Dyson sphere

Short description: Hypothetical megastructure around a star

A depiction of a hypothetical Dyson swarm surrounding a star

A Dyson sphere is a hypothetical megastructure that encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output.[1][2][3] The concept is a thought experiment that attempts to imagine how a spacefaring civilization would meet its energy requirements once those requirements exceed what can be generated from the home planet's resources alone. Because only a tiny fraction of a star's energy emissions reaches the surface of any orbiting planet, building structures encircling a star would enable a civilization to harvest far more energy.

The earliest modern imagining of such a structure was by Olaf Stapledon in his science fiction novel Star Maker (1937). The same concept was later used by physicist Freeman Dyson in his 1960 satirical[4][5] paper "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation".[6] Dyson speculated that such structures would be the logical consequence of the escalating energy needs of a technological civilization and would be a necessity for its long-term survival. A signature of such spheres detected in astronomical searches would be an indicator of extraterrestrial intelligence.

Since Dyson's paper, many variant designs involving an artificial structure or series of structures to encompass a star have been proposed in exploratory engineering or described in science fiction, often under the name "Dyson sphere". Fictional depictions often describe a solid shell of matter enclosing a star - an arrangement considered by Dyson himself to be impossible.

## Contents

* 1 Origins
* 2 Search for megastructures
* 3 Feasibility and science-based speculation
* 4 Fictional examples
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Origins

See also: Physics:Energy development

Freeman Dyson, who explored the concept from a scientific perspective

Inspired by the 1937 science fiction novel Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon,[7] the physicist and mathematician Freeman Dyson was the first to formalize the concept of what became known as the "Dyson sphere" in his 1960 Science paper "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infra-Red Radiation". Dyson theorized that as the energy requirements of an advanced technological civilization increased, there would come a time when it would need to systematically harvest the energy from its local star on a large scale. He speculated that this could be done via a system of structures orbiting the star, designed to intercept and collect its energy. He argued that as the structure would result in the large-scale conversion of starlight into far-infrared radiation, an earth-based search for sources of infrared radiation could identify stars supporting intelligent life.[6]

Dyson did not detail how such a system could be constructed, simply referring to it in the paper as a "shell" or "biosphere". He later clarified that he did not have in mind a solid structure, saying: "A solid shell or ring surrounding a star is mechanically impossible. The form of 'biosphere' which I envisaged consists of a loose collection or swarm of objects traveling on independent orbits around the star."[8] Such a concept has often been referred to as a Dyson swarm;[9] however, in 2013, Dyson said he had come to regret that the concept had been named after him.[10] In an interview with Robert Wright in 2003, Dyson referred to his paper on the search for Dyson spheres as "a little joke" and commented that "you get to be famous only for the things you don't think are serious",[11][5] later explaining that "And of course the joke is that the sky is crawling with infrared sources which look just the way a Type II civilization might look, so there is absolutely no reason to believe that they are artificial ... from our distance they would look the same".[12] However, in a later interview with students from The University of Edinburgh in 2018, he referred to the premise of the Dyson sphere as being "correct and uncontroversial".[13] In other interviews, while lamenting the naming of the object, Dyson commented that "the idea was a good one", and referred to his contribution to a paper on disassembling planets as a means of constructing one.[14]

## Search for megastructures

Dyson-style energy collectors around a distant star would absorb and re-radiate energy from the star. The wavelengths of such re-radiated energy may be atypical for the star's spectral type, due to the presence of heavy elements not naturally occurring within the star. If the percentage of such atypical wavelengths were to be significant, an alien megastructure could be detected at interstellar distances.[6] This could indicate the presence of what has been called a Type II Kardashev civilization.[15]

SETI has looked for such infrared-heavy spectra from solar analogs, as has Fermilab.[16][17] Fermilab discovered 17 potential "ambiguous" candidates, of which four were in 2006 called "amusing but still questionable".[16] Later searches also resulted in several candidates, all of which remain unconfirmed.[18][19][20]

On October 14, 2015, Planet Hunters' citizen scientists discovered unusual light fluctuations of the star KIC 8462852 raising press speculation that a Dyson sphere may have been discovered.[21][22] However, subsequent analysis showed that the results were consistent with the presence of dust.[23][24] A further campaign in 2024 identified seven possible candidates for Dyson-spheres, but further investigation was said to be required.[25][26]

In 2024 there was press speculation that potential signs of interstellar Dyson spheres had been discovered. The seven objects of interest - all located within a thousand light-years of Earth - were M-dwarfs, a class of stars that are smaller and less luminous than the Sun. However, the authors of the findings were careful not to make any overblown claims.[27] Despite this, many media outlets picked up on the story. Less fantastical explanations included a suggestion that the detected infrared was caused by distant dust-obscured galaxies.[28][29][30]

## Feasibility and science-based speculation

Although Dyson sphere systems are theoretically possible, building a stable megastructure around the Sun is currently far beyond humanity's engineering capacity. The number of craft required to obtain, transmit, and maintain a complete Dyson sphere exceeds present-day industrial capabilities. George Dvorsky has advocated the use of self-replicating robots to overcome this limitation in the relatively near term.[31] Some have suggested that Dyson sphere habitats could be built around white dwarfs[32] and even pulsars.[33]

Stellar engines are hypothetical megastructures whose purpose is to extract useful energy from a star, sometimes for specific purposes. For example, Matrioshka brains have been proposed to use energy extracted by Dyson Spheres for computation, while Shkadov thrusters would extract energy for propulsion. Some proposed stellar engine designs are based on the Dyson sphere.[34][35]

## Fictional examples

A precursor to the concept of Dyson spheres was featured in the 1937 novel Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon,[1] in which he described "every solar system... surrounded by a gauze of light-traps, which focused the escaping solar energy for intelligent use";[36] Dyson got his inspiration from this book and suggested that "Stapledon sphere" would be a more apt name for the concept.[37] Fictional Dyson spheres are typically solid structures forming a continuous shell around the star in question, although Dyson himself considered that prospect to be mechanically implausible.[2][3] They are sometimes used as the type of plot device known as a Big Dumb Object.[38]

Dyson spheres appear as a background element in many works of fiction, including the 1964 novel The Wanderer by Fritz Leiber where aliens enclose multiple stars in this way.[1][38][39] Dyson spheres are depicted in the 1975–1983 book series Saga of Cuckoo by Frederik Pohl and Jack Williamson, and one functions as the setting of Bob Shaw's 1975 novel Orbitsville and its sequels.[2][3] In the 1992 episode "Relics" of the TV show Star Trek: The Next Generation,[40] the Engineering:USS Enterprise finds itself trapped in an abandoned Dyson Sphere;[41][42] in a 2011 interview, Dyson said that he enjoyed the episode, although he considered the sphere depicted to be "nonsense".[43] Michael Jan Friedman who wrote the novelization observed that in the TV episode itself the Dyson sphere was effectively a MacGuffin, with "just nothing about it" in the story, and decided to flesh out the plot element in his novelization.[44]: ix

Other science-fiction story examples include Tony Rothman's The World Is Round, Somtow Sucharitkul's Inquestor series, Timothy Zahn's Spinneret, James White's Federation World, Stephen Baxter's The Time Ships, and Peter F. Hamilton's Pandora's Star.[1]: 133 Variations on the Dyson Sphere concept include a single circular band in Larry Niven's 1970 novel Ringworld,[3][45][46] a half sphere in the 2012 novel Bowl of Heaven by Gregory Benford and Niven,[2][3] and nested spheres - also known as a Matrioshka brain - in Colin Kapp's 1980s Cageworld series and Brian Stableford's 1979–1990 Asgard trilogy.[1][3]

Stableford himself observed that Dyson spheres are usually MacGuffins or largely deep in the backgrounds of stories, giving as examples Fritz Leiber's The Wanderer and Linda Nagata's Deception Well, whereas stories involving space exploration tend to employ the variants like Niven's Ringworld.[1]: 133 He gives two reasons for this: firstly that Dyson spheres are simply too big to address, which Friedman also alluded to when pointing out that the reason his novelization of "Relics" did not go further into the sphere was that it was only four hundred pages and he had just shy of four weeks to write it; and secondly that, especially for hard science-fiction, Dyson spheres have certain engineering problems that complicate stories.[1]: 133 [44]: ix In particular, since gravitational attraction is in equilibrium inside such a sphere (per the shell theorem), other means such as rotating the sphere have to be employed in order to keep things attached to the interior surface, which then leads to the problem of a gravity gradient that goes to zero at the rotational poles.[1]: 133 Authors address this with various modifications of the idea such as the aforementioned Cageworld nesting, Dan Alderson's double sphere idea, and Niven's reduced Ringworld (discussed in "Bigger Than Worlds" and Ringworld § Influence).[1]: 133

## See also

* Engineering:Alderson disk - Hypothetical artificial astronomical megastructure
* Unsolved:List of hypothetical technologies - Technology that could exist in the future
* Space elevator \- Hypothetical orbital megastructure
* Engineering:Stellar engineering - Hypothetical artificial modification of stars
* Astronomy:Tabby's Star - Star noted for unusual dimming events

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Stableford, Brian M. (2006). "Dyson, Freeman (John) (1923–)" (in en). Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=132.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3

* Westfahl, Gary (July 19, 2021). "Artificial Worlds" (in en). Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135.
* Westfahl, Gary (July 19, 2021). "Stars" (in en). Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 603. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA603.

3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham, eds. "Dyson Sphere". https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/dyson_sphere.
4. ↑ Collier, Angela (September 17, 2025). dyson spheres are a joke.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Robert Wright (journalist) and Freeman Dyson (July 11, 2003). Robert Wright & Freeman Dyson (2003). Event occurs at 01:49 and 20:53-25:08. Retrieved September 17, 2025 - via YouTube.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Dyson, Freeman J. (1960). "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation". Science 131 (3414): 1667–1668. doi:10.1126/science.131.3414.1667. PMID 17780673. Bibcode: 1960Sci...131.1667D. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.131.3414.1667.
7. ↑ Dyson, Freeman (1979). Disturbing the Universe. Basic Books. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-465-01677-8. "Some science fiction writers have wrongly given me the credit of inventing the artificial biosphere. In fact, I took the idea from Olaf Stapledon, one of their own colleagues"
8. ↑ Dyson, F. J.; Maddox, J.; Anderson, P; Sloane, E. A. (1960). "Letters and Response, Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation". Science 132 (3421): 250–253. doi:10.1126/science.132.3421.252-a. PMID 17748945. https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1960-07-22_132_3421/page/250.
9. ↑ Smith, Jack (2020). "Review and viability of a Dyson Swarm as a form of Dyson Sphere". Physica Scripta 97 (12): 122001. doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ac9e78.
10. ↑ "STARSHIP CENTURY SYMPOSIUM, MAY 21–22, 2013". July 7, 2013. http://starshipconf.ucsd.edu/.
11. ↑ Wright, Robert; Dyson, Freeman. "Meaningoflife.tv" (in en). The Nonzero Foundation. https://meaningoflife.tv/videos/40595.
12. ↑ Robert Lawrence Kuhn and Freeman Dyson. Freeman Dyson, Part I: From Physics to the Far Future. Event occurs at 21:15. Retrieved October 1, 2025 - via YouTube.
13. ↑ Morris, Austin, Maker of Patterns: An Interview with Freeman Dyson, https://blogs.ed.ac.uk/physics-astronomy/wp-content/uploads/sites/180/2018/11/Interview-with-Freeman-Dyson.pdf
14. ↑ Schweber, Sam; Dyson, Freeman. "webofstories.com" (in en). Web of Stories. https://www.webofstories.com/play/freeman.dyson/138.
15. ↑ Kardashev, Nikolai (1985). "On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations". The search for extraterrestrial life: Recent developments; Proceedings of the Symposium, June 18–21, 1984. Boston, Massachusetts, US: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp. 497–504. A86-38126 17–88. Bibcode: 1985IAUS..112..497K. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1985IAUS..112..497K.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Carrigan, D. (February 23, 2006). "Fermilab Dyson Sphere search program". Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. http://home.fnal.gov/~carrigan/infrared_astronomy/Fermilab_search.htm.
17. ↑ Shostak, Seth (Spring 2009). "When Will We Find the Extraterrestrials?". Engineering & Science 72 (1): 12–21. ISSN 0013-7812. http://archive.seti.org/pdfs/Shostak-spring2009-EnS.pdf.
18. ↑ Dick Carrigan (December 16, 2010). "Dyson Sphere Searches". Home.fnal.gov. http://home.fnal.gov/~carrigan/infrared_astronomy/Other_searches.htm.
19. ↑ Billings, Lee. "Alien Supercivilizations Absent from 100,000 Nearby Galaxies". http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/alien-supercivilizations-absent-from-100-000-nearby-galaxies.
20. ↑ "Infra digging: Looking for aliens: The search for extraterrestrials goes intergalactic". The Economist. April 18, 2015. https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21648607-search-extraterrestrials-goes-intergalactic-infra-digging. "Fifty [galaxies] were red enough to be hosting aliens gobbling up half or more of their starlight."
21. ↑ Andersen, Ross (October 13, 2015). "The Most Mysterious Star in Our Galaxy". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/10/the-most-interesting-star-in-our-galaxy/410023/.
22. ↑ Williams, Lee (October 15, 2015). "Astronomers may have found giant alien 'megastructures' orbiting star near the Milky Way". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/forget-water-on-mars-astronomers-may-have-just-found-giant-alien-megastructures-orbiting-a-star-near-a6693886.html.
23. ↑ Boyajian, Tabetha S. (2018). "The First Post-Kepler Brightness Dips of KIC 8462852". The Astrophysical Journal 853 (1): L8. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa405. Bibcode: 2018ApJ...853L...8B.
24. ↑ Drake, Nadia (January 3, 2018). "Mystery of 'Alien Megastructure' Star Has Been Cracked". National Geographic. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/mystery-of--alien-megastructure--star-has-been-cracked/.
25. ↑ Hrinko, Ivan (May 14, 2024). "Scientists start hunting for Dyson Spheres" (in en-US). https://universemagazine.com/en/scientists-find-seven-candidates-for-dyson-spheres/.
26. ↑ Suazo, Matías (May 6, 2024). "Project Hephaistos – II. Dyson sphere candidates from Gaia DR3, 2MASS, and WISE". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 531 (1): 695–707. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1186. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/531/1/695/7665761?login=false.
27. ↑ Goodwin, Simon (May 22, 2024). "Dyson spheres: astronomers report potential candidates for alien megastructures – here's what to make of it" (in en-US). http://theconversation.com/dyson-spheres-astronomers-report-potential-candidates-for-alien-megastructures-heres-what-to-make-of-it-230364.
28. ↑ Sutter, Paul (June 10, 2024). "7 potential 'alien megastructures' spotted in our galaxy are not what they seem" (in en). https://www.livescience.com/space/extraterrestrial-life/7-potential-alien-megastructures-spotted-in-our-galaxy-are-not-what-they-seem.
29. ↑ Today, Universe (June 1, 2024). "Mysterious Dyson Spheres Could Have Another Explanation, Scientists Say" (in en-US). https://www.sciencealert.com/mysterious-dyson-spheres-could-have-another-explanation-scientists-say.
30. ↑ NBC News (June 14, 2024). New study finds potential alien mega-structures known as 'dyson spheres'. Retrieved June 25, 2024 - via YouTube.
31. ↑ Dvorsky, George (March 20, 2012). "How to build a Dyson sphere in five (relatively) easy steps". http://www.sentientdevelopments.com/2012/03/how-to-build-dyson-sphere-in-five.html.
32. ↑ Semiz, İbrahim; Oğur, Salim (2015). "Dyson Spheres around White Dwarfs". arXiv:1503.04376 [physics.pop-ph].
33. ↑ Osmanov, Z. (2015). "On the search for artificial Dyson-like structures around pulsars". Int. J. Astrobiol. 15 (2): 127–132. doi:10.1017/S1473550415000257. Bibcode: 2016IJAsB..15..127O.
34. ↑ "Stellar engine". The Internet Encyclopedia of Science. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/stellar_engine.html. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
35. ↑ Badescu, Viorel; Cathcart, Richard B.. "Space travel with solar power and a dyson sphere". Astronomy Today. http://www.astronomytoday.com/exploration/solartravel.html.
36. ↑ Tate, Karl (January 14, 2014). "Dyson Spheres: How Advanced Alien Civilizations Would Conquer the Galaxy". https://www.space.com/24276-dyson-spheres-how-advanced-alien-civilizations-would-conquer-the-galaxy-infographic.html.
37. ↑ Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham, eds (2022). "Dyson, Freeman J". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/dyson_freeman_j. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Pringle, David, ed (1997). "Space Habitats" (in en). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: The Definitive Illustrated Guide. Carlton. pp. 50. ISBN 978-1-85868-385-0. https://archive.org/details/ultimateencyclop0000unse_a8c7/page/50/mode/2up.
39. ↑ Stableford, Brian (1999). "Fritz Leiber". in Bleiler, Richard. Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day (2nd ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 441. ISBN 0-684-80593-6. OCLC 40460120. https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionwr0000unse.
40. ↑ Hadhazy, Adam (October 30, 2020). "Could We Build a Dyson Sphere?". https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a11098/dyson-sphere/.
41. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (March 12, 2020). "'Dyson sphere' legacy: Freeman Dyson's wild alien megastructure idea will live forever". https://www.space.com/freeman-dyson-sphere-sci-fi-seti-legacy.html.
42. ↑ Nemecek, Larry (2003). Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion (3rd ed.). Pocket Books. pp. 218–220.
43. ↑ Wright, Robert (2011). "MeaningofLife.tv". Slate. http://meaningoflife.tv/transcript.php?speaker=dyson. "Wright: Did they actually use the phrase 'Dyson sphere' on Star Trek?
Freeman Dyson: Oh yes.
Wright: Did they really?
Freeman Dyson: One of my daughters sent me a tape of that program afterwards and so I watched it. Oh yes, it's very clearly labeled and actually it was sort of fun to watch it, but it's all nonsense. But it's quite a good piece of cinema. [punctuation supplied for unedited transcript]"
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Voyages of Imagination: The Star Trek Fiction Companion. Simon and Schuster. 2006. ISBN 9781416525486.
45. ↑ Nicholls, Peter (1983). "Far-future energy". in Nicholls, Peter. The Science in Science Fiction. New York: Knopf. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0-394-53010-1. OCLC 8689657. https://archive.org/details/scienceinscience00nich/page/44/mode/2up.
46. ↑ Mann, George (2001). "Dyson Sphere". The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. pp. 477. ISBN 978-0-7867-0887-1. https://archive.org/details/mammothencyclope00mann/page/477/mode/2up.

## Further reading

* Gunn, Alastair (December 29, 2022). "Dyson spheres: How humans (and aliens) could capture a star's energy" (in en). https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/dyson-spheres.
* Mann, Adam (August 1, 2019). "What is a Dyson sphere?" (in en). https://www.space.com/dyson-sphere.html.
* Schulze-Makuch, Dirk (January 29, 2014). "Dyson Spheres: Still Missing, Maybe Impossible" (in en). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/dyson-spheres-still-missing-maybe-impossible-180949538/.
* Stableford, Brian (2004). "Dyson Sphere" (in en). Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature. Scarecrow Press. pp. 99. ISBN 978-0-8108-4938-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=nzmIPZg5xicC&pg=PA99.
* Stanway, Elizabeth (May 21, 2023). "Megastructures". https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/astro/people/stanway/sciencefiction/cosmicstories/megastructures.

## External links

* Dyson sphere FAQ
* FermiLab: IRAS-based whole sky upper limit on Dyson spheres with an appendix on Dyson sphere engineering

* Dyson sphere at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)

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