Isotopes of manganese

Main isotopes of Chemistry:manganese (25Mn) | Iso­tope | Decay

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| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
52Mn  | syn | 5.6 d  | ε | 52Cr
β+ | 52Cr
γ | –
53Mn  | trace | 3.74×106 y | ε  | 53Cr
54Mn  | syn  | 312 d  | ε  | 54Cr
γ  | –
55Mn  | 100%  | stable
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Mn)|

* 54.938044(3)[1]

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Naturally occurring manganese (25Mn) is composed of one stable isotope, 55Mn. Twenty-seven radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 53Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312.08 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than a minute. This element also has seven meta states.

Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in massive stars shortly before supernova explosions. Because of its relatively short half-life, 53Mn occurs on Earth only in tiny amounts due to the action of cosmic rays on iron in rocks.[2]

As 53Mn decays to 53Cr, manganese isotopic analysis is typically combined with that of chromium and this has found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. Mn−Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from 26Al and 107Pd for the early history of the Solar System. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate a non-zero initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio that implies Cr isotopic variations must result from in-situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence 53Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes shortly before coalescence of the Solar System.

The isotopes of manganese range from 46Mn to 73Mn. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.

## List of isotopes

Nuclide
[n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life
| Decay
mode
[n 4] | Daughter
isotope
[n 5] | Spin and
parity
[n 6][n 7] | Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)

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Excitation energy[n 7] | Normal proportion  | Range of variation
46Mn  | 25  | 21  | 45.986669(93)  | 1987 | 36.2(4) ms  | β+, p (57.0%)  | 45V  | (4+)  |
β+ (25%)  | 46Cr
β+, 2p (18%)  | 44Ti
β+, α?  | 42Ti
47Mn  | 25  | 22  | 46.975774(34)  | 1987 | 88.0(13) ms  | β+ | 47Cr  | 5/2−#  |
β+, p? (<1.7%)  | 46V
48Mn  | 25  | 23  | 47.9685488(72)  | 1987 | 158.1(22) ms  | β+ (99.72%)  | 48Cr  | 4+  |
β+, p (0.28%)  | 47V
β+, α (6×10−4%)  | 44Ti
49Mn  | 25  | 24  | 48.9596134(24)  | 1970 | 382(7) ms  | β+ | 49Cr  | 5/2−  |
50Mn  | 25  | 25  | 49.95423816(12)  | 1952 | 283.21(7) ms  | β+ | 50Cr | 0+  |
50mMn  | 225.31(7) keV  | 1972 | 1.75(3) min  | β+ | 50Cr | 5+  |
51Mn  | 25  | 26  | 50.94820877(33)  | 1938 | 45.81(21) min  | β+ | 51Cr  | 5/2−  |
52Mn  | 25  | 27  | 51.94555909(14)  | 1938 | 5.591(3) d  | β+ | 52Cr | 6+  |
52mMn  | 377.749(5) keV  | 1938 | 21.1(2) min  | β+ (98.22%)  | 52Cr | 2+  |
IT (1.78%)  | 52Mn
53Mn  | 25  | 28  | 52.94128750(37)  | 1955 | 3.7(4)×106 y  | EC | 53Cr | 7/2−  | trace
54Mn  | 25  | 29  | 53.9403558(11)  | 1938 | 312.081(32) d  | EC  | 54Cr | 3+  |
β− (9.3×10−5%)  | 54Fe
β+ (1.28×10−7%)  | 54Cr
55Mn  | 25  | 30  | 54.93804304(28)  | 1923 | Stable | 5/2−  | 1.0000
56Mn  | 25  | 31  | 55.93890282(31)  | 1934 | 2.5789(1) h  | β− | 56Fe | 3+  |
57Mn  | 25  | 32  | 56.9382859(16)  | 1954 | 85.4(18) s  | β− | 57Fe | 5/2−  |
58Mn  | 25  | 33  | 57.9400666(29)  | 1961 | 3.0(1) s  | β− | 58Fe | 1+  |
58mMn  | 71.77(5) keV  | 1969 | 65.4(5) s  | β− | 58Fe | 4+  |
IT?  | 58Mn
59Mn  | 25  | 34  | 58.9403911(25)  | 1976 | 4.59(5) s  | β− | 59Fe  | 5/2−  |
60Mn  | 25  | 35  | 59.9431366(25)  | 1978 | 280(20) ms  | β− | 60Fe  | 1+  |
60mMn  | 271.90(10) keV  | 1985 | 1.77(2) s  | β− (88.5%)  | 60Fe  | 4+  |
IT (11.5%)  | 60Mn
61Mn  | 25  | 36  | 60.9444525(25)  | 1980 | 709(8) ms  | β− | 61Fe  | 5/2−  |
β−, n?  | 60Fe
62Mn  | 25  | 37  | 61.9479074(70)  | 1983 | 92(13) ms  | β− | 62Fe  | 1+  |
β−, n?  | 61Fe
62mMn[n 8] | 343(6) keV  | 1999 | 671(5) ms  | β− | 62Fe  | 4+  |
β−, n?  | 61Fe
IT?  | 62Mn
63Mn  | 25  | 38  | 62.9496647(40)  | 1985 | 275(4) ms  | β− | 63Fe  | 5/2−  |
β−, n?  | 62Fe
64Mn  | 25  | 39  | 63.9538494(38)  | 1985 | 88.8(24) ms  | β− (97.3%)  | 64Fe  | 1+  |
β−, n (2.7%)  | 63Fe
64mMn  | 174.1(5) keV  | 1998 | 439(31) μs  | IT  | 64Mn  | (4+)  |
65Mn  | 25  | 40  | 64.9560197(40)  | 1985 | 91.9(7) ms  | β− (92.1%)  | 65Fe  | (5/2−)  |
β−, n (7.9%)  | 64Fe
66Mn  | 25  | 41  | 65.960547(12)  | 1992 | 63.8(9) ms  | β− (92.6%)  | 66Fe  | (1+)  |
β−, n (7.4%)  | 65Fe
β−, 2n?  | 64Fe
66mMn  | 464.5(4) keV  | 2011 | 780(40) μs  | IT  | 66Mn  | (5−)  |
β−?  | 66Fe
67Mn  | 25  | 42  | 66.96395(22)#  | 1997 | 46.7(23) ms  | β− (90%)  | 67Fe  | 5/2−#  |
β−, n (10%)  | 66Fe
β−, 2n?  | 65Fe
68Mn  | 25  | 43  | 67.96895(32)#  | 1997 | 33.7(15) ms  | β− (82%)  | 68Fe  | (3)  |
β−, n (18%)  | 67Fe
β−, 2n?  | 66Fe
69Mn  | 25  | 44  | 68.97278(43)#  | 1997 | 22.1(16) ms  | β− (60%)  | 69Fe  | 5/2−#  |
β−, n (40%)  | 68Fe
β−, 2n?  | 67Fe
70Mn  | 25  | 45  | 69.97805(54)#  | 2009 | 19.9(17) ms  | β− | 70Fe  | (4,5)  |
β−, n?  | 69Fe
β−, 2n?  | 68Fe
71Mn  | 25  | 46  | 70.98216(54)#  | 2010 | 16# ms
[>400 ns]  | β−?  | 71Fe  | 5/2-#  |
β−, n?  | 70Fe
β−, 2n?  | 69Fe
72Mn  | 25  | 47  | 71.98801(64)#  | 2013 | 12# ms
[>620 ns]  | β−?  | 72Fe  |  |
β−, n?  | 71Fe
β−, 2n?  | 70Fe
73Mn  | 25  | 48  | 72.99281(64)#  | 2017 | 12# ms
[>410 ns]  | β−?  | 73Fe  | 5/2−#  |
74Mn[3] | 25  | 49  |  | 2026 |  |  |  |  |
75Mn[3] | 25  | 50  |  | 2026 |  |  |  |  |

1. ↑ mMn - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ↑ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ↑ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ↑ Modes of decay:  EC: | Electron capture

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IT: | Isomeric transition
n: | Neutron emission
p: | Proton emission
5. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
6. ↑ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
8. ↑ Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.

## See also

Daughter products other than manganese

* Isotopes of iron
* Isotopes of chromium
* Isotopes of vanadium
* Isotopes of titanium

## References

1. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
2. ↑ J. Schaefer (2006). "Terrestrial manganese-53 — A new monitor of Earth surface processes". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 251 (3–4): 334–345. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016. Bibcode: 2006E&PSL.251..334S.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Shimizu, Y; Rykaczewski, K P; Fukuda, N; Brewer, N T; Dillmann, I; Grzywacz, R K; Nishimura, S; Rasco, B C et al. (6 March 2026). "Exploration of Neutron-Rich Isotopes around N = 50 via the In-Flight Fission of a 345 MeV/Nucleon 238U Beam". Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics 2026 (3). doi:10.1093/ptep/ptag036.

* Isotope masses from:
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
* National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/.
* Lide, David R., ed (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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