Criticism

Short description: Practice of judging the merits and faults of something

Criticism is the construction of a judgement about the negative or positive qualities of someone or something. Criticism can range from impromptu comments to a written detailed response.[1] Criticism falls into several overlapping types including "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive".[2]

Criticism may also refer to an expression of disapproval of someone or something.[1] When criticism of this nature is constructive, it can make an individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.[3][4][5] Research supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.[6][7][8]

Critique vs. criticism: In French, German, or Italian, no distinction is drawn between 'critique' and 'criticism'. The two words both translate as critique, Kritik, and critica, respectively.[9] In the English language, philosopher Gianni Vattimo suggests that criticism is used more frequently to denote literary criticism or art criticism while critique refers to more general and profound writing such as Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.[9] Another distinction that is sometimes made is that critique is never personalized nor ad hominem[9] and is presented in a way that encourages rebuttal or expansion of the ideas expressed. Nonetheless, the distinctions are subtle and ambiguous at best.[9]

The term "brickbat" is sometimes used to mean "an unfavourable criticism, unkind remark or sharp put-down". The term originated in the 17th century, derived from the practice of throwing bricks as projectiles at a person who was disapproved of.[10][11]

In some contexts, such as literary criticism and art criticism, the word criticism is used as a neutral word that is synonymous with evaluation. [12]

## Contents

* 1 Criticism in academia
* 2 Criticism of criticism
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Criticism in academia

Critical Studies and Critical Theory programs teach the method of critique, also known as “criticism”. Both theory and studies programs often sample new works in addition to classical texts.[13] UC Berkeley, CUNY, and Northwestern University offer programs in Critical Theory, while several other colleges and universities offer programs or sole courses in Critical Studies, Critical Theory, and sub-disciplines. Sub-disciplines include Critical Race Studies, Critical Asian Studies, Critical Black Studies, and Critical Disability Studies.[14] The term “critical” can be found in course titles concerning a variety of topics, as the term refers to a method or approach to course materials.

Some claim “critical” studies have a particular focus in their perspective or opinion,[15] confusing the method of critique with individual critiques. The recent appearance of “critical” studies and theory further compounds the conflation of particular authors with the new method and discipline. Additionally, the method and disciplines are distinguished from analysis or traditional objectivist or hard sciences by their allowances for subjectivity in the perspective of the author.

## Criticism of criticism

Journalist and writer H. L. Mencken argued that "criticism is little more than a branch of homiletics. They judge a work of art, not by its clarity and sincerity, not by the force and charm of its ideas, not by the technical virtuosity of the artist, not by his originality and artistic courage, but simply and solely by his orthodoxy."[16]

## See also

* Critique
* Literary criticism
* Art criticism
* Film criticism
* Theatre criticism
* Criticism of religion
* Criticism of science
* Self-criticism
* Social criticism

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Criticism". Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/criticism. | the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad
2. ↑ "Criticism". Oxford Dictionary. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095648600. | "The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."
3. ↑ Fong, Carlton J.; Warner, Jayce R.; Williams, Kyle M.; Schallert, Diane L.; Chen, Ling-Hui; Williamson, Zachary H.; Lin, Shengjie (July 2016). "Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback". Learning and Individual Differences 49: 393–399. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019. ISSN 1041-6080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019.
4. ↑ Winstone, Naomi E.; Nash, Robert A.; Parker, Michael; Rowntree, James (2017-01-02). "Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes" (in en). Educational Psychologist 52 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538. ISSN 0046-1520.
5. ↑ Shute, Valerie J. (2008-03-01). "Focus on Formative Feedback" (in en). Review of Educational Research 78: 153–189. doi:10.3102/0034654307313795. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0034654307313795.
6. ↑ Kluger, Avraham N.; DeNisi, Angelo (March 1996). "The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory.". Psychological Bulletin 119 (2): 254–284. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254. ISSN 1939-1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254.
7. ↑ The Power of Feedback. 2014-06-27. doi:10.4324/9781315813875. ISBN 9781315813875. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315813875.
8. ↑ Brown, Gavin T.L.; Harris, Lois R.; Harnett, Jennifer (October 2012). "Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being". Teaching and Teacher Education 28 (7): 968–978. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003. ISSN 0742-051X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Gianni Vattimo Postmodern criticism: postmodern critique in David Wood (1990) Writing the future, pp. 57–58
10. ↑ Tharoor, Shashi (7 February 2020). "Shashi Tharoor's Word Of The Week: Brickbat". https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/shashi-tharoor-s-word-of-the-week-brickbat/story-1y8pKf15BvfAvyvXSbDPkO.html.
11. ↑ "brickbat". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/brickbat.
12. ↑ "Common Errors in English Usage: criticism". May 31, 2016. https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/05/31/criticism/.
13. ↑ "The Program in Critical Theory". UC Berkeley. https://criticaltheory.berkeley.edu/.
14. ↑ "Critical Race Studies". UCLA. https://law.ucla.edu/academics/centers/critical-race-studies.
15. ↑ "Critical Legal Theory". Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/critical_legal_theory.
16. ↑ "Criticism of Criticism of Criticism". http://bactra.org/Mencken/criticism-of-criticism-of-criticism/.

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Critical theory

Origins|

* Frankfurt School
* Freudo-Marxism

Concepts|

* Critical vocabulary
* Binary opposition
* Dominant privilege
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Theorists|

* Herbert Marcuse
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* Max Horkheimer
* Walter Benjamin
* Erich Fromm
* Friedrich Pollock
* Leo Löwenthal
* Jürgen Habermas
* Alfred Schmidt
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