaijan2
* Belgrade, Serbia
* Berlin, Germany
* Bern, Switzerland
* Bratislava, Slovakia
* Brussels, Belgium3
* Bucharest, Romania
* Budapest, Hungary
* Chișinău, Moldova
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* Dublin, Ireland
* Helsinki, Finland
* Kyiv, Ukraine
* Lisbon, Portugal
* Ljubljana, Slovenia
* London, United Kingdom
* Luxembourg, Luxembourg
* Madrid, Spain
* Minsk, Belarus
* Monaco4
* Moscow, Russia
* Nicosia, Cyprus2
* Oslo, Norway
* Paris, France
* Podgorica, Montenegro
* Prague, Czech Republic
* Reykjavík, Iceland
* Riga, Latvia
* Rome, Italy
* San Marino, San Marino
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Skopje, North Macedonia
* Sofia, Bulgaria
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Tbilisi, Georgia2
* Tirana, Albania
* Vaduz, Liechtenstein
* Valletta, Malta
* Vatican City4
* Vienna, Austria
* Vilnius, Lithuania
* Warsaw, Poland
* Yerevan, Armenia2
* Zagreb, Croatia

States with
limited recognition|

* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2
* Pristina, Kosovo
* Sokhumi, Abkhazia2
* Tiraspol, Transnistria
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2

Dependencies|

| United Kingdom|

| Constituent countries|

* London, England
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Cardiff, Wales
* Belfast, Northern Ireland

|

Crown Dependencies and
Overseas Territories|

* Douglas, Isle of Man
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Gibraltar, Gibraltar
* St Helier, Jersey
* Saint Peter Port, Guernsey

Other|

* Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
* Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Federal states|

| Austria|

* Bregenz, Vorarlberg
* Eisenstadt, Burgenland
* Graz, Styria
* Innsbruck, Tyrol
* Klagenfurt, Carinthia
* Linz, Upper Austria
* Salzburg, Salzburg
* Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria
* Vienna, Vienna

|

Belgium|

| Communities|

* Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community
* Eupen, German-speaking Community

|

Regions|

* Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders
* Namur, Wallonia

Bosnia and Herzegovina|

* Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska
* Brčko, Brčko District
* Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Germany|

* Berlin, Berlin
* Bremen, Bremen
* Dresden, Saxony
* Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
* Erfurt, Thuringia
* Hamburg, Hamburg
* Hanover, Lower Saxony
* Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein
* Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
* Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Munich, Bavaria
* Potsdam, Brandenburg
* Saarbrücken, Saarland
* Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
* Wiesbaden, Hesse

Russia|

| Republics|

* Cheboksary, Chuvashia
* Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia
* Elista, Kalmykia
* Grozny, Chechnya
* Izhevsk, Udmurtia
* Kazan, Tatarstan
* Magas, Ingushetia
* Makhachkala, Dagestan
* Maykop, Adygea
* Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria
* Petrozavodsk, Karelia
* Saransk, Mordovia
* Simferopol, Crimea (disputed)
* Syktyvkar, Komi
* Ufa, Bashkortostan
* Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
* Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El

|

Autonomous okrugs|

* Naryan-Mar, Nenets

Krais|

* Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
* Perm, Perm Krai
* Stavropol, Stavropol Krai

Oblasts|

* Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
* Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
* Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
* Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
* Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
* Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
* Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
* Kirov, Kirov Oblast
* Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
* Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto)
* Kursk, Kursk Oblast
* Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
* Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
* Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
* Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
* Oryol, Oryol Oblast
* Penza, Penza Oblast
* Pskov, Pskov Oblast
* Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
* Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
* Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
* Samara, Samara Oblast
* Saratov, Saratov Oblast
* Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
* Tambov, Tambov Oblast
* Tula, Tula Oblast
* Tver, Tver Oblast
* Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
* Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
* Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
* Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
* Vologda, Vologda Oblast
* Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
* Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast

Federal cities|

* Moscow
* Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol (disputed)

Switzerland|

* Aarau, Aargau
* Altdorf, Uri
* Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden
* Basel, Basel-Stadt
* Bellinzona, Ticino
* Chur, Grisons
* Delémont, Jura
* Frauenfeld, Thurgau
* Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg
* Geneva, Canton of Geneva
* Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
* Lausanne, Vaud
* Liestal, Basel-Landschaft
* Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne
* Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel
* Sarnen, Obwalden
* Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen
* Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz
* Sion, Valais
* Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn
* Stans, Nidwalden
* St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen
* Glarus, Canton of Glarus
* Zug, Canton of Zug
* Zurich, Canton of Zürich

Autonomous
entities|

| Italy|

| Autonomous regions|

* Cagliari, Sardinia
* Palermo, Sicily
* Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
* Aosta, Aosta Valley
* Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia

|

Portugal|

| Autonomous regions|

* Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores
* Funchal, Madeira

|

Spain|

* Barcelona, Catalonia
* Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
* Logroño, La Rioja
* Madrid, Community of Madrid
* Mérida, Extremadura
* Murcia, Region of Murcia
* Oviedo, Asturias
* Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
* Pamplona, Navarre
* Santander, Cantabria
* Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
* Seville, Andalusia
* Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
* Valencia, Valencian Community
* Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto)
* Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto)
* Zaragoza, Aragon

Other|

* Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France)
* Batumi, Adjara (Georgia)
* Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova)
* Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece)
* Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
* Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
* Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia)
* Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)

* 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* 2 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed
* 3 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
* 4 A city-state

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