Inequality in South Korea

Short description: Overview of Inequality in South Korea

Inequality in South Korea, particularly in regards to income, politics and wealth, is a major issue in the country. According to data during the 2010s, low-income earners[lower-alpha 1] make up to 40% of South Korea's entire labour force.[1] Conversely, the highest income earners[lower-alpha 2] make up only 1–1.3% of the labour force. In general, 98.7% of South Koreans make less than Template:KRWConvert annually.[1] According to 2015 data, 63% of workers make less than Template:KRWConvert annually.[2]

Many South Koreans especially those of the younger generation feel that they are not benefiting during periods of economic growth, and have criticized the increasingly difficult socioeconomic situation and class stratification in the country, dubbing it as "Hell Joseon".[3] They have also described themselves as being a part of the Sampo generation, whereby they have given up on courtship, marriage, and having kids due to the high costs of living and unemployment, and consequently the N-po generation.[4][5]

Moreover, much of the country's economic inequality can be attributed to the dominance of chaebols (Korean: 재벌; lit. "rich family"), which has also been seen by many South Koreans as highly corrupt and influential in the political system. Its dominance is also likely to last and engenders the risk of slowing down the transformation of the South Korean economy for the benefit of future generations.[6][7]

The country also has the highest levels of poverty among the elderly in the developed world.[8] In 2018, about half of the country's elderly lived in poverty, three times the OECD average, with many of them homeless.[9] As a result, South Korea regularly claims the highest suicide rate in the OECD and the wider developed world.[10]

## Contents

* 1 Current situation
* 1.1 Effects on South Korean youth
* 2 Causes
* 2.1 Corruption
* 2.2 Elitism
* 2.3 Financial crisis of 1997
* 2.4 The intensification of social competition
* 2.5 Political inequality
* 2.6 Employment deterioration
* 3 Possible solutions
* 4 Government responses
* 5 In popular culture
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes and references
* 7.1 Notes
* 7.2 References
* 7.3 Bibliography
* 8 External links

## Current situation

Among other countries in OECD, South Korea lags behind in performance when considering indicators such as the Gini coefficient and Palma ratio, especially when limiting the comparison to countries with similar populations.[11]

Income polarization (the income gap) has also not eased since the IMF stimulus, and thus is becoming more serious beginning in the 2010s.[12][13][14]

In 2014, the poverty gap index was 40%, which ranked third overall among high income countries. According to Wells X, the nation's top-tier 1390 people monopolize assets worth around Template:KRWConvert.[15]

The following table shows the number of people and earned income by annual salary in Korea.[16]

Sort  | Number of People  | Percentage of total workers  | Earned Income  | Percentage of total earned income

|
|
|
|

10 million won or less  | 4.51M  | 31.6%  | 21.0 trillion won  | 5.70%
12 million won or less  | 5.41M  | 37.8%  | 31.3 trillion won  | 8.47%
30 million won or less  | 9.90M  | 69.3%  | 123.0 trillion won  | 33.28%
45 million won or less  | 11.89M  | 91.4%  | 123.0 trillion won  | 47.15%
60 million won or less  | 13.06M  | 91.7%  | 260.2 trillion won  | 70.41%
80 million won or less  | 13.82M  | 97.4%  | 313.1 trillion won  | 84.72%
100 million won or less | 14.09M | 98.7% | 337.4 trillion won | 91.30%
>100 million won | 0.19M | 1.3% | 32.2 trillion won | 8.70%
Sum  | 14.29M  | 100%  | 369.6 trillion won  | 100.00%

In 2019, an article published on Xinhua claimed that the government-led economic growth policy resulted in a drop in South Korea's Gini coefficient from 2018.[17] However, this has been attributed mainly due to sluggish economic growth among high-income earners, and has had little to no effect on the wide majority of the population.[18]

### Effects on South Korean youth

Economic inequality is often linked to low or limited social mobility, a situation which may instill a sense of hopelessness among South Korea's youth.[19] Gambling, though extremely limited due to its legality in South Korea, can be a dangerous source of debt for South Koreans who are susceptible to gambling and gambling addiction.[20] In 2017, the easy availability of cryptocurrrency in South Korea,[21] combined with a lack of legal outlets for gambling, has contributed to gambling problems and associated debt.[22] Others have also been led to suicide, which has remained the leading cause of deaths for a number of years.[23]

## Causes

There are many causes for economic inequality, but the following causes are mainly talked about in South Korea.

### Corruption

Corruption is a serious problem in South Korea; all four living former South Korean presidents have been sentenced to prison for various crimes ranging from abuse of authority to bribery and embezzlement; with two still currently serving their sentences.[24][25][26][27][28]

### Elitism

Tertiary education was once seen by many South Koreans as a source of social mobility in the country. However, many now consider the education system to be elitist, resulting in only those connected to the chaebols and the government being able to easily get top spots in universities, civil service positions, while also for men even evading conscription entirely.[29][30]

### Financial crisis of 1997

South Korea suffered a severe financial crisis around the period from 1997 to 2001, and had to seek a loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) of about Template:KRWConvert to prevent total economic collapse.[31] The crisis was damning to the country, causing its worst recession in the post-war era. GDP growth had a negative 6.5% rate in 1998. In the aftermath of the crisis, unemployment rose from pre-crisis levels of 2% to 9.8% in 1998 and 8.1% in March 1999.[32]

The crisis also ensured a contraction in domestic investments. Conservative South Korean political parties attribute economic inequality to the slump in the domestic economy and strengthening the nation's economic structure to be dependent on exports. However, prior to the crisis, local companies used to make lax external investments, and ironically these over-investments ever since had a positive impact on employment.[32]

Many South Koreans believe that despite supposed economic recovery ever since, the country as a whole never really recovered from the crisis, with income gap widening especially among the middle and working classes.[32]

### The intensification of social competition

South Korea is a hypercompetitive country, which results in enormous pressure. This is mainly as a result of sky high stakes in many aspects of South Korean society, including societal expectations such as education attainment, family background, and looks.[3] Those who do not have significant connections or conform with Korean beauty standards are ostracized, leading to reduced economic opportunities before one is even born.[33]

This also isn't helped by the physical appearance of many K-pop idols as well as celebrities, which has greatly impacted the beauty standards in the country.[34]

### Political inequality

In his book The Great Leveler, author Walter Scheidel said that political inequality creates economic inequality.[35] In the book, it mentioned, "As the nation has historically been formed, public power has been concentrated on a few people. In terms of hierarchy, it is a very sharp spire structure. These political inequalities have encouraged economic inequality," It mentions that economic inequality has intensified since the 1990s as well as political inequality.

In the 2016 Hanyang University dissertation, a survey was conducted on the perception of economic inequality among generations. In the paper, 70 percent of the people held the government responsible for failing to narrow the income gap. A wide majority of South Koreans say that current government's policy on supposedly fixing inequality is not helping to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor.[36]

### Employment deterioration

The poverty of low-income people is getting worse due to the long-term deterioration of employment in South Korea. The government has claimed that it has tried to increase employment every time over the past few years, but with no significant results.[37]

In 2018, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) mentioned that South Korea's income inequality was the poorest among 22 Asian-Pacific countries. In this article, while the nation's economic growth is growing fast, it also talked about inequality in household income due to the difficulty of finding jobs for young job seekers.[38]

## Possible solutions

A possible solution to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor is establishing a universal social safety net. However, South Korea's share of government spending on welfare is among the lowest among OECD countries, and the developed world in general, and the country is not considered to be a welfare state.[39]

Furthermore, South Korea has a negative outlook on enacting welfare policies or organizing influential trade unions. Many trade unions and the opposition groups they represent such as the Unified Progressive Party have often been shut down by the government under the controversial National Security Act.[40]

A 2018 Korea University degree paper conducted a study on how social welfare policies improve economic inequality. The income of the top 10% was about 6.6 times the income of the lowest 10% in 1990. As of 2016 this has increased to about 10 times. The universal concept of social welfare is becoming increasingly prominent in the 21st century as economic inequality continues to rise. In the paper, two countries were cited as examples: Sweden, which developed industrial competitiveness based on marketism before implementing social welfare, and the United Kingdom , which maintained a balance between industrial competitiveness and welfare efficiency. The paper stated that the Korea public pension and the basic livelihood security system required more financial support. For health security, support was needed first for the lower-income class for the continuity of working welfare. In addition, in order to continuously supplement and develop industrial competitiveness, it is necessary education provides fair opportunities and discovers talent. It also states that it is necessary to divide the low-income class in Korea into recipients of welfare and the class directly above so that people do not feel a decline in their motivation to work.[41]

## Government responses

In January 2019, president Moon Jae-in's economic adviser Kim Hyun-chul resigned for disparaging that young, unemployed Korean graduates or retirees who couldn't find a job in the country should stop "blaming the country and the government" and to "leave the country to become Korean language teachers".[42] He received severe public anger and criticism for his remark.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated inequality in South Korea.[43] The president blamed the deepening wealth gap between the rich and the poor to the pandemic, despite the fact that economic inequality was already a major problem prior to the pandemic.[37]

## In popular culture

* Default, a South Korean drama film, portrays how the 1997 financial crisis affected South Koreans differently, with the middle and working classes disproportionately affected.[44]
* The film, Parasite by Bong Joon-ho, depicted drastic inequality between South Korea's wealthy and the poor.[45]
* Hwang Dong-hyuk, director and writer of the South Korean survival drama television series Squid Game, mentioned that he conceived the idea of the show based on his own personal experiences witnessing the drastic class disparity within the country, as well as his own severe economic struggles early in his life.[46][47][48]

## See also

Colloquialisms

* Bacchus Ladies
* Chaebol
* Gapjil
* Hell Joseon
* Kisaeng

Other aspects of South Korean society

* Gender inequality in South Korea
* Human rights in South Korea
* Prostitution in South Korea
* Poverty in South Korea
* Suicide in South Korea

Citizen responses

* 1996–1997 strikes in South Korea
* 2010–2011 Hanjin Heavy Industries strike
* South Korean railroad strike of 2006
* 2013 railroad strike in South Korea
* 2021 Korean Confederation of Trade Unions strike

## Notes and references

### Notes

1. ↑ Earning Template:KRWConvert or less annually.
2. ↑ Earning Template:KRWConvert or more annually.

### References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 하우맘. "연봉금액별 인구수 및 근로소득액" (in ko). http://blog.daum.net/hawoomom/22.
2. ↑ "근로소득자의 양극화" (in ko). https://news.naver.com/main/read.naver?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=031&aid=0000357539.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Williams, Mike (30 January 2020). "'Hell Joseon' and the South Korean generation pushing to a breaking point". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-30/south-korea-hell-joseon-sampo-generation/11844506?nw=0.
4. ↑ "Lashing out at "Hell Joseon", young’uns drive ruling party’s election beatdown". http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/739886.html.
5. ↑ Qian, Yue (26 February 2019). "Why young people in South Korea are staying single despite government’s efforts to spark dating". Scroll.in. https://scroll.in/article/913847/why-young-people-in-south-korea-are-staying-single-despite-governments-efforts-to-spark-dating.
6. ↑ Marlow, Iain (24 April 2015). "South Korea’s chaebol problem" (in en-CA). https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/asian-pacific-business/south-koreas-chaebol-problem/article24116084/.
7. ↑ Albert, Eleanor (4 May 2018). "South Korea’s Chaebol Challenge". Council of Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/south-koreas-chaebol-challenge. "A group of massive, mostly family-run business conglomerates, called chaebol, dominates South Korea’s economy and wields extraordinary influence over its politics."
8. ↑ Jeon, B., Haruko, N., Soonman, K., Tomoko, I., & Nanako, T. (2017). Disability, poverty, and role of the basic livelihood security system on health services use among the elderly in South Korea. In Social Science & Medicine,(178), 175–183. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
9. ↑ Shin, Ji-Hye. "Why do old people pick up cardboard in Seoul?". The Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210225000695.
10. ↑ Evans, Stephen (5 November 2015). "Korea's hidden problem: Suicidal defectors". BBC News. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: British Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34710403. "South Korea consistently has the highest suicide rate of all the 34 industrialized countries in the OECD."
11. ↑ "Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data" (in en). http://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm.
12. ↑ "South Korea Country Report". https://www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/files/BTI/Downloads/Reports/2016/pdf/BTI_2016_South_Korea.pdf.
13. ↑ "Development of Competition Laws in Korea". http://www.eria.org/ERIA-DP-2015-78.pdf.
14. ↑ "Korea's Competition Law and Policies in Perspective Symposium on Competition Law and Policy in Developing Countries". http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1640&context=njilb.
15. ↑ "[wide&deep 지구촌 커지는 빈부격차… '잿빛 그늘' 짙어지는 한국"] (in ko). https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=005&aid=0000660359&sid1=001.
16. ↑ "근로자 40%가 월급 100만원 안돼" (in ko). https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=011&aid=0002119166&sid1=001.
17. ↑ "S.Korea's income inequality hits record low in 2018 – Xinhua | English.news.cn". http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/17/c_138637894.htm.
18. ↑ Choonsik, Yoo; Joori, Roh (24 October 2019). "South Korea's third-quarter growth slips, global risks scar exports and economic outlook" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-economy-gdp-idUSKBN1X300H.
19. ↑ Chang, Ha-Joon (25 February 2018). "How to Break Korea's Barriers to Social Mobility". New Europe. https://www.neweurope.eu/article/how-to-break-koreas-barriers-to-social-mobility/.
20. ↑ "Household Debt Bomb". Undercover Asia. Series 7. Episode 5. 7 April 2020. Event occurs at 14:52. Channel News Asia.
21. ↑ "South Korea's Cryptocurrency Addiction Explained". Foreign Exchange Live. 26 February 2018. https://www.foreignexchangelive.com/south-koreas-cryptocurrency-addiction-explained/.
22. ↑ "[SNS돋보기 '일확천금' 비트코인 중독…"도박보다 무섭네""] (in ko). https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=001&aid=0009764636&sid1=001.
23. ↑ "Suicide remains leading cause of death for S. Korean teens, youths". Korea Herald (from Yonhap). http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200427000687.
24. ↑ "South Korea's troubling history of jailing ex-presidents". AEI. 9 October 2018. https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/asia/south-koreas-troubling-history-of-jailing-ex-presidents/.
25. ↑ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). "Former South Korean president sentenced to prison | DW | 30 November 2020" (in en-GB). https://www.dw.com/en/former-south-korean-president-sentenced-to-prison/a-55779280.
26. ↑ "Ex-President Roh Tae-woo to Pay Remainder of Massive Fine" (in en). The Chosunilbo. 22 August 2013. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/08/22/2013082201400.html.
27. ↑ "South Korea : President's impeachment on a background of political scandal" (in fr). 7 February 2017. http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMAnalyse?codeAnalyse=2320.
28. ↑ "South Korea ex-leader jailed for 15 years". BBC News. 5 October 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45756561.
29. ↑ Choe, Sang-Hun. "Coddling of ‘Gold-Spoon’ Children Shakes South Korea’s Political Elite". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/21/world/asia/south-korea-cho-kuk-gold-spoon-elite.html.
30. ↑ Lee, Sunhwa, and Mary C. Brinton. "Elite Education and Social Capital: The Case of South Korea.” Sociology of Education 69, no. 3 (1996): 177–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112728.
31. ↑ Heo, Uk; Kim, Sunwoong (2000). "Financial Crisis in South Korea: Failure of the Government-Led Development Paradigm". Asian Survey 40 (3): 492–507. doi:10.2307/3021158. ISSN 0004-4687. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3021158. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Kihwan, Kim. (2006). The 1997–98 Korean Financial Crisis: Causes, Policy Response, and Lessons. The High-Level Seminar on Crisis Prevention in Emerging Markets, The International Monetary Fund and The Government of Singapore
33. ↑ "Suicide is on the rise among South Korean women". The Economist. https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/12/10/suicide-is-on-the-rise-among-south-korean-women.
34. ↑ "Unrealistic Beauty Standards: Korea's Cosmetic Obsession". 26 March 2015. http://seoulbeats.com/2015/03/unrealistic-beauty-standards-koreas-cosmetic-obsession/.
35. ↑ 지면보기, 입력 2018 09 29 00:30 수정 2018 10 01 13:36 | 603호 16면 (29 September 2018). "정치적 불평등이 경제적 불평등을 조장한다" (in ko). https://news.joins.com/article/23006012.
36. ↑ 여승현 (2016). "세대에 따른 경제적불평등 인식과 복지태도". 한양대학교 대학원 학위논문: 59–62. http://www.riss.kr/search/detail/DetailView.do?p_mat_type=be54d9b8bc7cdb09&control_no=9ea692b68750d8c7ffe0bdc3ef48d419.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "1분기 빈부 격차↑…靑 "정부지원소득 빠르게 늘어, 정책 효과"" (in ko). https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=056&aid=0010839567&sid1=001.
38. ↑ "Korea worst in income inequality in Asia-Pacific" (in en). 16 March 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/biz/2020/06/488_200524.html.
39. ↑ "사회보장 통한 양극화 해소가 공정사회 기반" (in ko). 20 December 2010. http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/454690.html.
40. ↑ Kim, T., Kwon, H., Lee, J., & Yi, I. (2011). Poverty, Inequality, and Democracy: 'Mixed Governance' and Welfare in South Korea. Johns Hopkins University Press,120–134. Retrieved 6 May 2019, from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/444763.
41. ↑ 정동건. "사회복지정책의 경제적 불평등 개선 효과에 관한 연구". 고려대학교 정책대학원 학위논문: 61–66. http://www.riss.kr/search/detail/DetailView.do?p_mat_type=be54d9b8bc7cdb09&control_no=d8bce329784e5e82ffe0bdc3ef48d419.
42. ↑ "Moon’s economic adviser resigns over ‘Hell Joseon’ jab". Korea JoongAng Daily. 29 January 2019. https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3058858.
43. ↑ "OECD 빈곤율 2위 오명 한국… 코로나19 경제위기로 악화되나" (in ko). https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=008&aid=0004424251&sid1=001.
44. ↑ "영화 '국가부도의 날'이 주는 교훈, "위기는 반복된다, 잊지 말자 IMF사태"" (in ko). 4 April 2019. http://www.civicnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=21651.
45. ↑ Bloomberg, David Fickling |. "Analysis | What 'Parasite' Misses About Inequality in South Korea" (in en). https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/what-parasitemisses-about-inequality-in-south-korea/2020/01/11/fa9bdace-34d6-11ea-971b-43bec3ff9860_story.html.
46. ↑ Sit, Jane; Kang, Liz (7 October 2021). "'Squid Game' director Hwang Dong-hyuk: 'This is a story about losers'". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/style/article/squid-game-director-hwang-dong-hyuk-spc-hnk/index.html.
47. ↑ Young, Jin Yu. "Behind the Global Appeal of ‘Squid Game,’ a Country’s Economic Unease". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/06/business/economy/squid-game-netflix-inequality.html.
48. ↑ Frater, Patrick (24 September 2021). "‘Squid Game’ Director Hwang Dong-hyuk on Netflix’s Hit Korean Series and Prospects for a Sequel (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.com. https://variety.com/2021/global/asia/squid-game-director-hwang-dong-hyuk-korean-series-global-success-1235073355/.

### Bibliography

* Snodgrass, Donald R. (1977) (in en). Education and Economic Inequality in South Korea. Harvard Institute for International Development, Harvard University. https://books.google.com/books?id=2WVhPQAACAAJ&dq.
* Koo, Hagen (2008). "The Changing Faces of Inequality in South Korea in the Age of Globalization". Korean Studies 31 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1353/ks.2008.0018.
* Burt, Matthew E.; Namgi, Park (2008). "Education Inequality in the Republic of Korea: Measurement and Causes". Inequality in Education: 261–289. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2652-1_11.
* An, Chong-Bum; Bosworth, Barry (2013) (in en). Income Inequality in Korea: An Analysis of Trends, Causes, and Answers. Harvard University Asia Center. https://books.google.com/books?id=1k3LMgEACAAJ.
* Shin, Kwang-Yeong; Kong, Ju (31 December 2014). "Why Does Inequality in South Korea Continue to Rise?". Korean Journal of Sociology 48 (6): 31. doi:10.21562/kjs.2014.12.48.6.31.
* Chiang, Min-Hua (September 2017). Contemporary South Korean Economy: Challenges and Prospects. doi:10.1142/9789813207240_0005.
* Shin, Kwang-Yeong (17 September 2020). "A new approach to social inequality: inequality of income and wealth in South Korea". The Journal of Chinese Sociology (South Korea) 7 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s40711-020-00126-7.
* Park, Sehoon; Park, Gi Chan; Park, Jina; Kim, Ji Eun; Yu, Mi-yeon; Kim, Kwangsoo; Park, Minsu; Kim, Yong Chul et al. (February 2021). "Disparity in Accessibility to and Prognosis of Kidney Transplantation According to Economic Inequality in South Korea: A Widening Gap After Expansion of Insurance Coverage". Transplantation 105 (2): 404–412. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000003256.

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