Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

Short description: Higher Education Institute in Geneva, Switzerland

Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement

Former names

| The Graduate Institute of International Studies (1927–2007)
Type| Semi-private, semi-public graduate school
Established| 1927[1]
Director| Marie-Laure Salles

Academic staff

| 84 professors, 10 lecturers, 58 visiting faculty[2]
Students| 951 (89% international)[3]
Location|

Geneva

Switzerland

Campus| Urban
Working languages| English
French
Nickname| The Graduate Institute
Geneva Graduate Institute
IHEID
HEI
Affiliations| Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs
Europaeum
EUA
ECUR
EADI
AUF
Website| www.graduateinstitute.ch

The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (French: Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement, abbreviated IHEID), also known as the Geneva Graduate Institute, is a government-accredited graduate-level university located in Geneva, Switzerland .[4][5]

The institution counts one UN secretary-general (Kofi Annan), seven Nobel Prize recipients, one Pulitzer Prize winner, and numerous ambassadors, foreign ministers, and heads of state among its alumni and faculty.[6] Founded by two senior League of Nations officials,[7] the Graduate Institute maintains strong links with that international organisation's successor, the United Nations ,[8] and many alumni have gone on to work at U.N. agencies.

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 History
* 2.1 Founding and early years
* 2.2 World War II
* 2.3 Expansion
* 2.4 Merger and renaming
* 3 Academics
* 4 Degree programmes
* 4.1 MINT
* 4.2 Disciplinary masters
* 4.3 MAS
* 4.4 Executive masters
* 4.5 PhD
* 4.6 Joint and concurrent degrees
* 5 Campus
* 5.1 Maison de la paix
* 5.2 Historic villas
* 6 Research
* 6.1 Overview
* 6.2 Chairs
* 6.3 Centres
* 7 Publications
* 8 Organisation
* 8.1 Leadership
* 8.2 Legal status
* 8.3 Foundation Board
* 9 International relations
* 9.1 Partnerships
* 9.2 Networks
* 10 Academic awards and prizes conferred
* 11 Notable alumni
* 11.1 Government and politics
* 11.2 International organizations
* 11.3 Academia
* 11.4 Law
* 11.5 Business
* 11.6 Arts
* 12 Faculty
* 12.1 Notable former faculty
* 12.2 Current faculty
* 13 References
* 14 Bibliography
* 15 External links

## Overview

One of the Institute's campus sites, the Maison de la paixThe Villa Barton campus on the shores of Lake Geneva

Founded in 1927, the Graduate Institute is the world's first graduate institute dedicated solely to the study of international affairs.[9][10] It offered one of the first doctoral programmes in international relations in the world.

Today the school enrolls close to a thousand postgraduate students from over 100 countries. Foreign students make up nearly 90% of the student body and the school is officially a bilingual English-French institution, although the majority of classes are in English.[11]

With Maison de la Paix acting as its primary seat of learning, the Institute's campuses are located blocks from the United Nations Office at Geneva, International Labour Organization, World Trade Organization, World Health Organization, International Committee of the Red Cross, World Intellectual Property Organization and many other international organisations.[12][13]

The school runs joint degree programmes with universities such as Smith College and Yale University, and is Harvard Kennedy School's only partner institution to co-deliver double degrees.[14]

The school is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs, a group of schools that specialize in public policy, public administration, and international affairs.[15]

## History

### Founding and early years

The Graduate Institute of International Studies was co-founded in 1927 by two scholar-diplomats working for the League of Nations Geneva secretariat: the Swiss William Rappard, director of the Mandates Section, and the Frenchman Paul Mantoux, director of the Political Section.[7][16][17] A bilingual institution like the League, it was to train personnel for the nascent international organisation.[7] Its co-founder, Rappard, served as director from 1928 to 1955.[7]

IHEID's later logo at Villa Barton's main gate

The Institute's original mandate was based on a close working relationship with both the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization. It was agreed that in exchange for training staff and delegates, the Institute would receive intellectual resources and diplomatic expertise (guest lecturers, etc.) from the aforementioned organisations. According to its statutes, the Graduate Institute was "an institution intended to provide students of all nations the means of undertaking and pursuing international studies, most notably of a historic, judicial, economic, political and social nature."[7]

In its early years, the Graduate Institute had developed a system whereby cours temporaires (temporary courses) were given by guest lecturers on a week, semester, or yearlong basis,[18][19] attracting scholars like Raymond Aron, René Cassin, Luigi Einaudi, John Kenneth Galbraith, G. P. Gooch, Gottfried Haberler, Friedrich von Hayek, Hersch Lauterpacht, Lord McNair, Gunnar Myrdal,[20] Harold Nicolson, Philip Noel Baker, Pierre Renouvin, Lionel Robbins, Jean-Rodolphe de Salis, Harold Laski, Eric Voegelin, Carlo Sforza, Jacob Viner, Quincy Wright and Martin Wight.[21][22]

Later, in the late 1920s and 1930s, summer schools of international relations held at the Graduate Institute, which were known as the Geneva School of International Studies,[23][24] and covered general introductions to international relations, international law, and economic relations, became a must-go for students of international relations worldwide, particularly American ones.[25][26][24] Organized by Oxford University international relations professor Alfred Zimmern, they would be attended by hundreds of students each year.[24] The initiative that begun in 1923 operated in parallel with the early planning for the launch of the Graduate Institute and the experience acquired by the former helped to shape the latter. The 'Geneva Schools' or 'Zimmern Schools', as they became known, were taught by scholars like Louis Eisenmann, Ernst Jäckh, Paul Mantoux, and Arnold J. Toynbee alongside a variety of 'public men' such as Edvard Beneš, Lord David Cecil, Paul Hymans, Fridtjof Nansen, and Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter.[27][24] The last Geneva School was held in 1939.[28]

### World War II

The Graduate Institute, which had become known in the late 1920s and 1930s as a stronghold of neoliberal scholarship,[23][29][30][31] managed to attract a number of faculty and lecturers, particularly from countries in Nazi regimes, e.g., Hans Wehberg [de; de] and Georges Scelle for law, Maurice Bourquin for diplomatic history, and Swiss jurist Paul Guggenheim. Subsequently, more scholars would join the institute's faculty. Hans Kelsen, theorist and philosopher of law, Guglielmo Ferrero, Italian historian, and Carl Burckhardt, scholar and diplomat were employed at the Graduate Institute. Other arrivals included Ludwig von Mises, and another economist, Wilhelm Ropke.[32]

### Expansion

For a period of almost thirty years (1927–1954) the school was funded predominantly through the support of the Rockefeller Foundation. Since then the Canton of Geneva and the Swiss Federal Council bear most of the costs associated with the institute. This transfer of financial responsibility coincided with the 1955 arrival of William Rappard's successor as director of the institute, Lausanne historian Jacques Freymond. Freymond inaugurated a period of great expansion, increasing the range of subjects taught and the number of both students and faculty, a process that continued well after his retirement in 1978. Under Freymond's tenure, the Graduate Institute hosted many international colloquia that discussed preconditions for East–West negotiations, relations with China and its rising influence in world affairs, European integration, techniques and results of politico-socioeconomic forecasting (the famous early Club of Rome reports, and the Futuribles project led by Bertrand de Jouvenel), the causes and possible antidotes to terrorism, Pugwash Conference concerns and much more. Freymond's term also saw many landmark publications, including the Treatise on international law by Professor Paul Guggenheim and the six-volume compilation of historical documents relating to the Communist International.[33]

The Institute had a small size - before the 1980s the faculty never exceeded 25 members, the Institute had four faculty members who have received Nobel Prizes for economics – Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich von Hayek, Maurice Allais, and Robert Mundell. Three alumni have been Nobel laureates.

### Merger and renaming

In 2008, the Graduate Institute of International Studies absorbed the Graduate Institute of Development Studies (abbreviated IUED), a smaller postgraduate institution also based in Geneva and founded in 1961. To reflect its new and broader mission, the school was renamed Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.[34]

The history of the Graduate Institute of Development Studies also involves Jacques Freymond, who founded the institution in 1961 as the Institut Africain de Genève, or African Institute of Geneva. It was among the pioneer institutions in Europe to develop the scholarly field of sustainable development. The school was also known for the critical view of many of its professors on development aid, as well as for its journal, the Cahiers de l'IUED.[35]

## Academics

Admission to the Graduate Institute's study programmes is highly competitive, with only 14% of applicants attending the Graduate Institute in 2014.[36] The Institute awards its own degrees.[37] It does not award undergraduate degrees.

As a small institution offering exclusively master's and PhD programmes, the Institute does not participate in university rankings that rank large universities.[38] However, It has been ranked by a handful of rankings for specialized universities. In Foreign Policy's 2014[39] Inside the Ivory Tower ranking of best international relations schools in the world, the Graduate Institute's master's program was ranked 24th among Master's Programs for Policy Career in International Relations. It ranked 29th in 2018.[40] In 2012, The Graduate Institute was listed among the Foreign Policy Association's "Top 50 International Affairs Graduate Programs."[41] Foreign Policy's Inside the Ivory Tower ranked its PhD program in international relations 47th worldwide in its 2018 ranking of top PhD programnes for academic career in international relations.[42]

The LL.M. in international dispute settlement, offered jointly with the University of Geneva by the Geneva Center for International Dispute Settlement, was ranked second worldwide according to a 2012 survey of law firms conducted by the Global Arbitration Review.[43] This same LL.M. also consistently featured in the top 10 LL.M. for alternative dispute resolution by the specialised website LL.M.-guide.[44][45] The Graduate Institute's LL.M. in international law also featured in the top 10 LL.M. for public international law compiled by LLM-guide.[46] The Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights' LL.M. in international humanitarian law and human rights—a joint programme between the Graduate Institute and the University of Geneva—also featured in LLM-guide's top 10 LL.M. programmes for human rights law.[47]

## Degree programmes

Admission to the Graduate Institute's study programmes is highly competitive.[48][49]

### MINT

The MINT (Master of Arts in International and Development Studies) is a two-year interdisciplinary master programme which begins with a foundation in quantitative and qualitative methods. In addition to their coursework, students must typically complete a capstone applied research project, which is unpaid and does not guaranteeauthorship, two skills workshops, and a thesis between 15,000 and 25,000 words. Students can choose to specialize in one of seven thematic tracks: Sustainable Trade and Finance; Conflict, Peace and Security; Environment and Sustainability; Gender, Race and Diversity; Global Health; Human Rights and Humanitarianism; and Mobilities, Migrations and Boundaries.[50]

### Disciplinary masters

An advanced disciplinary two-year master's programme (MA/MPhil/LLM Res equivalent) is offered by each of the Graduate Institute's five academic departments: Anthropology & Sociology,[51] International Economics,[52] International History & Politics,[53] International Law,[54] and International Relations & Political Science.[55] In general, the disciplinary programme includes taught coursework and workshops that prepare students for conducting research and writing their master's thesis during their final semester.

As regards the law programme, the first year is substantively equivalent to an LL.M, whereas the second year is designed to prepare students for studies at the doctoral level. The school also offers a one-year LL.M in international law.[54]

In addition, a number of students transition during the MPhil to PhD status by way of the Fast Track programme.[56]

### MAS

The MAS (Master of Advanced Studies) in Sustainable Finance and Development is a one-year master's programme offered by the Graduate Institute's department of International Economics. It combines training in the empirical and analytical tools required for employment in the fields of ESG and impact investing.[57]

### Executive masters

Executive education programmes include masters and certificates in international law, international relations, international negotiation and policy-making, and development policies and practices.[58]

### PhD

PhD (Doctorate) students specialize in one disciplinary field. PhD candidates who wish to carry out bi-disciplinary research choose a main discipline (major) and a second discipline (minor).[59]

### Joint and concurrent degrees

The Graduate Institute has established joint or dual degree programmes with: the MPA programme at Harvard Kennedy School; the LLM in Global Health Law programme at the Georgetown University Law Center; the MS program in global health at the Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva; the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro; the BA programmes at Yale University's Jackson School of Global Affairs; Smith College; Wellesley College; Mount Holyoke College; Seton Hall University; Colgate University; China Foreign Affairs University; Sophia University; Peking University and the University of Hong Kong.[60]

## Campus

The Campus de la paix is a network of buildings extending from Place des Nations (the United Nations Headquarters in Geneva) to the shores of Lake Geneva, spanning two public parks – Parc Barton and Parc Moynier.[61]

### Maison de la paix

Maison de la paix ("House of Peace") The Edgar and Danièle de Picciotto Student Residence (left) and the Maison de la Paix (right) Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Library

The Graduate Institute's main campus is the Maison de la paix (literally "House of Peace"), which opened in 2013.[62] The Maison de la Paix is a 38,000 meter-square glass building distributed into six connected sections. It contains the Davis Library, which holds 350,000 books about social sciences, journals and annual publications, making it one of Europe's richest libraries in the fields of development and international relations. It is named after two Institute alumni—Ambassador Shelby Cullom Davis and his wife Kathryn Davis, following the Davis' $10 million donation to the institute.[63]

The neighboring The Edgar and Danièle de Picciotto Student Residence was completed in 2012 and provides 135 apartments for students and visiting professors. Another, larger student residence, the Grand Morillon Student Residence, opened in 2021. Japanese architect Kengo Kuma designed the 680-bed student housing building.[64]

In addition to serving as the institute's main campus, the Maison de la paix also houses policy centres and advocacy groups with close ties to the Institute such as the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, Interpeace, the International Institute of Humanitarian Law and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development.[62]

### Historic villas

The Villa Moynier campus

Another section of the campus are two historic villas situated by Lake Geneva, Villa Barton and Villa Moynier. Villa Barton served as the institute's main campus for most of the school's history. It now mostly houses administrative staff. Villa Moynier, created in 2001 and which opened in October 2009, houses the Institute-based Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights and Geneva Center for International Dispute Settlement. The building holds a symbolic significance as it was originally owned by Gustave Moynier, co-founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and subsequently used by the League of Nations and as the headquarters of the ICRC between 1933 and 1946.[65]

## Research

### Overview

The institute's research activities are conducted both at fundamental and applied levels with the objective of bringing analysis to international actors, private or public, of main contemporary issues. These research activities are conducted by the faculty of the institute, as part of their individual work, or by interdisciplinary teams within centres and programmes whose activity focus on these main fields: Conflict, security, and peacebuilding; Development policies and practices; Culture, religion, and identity; Dispute settlement; Environment and natural resources; Finance and development; Gender; Globalisation; Governance; Humanitarian action; Migration and refugees; Non-state actors and civil society; Rural development; Trade, regionalism, and integration.[66]

### Chairs

The Graduate Institute is home to the Curt Gasteyger Chair in International Security and Conflict Studies, the André Hoffmann Chair in Environmental Economics, the Pictet Chair in Finance and Development, the UNESCO Chair in Comparative Education Policy, the Claude Ségré Chair on Conservation and Development, and the Nagulendran Chair in Peace Mediation.[67]

### Centres

The centres of the Graduate Institute distribute analysis and research that contributes to the analysis of international organisations headquartered in Geneva, including Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding,[68] Centre for International Environmental Studies,[69] Centre for Trade and Economic Integration,[70] Centre for Finance and Development,[71] Global Governance Centre,[72] Global Health Centre,[73] Global Migration Centre,[74] Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy,[75] Gender Centre,[76] Small Arms Survey.[77]

The Graduate Institute and the University of Geneva have three joint centers:[78] Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Geneva Center for International Dispute Settlement, and Centre for Education and Research in Humanitarian Action.

## Publications

* Journal of International Dispute Settlement – Established by the Graduate Institute and the University of Geneva in 2010, the JIDS is dedicated to international law with commercial, economic and financial implications. It is published by Oxford University Press.[79]
* International Development Policy – A peer-reviewed e-journal that promotes cutting-edge research and policy debates on global development.[80]
* European Journal of Development Research – A co-publication of the Graduate Institute and the European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes with a multi-disciplinary focus.[81]
* Medicine Anthropology Theory – An open-access journal that publishes scholarly articles, essays, reviews, and reports related to medical anthropology and science and technology studies.[82]
* Relations internationales (fr) – Relations Internationales publishes research on international relations history ranging from the end of the 19th century to recent history.[83]

## Organisation

### Leadership

The founding directors of the Graduate Institute of International Studies were Paul Mantoux (1927-1951) and William Rappard (1928-1955). The school was then headed by Jacques Freymond (1955-1978), Christian Dominicé (1978-1984), Lucius Caflisch (1984-1990), Alexandre Swoboda (1990-1998), Peter Tschopp (de) (1998-2002), Jean-Michel Jacquet (2002-2004) and Philippe Burrin (2004-2020). Its current director is Marie-Laure Salles.[84]

### Legal status

The Graduate Institute is constituted as a Swiss private law foundation, Fondation pour les hautes études internationales et du développement, sharing a convention with the University of Geneva.[85] This is a particular organisational form, because the Graduate Institute is constituted as a foundation of private law fulfilling a public purpose. In addition, the political responsibility for the Institute shared between the Switzerland and the canton of Geneva. Usually in Switzerland, it is the responsibility of the cantons to run public universities, except for the Federal Institutes of Technology (ETHZ and EPFL). The Graduate Institute is therefore something like a hybrid institution, in-between the two standard categories.[86]

### Foundation Board

The Foundation Board is the administrative body of the Institute. It assembles academics, politicians, people of public life and practitioners. Its members have included Carlos Lopes (ex-U.N. under secretary general), Julia Marton-Lefèvre (former director general of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) and Tamar Manuelyan Atinc (a former World Bank vice president).[34]

## International relations

### Partnerships

The Graduate Institute has exchange partnerships with the following institutions internationally:[87]

* United States : Boston University, School of Law, George Washington University, Elliott School, Harvard Law School, Tufts University, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law, University of Michigan, Law School, Yale University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, American University, School of International Service, Northwestern University
* Canada : Munk School, Toronto
* Indonesia: Universitas Gadjah Mada
* Khazakstan: KIMEP University
* South Korea : Seoul National University, Graduate School of International Studies
* Singapore: Singapore National University, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy
* Malaysia: University of Malaya
* Japan : Waseda University, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Sophia University
* China : Fudan University, School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Peking University, School of International Studies, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Social Sciences, China Foreign Affairs University, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen
* Turkey: Boğaziçi University
* Mexico: El Colegio de Mexico
* Peru: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru
* Brazil : Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro
* Colombia: Institute of International Relations, Universidad de Los Andes
* Italy: European University Institute, Università Bocconi, LUISS – Guido Carli Free International University for Social Studies
* Germany : Hertie School of Governance
* France : Sciences Po
* Switzerland : University of St. Gallen, Global Health Institute, University of Geneva, Centre for Comparative and International Studies
* Austria: Central European University
* Egypt: American University, School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, Cairo
* South Africa : Stellenbosch University
* Ghana: University of Ghana
* Australia : Melbourne School of Government, the University of Melbourne

### Networks

The Graduate Institute is an active member of the following associations and academic networks:

* APSIA – Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs: academic institutions specialising in international relations and international public policy are represented among APSIA's thirty-odd members.[88]
* European University Association: Represents and supports more than 850 institutions of higher education in 46 countries, providing them with a forum for cooperation and exchange of information on higher education and research policies.[89]
* Europaeum: Created at the initiative of the University of Oxford, the Europaeum is composed of ten leading European institutions of higher education and research.[90]
* European Consortium for Political Research: The ECPR is an independent scholarly association that supports the training, research and cross-national cooperation of many thousands of academics and graduate students specialising in political science and all its sub-disciplines.[91]
* European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes: The EADI is the largest existing network of research and training institutes active in the field of development studies.[92]
* Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie: The AUF supports the build-up a French-language research area between French-speaking universities. The institute is one of 536 members belonging to the AUF and takes part in its exchange programmes in the fields of teaching and research.[93]
* Swiss University Conference: The SUC is a governmental organisation tasked with accrediting officially recognized Swiss universities.[94]

## Academic awards and prizes conferred

The Paul Guggenheim Prize in International Law was created in 1981 and is awarded to young practitioners of international law on a biannual basis.[95] The Edgar de Picciotto International Prize is awarded every two years and worth 100,000 Swiss Francs. It rewards an internationally renowned academic whose research has contributed to enhancing the understanding of global challenges and whose work has influenced policy-makers.[96]

## Notable alumni

The Graduate Institute has more than 24,000 alumni working around the world.[97] Notable alumni and faculty include one UN secretary-general (Kofi Annan), seven Nobel Prize recipients, one Pulitzer Prize winner, and numerous ambassadors, foreign ministers, and heads of state.[98]

### Government and politics

* Delia Albert – former secretary of foreign affairs of the Philippines
* Micheline Calmy-Rey – former president of Switzerland
* Kurt Furgler – former president of Switzerland
* Ana Gervasi – ex-Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru
* Bonaya Godana – ex-foreign minister of Kenya
* Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg – monarchial head of state of Luxembourg
* Jafar Hassan – chief of staff of Jordan's King Abdullah II
* Michel Kafando – interim president of Burkina Faso
* Signe Krogstrup – governor at the Central Bank of Denmark
* Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete – fourth president of Tanzania
* Teodor Meleșcanu – minister of foreign affairs of Romania, director of the Foreign Intelligence Service and former minister of defense
* Kristiina Ojuland – foreign minister of Estonia and member of the European Parliament
* Andrzej Olechowski – minister of finance and minister of foreign affairs of Poland
* Alpha Oumar Konaré – ex-president of Mali
* Paul Martin Sr. – former foreign minister of Canada
* Robert McFarlane – ex-United States National Security Advisor
* Hans-Gert Pöttering – former president of the European Parliament
* Jean-Pierre Roth – former chairman of the Swiss National Bank
* Nazim al-Qudsi – former president of Syria
* Marcelo Zabalaga – ex-president of the Central Bank of Bolivia

### International organizations

* Kofi Annan – former secretary-general of the United Nations and 2001 Nobel Peace Prize recipient
* Arthur Dunkel – director-general of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 1980–1993
* Mohamed ElBaradei – director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency and 2005 Nobel Peace Prize recipient
* Patricia Espinosa – head of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
* Rafael Grossi – director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency
* Edvard Hambro – 25th president of the United Nations General Assembly
* Kamil Idris – director general of the World Intellectual Property Organization
* C. Wilfred Jenks – director-general of the International Labour Organization, 1970–1973
* Jakob Kellenberger – president of the International Committee of the Red Cross
* Pierre Krähenbühl – Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
* Olivier Long – director-general of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 1968–1980
* Jacques Moreillon – ex-director general of the International Committee of the Red Cross
* Cornelio Sommaruga – former president of the International Committee of the Red Cross

### Academia

* Lars-Erik Cederman – professor of international conflict research at ETH Zurich
* Andrew W. Cordier – former president of Columbia University, 1968–1970
* Hernando de Soto (economist) – Peruvian economist and president of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy
* Rüdiger Dornbusch – international economics professor at MIT
* Wolfgang F. Danspeckgruber – political scientist at Princeton University, expert on self-determination
* Ernst Engelberg – professor at Leipzig University and historian of Otto von Bismarck
* Saul Friedländer – historian at UCLA, 2008 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction recipient
* Piero Gleijeses – historian of U.S. foreign relations at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies
* Leonid Hurwicz – 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics recipient
* Arno J. Mayer – professor of history at Princeton University
* Hans Joachim Morgenthau – political scientist of international relations at the University of Chicago
* Ivan L. Rudnytsky – historian of Ukrainian socio-political thought, professor at the American University
* Philippe C. Schmitter – professor of political science at the European University Institute
* Zhang Weiwei (professor) – professor of international relations at Fudan University and director of its China Institute
* Jessica L.P. Weeks – professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison

### Law

* Georges Abi-Saab – judge at the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
* Marc Bossuyt – member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, president of the Belgian Constitutional Court
* Erik Møse – former president of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 2003–2007
* Christos Rozakis – president of the Administrative Tribunal of the Council of Europe
* Max Sørensen – judge at the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights
* Abdulqawi Yusuf – ex-president of the International Court of Justice

### Business

* Nobuyuki Idei – ex-chairman and group CEO of Sony Corporation
* Philipp Hildebrand – vice-president of BlackRock
* Brad Smith – president of Microsoft
* G. Richard Thoman – former president and CEO of Xerox Corporation

### Arts

* Carlos Fuentes – Mexican novelist

## Faculty

### Notable former faculty

* Georges Abi-Saab, international law specialist, chairman of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization
* Maurice Allais, economist and recipient of the 1988 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics[99]
* Richard Baldwin, international trade economist who has been called called "one of the most important thinkers in this era of global disruption"[100]
* Carl Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss historian, diplomat, and president of the ICRC[101]
* René Cassin, French jurist known for co-authoring the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and receiving the Nobel Peace Prize
* Kemal Dervis, professor of economics, former head of the United Nations Development Programme and former minister of economic affairs of Turkey[102]
* Pierre-Marie Dupuy, French jurist, expert of international arbitration[103]
* Guglielmo Ferrero, Italian historian of the French Revolution and Napoleon[104]
* Saul Friedländer, Israeli historian of Germany and Jewish history at UCLA, 2008 Pulitzer Prize recipient[105]
* Emmanuel Gaillard, leading authority on international commercial arbitration[106]
* Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, Romanian economist whose work was decisive for the establishing of ecological economics
* Paul Guggenheim, Swiss international jurist[107]
* Harry Gordon Johnson, Canadian economist who made many contributions to the development of Hecksher-Ohlin theory[108]
* Friedrich von Hayek, prominent Austrian school economist, co-recipient of the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics[109]
* Hans Kelsen, noted international jurist and legal philosopher[104]
* Olivier Long, Swiss international law specialist and former director-general of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1968–80)[110]
* Theodor Meron, former president of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia[111]
* Ludwig von Mises, prominent Austrian school economist, philosopher, and classical liberal[112]
* Robert Mundell, Canadian international economist and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics[113]
* Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish economist and co-recipient of the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics[114]
* Shalini Randeria, American-born Indian anthropologist, Central European University's sixth president and rector[115]
* Wilhelm Röpke, international economist and spiritual father of the German social market economy[116]
* Jacob Viner, Canadian international economics and early member of the Chicago School of Economics[117]
* Jean Ziegler, Swiss sociologist, author and public intellectual[118]

### Current faculty

Source:[119]

* William M. Adams, Claudio Segré Chair of Conservation and Development
* Jean-Louis Arcand, professor of international economics, director of the Centre for Finance and Development
* Jean-François Bayart, political scientist specializing in sub-Saharan Africa
* Thomas J. Biersteker, notable constructivism scholar, expert on international sanctions and former director of the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University
* Gilles Carbonnier, professor of development economics and vice-president of the International Committee of the Red Cross
* Vincent Chetail, professor of public international law specializing in refugee law
* Andrew Clapham, professor of international law and former adviser on international humanitarian law to Sergio Vieira de Mello
* Jean d'Aspremont, visiting professor of international law
* Tim Flannery, Segré Foundation Distinguished Visiting professor, Australian of the Year 2007, mammalogist, palaeontologist, environmentalist and chief commissioner of the Federal Climate Commission
* Ilona Kickbusch, adjunct professor, leading thinker in the fields of health promotion and global health
* Marcelo Kohen, professor of international law, secretary-general of the Institut de Droit International
* Nico Krisch, professor of international law specializing in constitutional theory, and global governance
* Keith Krause, professor of international relations, director of the Small Arms Survey
* Jussi Hanhimäki, professor of international history, recipient of the 2002 Stuart L. Bernath Lecture Prize from the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations
* Susanna Hecht, professor of international history whose early work on the deforestation of the Amazon led to the founding of the subfield of political ecology
* Anna Leander, professor of international relations known for her work in critical security studies and international political sociology
* Giacomo Luciani, scholar on the geopolitics of energy
* Peter Maurer, senior distinguished fellow and president of the International Committee of the Red Cross
* Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou, professor of international history and politics, political violence and international security specialist
* Alessandro Monsutti, professor of anthropology and sociology
* Janne Nijman, professor of history and theory of international law
* Ugo Panizza, Pictet Professor of Development and Finance
* Joost Pauwelyn, professor of international economic law
* Davide Rodogno, professor of international history
* Gita Steiner-Khamsi, UNESCO Chair in Comparative Education Policy
* Timothy Swanson, André Hoffmann Professor of Environmental Economics
* Martina Viarengo, associate professor of economics specializing in comparative education policy and international migration
* Jorge E. Viñuales, adjunct professor of environmental law and Harold Samuel Professor of Law and Environmental Policy at the University of Cambridge
* Beatrice Weder di Mauro, professor of international macroeconomics and president of the Centre for Economic Policy Research
* Charles Wyplosz, professor of international economics, regular columnist in the Financial Times, Le Monde, Libération, Le Figaro, Finanz und Wirtschaft, and Handelsblatt

## References

1. ↑ "Mission Statement". Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/users/admin/public/central_dep/IHEID_mission_statement_EN.pdf.
2. ↑ "Who We Are". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/index.php/discover-institute/who-we-are.
3. ↑ "Our students | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/discover-institute/our-community/our-students.
4. ↑ "Members" (in de, fr, it, en). Berne, Switzerland: swissuniversities. 2016. https://www.swissuniversities.ch/en/organisation/members/.
5. ↑ "Recognised or Accredited Swiss Higher Education Institutions" (in de, fr, it, en). Berne, Switzerland: swissuniversities. 2018. https://www.swissuniversities.ch/en/higher-education-area/recognised-swiss-higher-education-institutions/.
6. ↑ "Academic Departments". http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/study/academicdepartments.html.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Peter, Ania (1983). "William E. Rappard and the League of Nations: A Swiss contribution to international organization". The League of Nations in Retrospect: Proceedings of the Symposium. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 221–222. ISBN 3-11-008733-2.
8. ↑ "United Nations Office at Geneva and The Graduate Institute's Global Governance Centre Resume International Geneva Luncheons | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/news/united-nations-office-geneva-and-graduate-institutes-global-governance-centre.
9. ↑ Mohammad Younus Fahim. Diplomacy, The Only Legitimate Way of Conducting International Relations. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781446697061. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-wcAgAAQBAJ&q=international+relations+graduate+institute+history+oldest&pg=PA117. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
10. ↑ Rietzler, Katharina Elisabeth (October 2009). American foundations and the 'scientific study' of international relations in Europe, 1910-1940 (Doctoral thesis). UCL (University College London).
11. ↑ "2018 Rapport d'activité (2018 Activity Report)". Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. https://graduateinstitute.ch/sites/default/files/2019-06/RA2018.pdf.
12. ↑ "The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies – Geneva". 2014-09-30. http://www.topuniversities.com/universities/graduate-institute-international-development-studies-geneva/postgrad.
13. ↑ Dufour, Nicolas (26 September 2013). "La Maison de la paix, "une effervescence pour Genève"". Le Temps. http://www.letemps.ch/Page/Uuid/d36202b4-25fe-11e3-ad2a-8501617392fc/La_Maison_de_la_paix_une_effervescence_pour_Genève#.UmFAr5QpZMU.
14. ↑ "Dual Degree" (in en). https://www.hks.harvard.edu/educational-programs/masters-programs/joint-concurrent-degrees/dual-degree.
15. ↑ "Members of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs" (in en-US). 2016-03-11. https://apsia.org/graduate-schools-programs/member-directory/.
16. ↑ Van Dongen, Luc (2015). "Former des élites non communistes pour le tiers-monde : l'Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales (IUHEI), les États-Unis et la Guerre froide". Relations Internationales 3 (163): 15–28. https://www.cairn.info/revue-relations-internationales-2015-3-page-15.htm. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
17. ↑ Berdahl, Clarence A. (October 1938). "The World Crisis. By Professors of the Graduate Institute of International Studies. (New York and London: Longmans, Green and Company. 1938. Pp. Xii, 385. 10s.6d.)". American Political Science Review 32 (5): 982–984. doi:10.2307/1948236. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/world-crisis-by-professors-of-the-graduate-institute-of-international-studies-new-york-and-london-longmans-green-and-company-1938-pp-xii-385-10s6d/D2AAA9F63317E16BB6CB661D7515E8BB.
18. ↑ (in en) International Relations in a Changing World. Brill Archive. 1977-08-23. ISBN 978-90-286-0497-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Is-lCR03fekC&dq=hei+geneve+"cours+temporaires"&pg=PA5.
19. ↑ Stöckmann, J. (2017). The formation of International Relations: ideas, practices, institutions, 1914-1940 (PhD thesis). University of Oxford.
20. ↑ "Gunnar Myrdal". Encyclopædia Britannica Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/400594/Gunnar-Myrdal. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
21. ↑ "Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales IUHEI". https://archives.unige.ch/authorities/view/210.
22. ↑ Fleury, Antoine (2022-06-29), Badel, Laurence, ed., "Atlantique mais indépendante, Relations internationales, une revue franco-suisse de la guerre froide" (in fr), Histoire et relations internationales (Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne): pp. 131–142, ISBN 979-10-351-0702-4, http://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/86014, retrieved 2023-12-17
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Magness, Phillip W. (2018-12-30). "What Does 'Neoliberalism' Really Mean?" (in en-US). https://reason.com/2018/12/30/what-does-neoliberalism-really/.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Stöckmann, J. (2017). The formation of International Relations: ideas, practices, institutions, 1914-1940 (PhD thesis). University of Oxford.
25. ↑ "SCHOOL STUDIES WORLD RELATIONS; Many American Students Attend the Institution At Geneva Founded by Professor Zimmern And Devoted to Ideals of Internationalism" (in en-US). The New York Times. 1927-04-10. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1927/04/10/archives/school-studies-world-relations-many-american-students-attend-the.html.
26. ↑ "Godkin Lecturer States Facts of Geneva School". https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1930/2/12/godkin-lecturer-states-facts-of-geneva/.
27. ↑ Owens, Patricia; Rietzler, Katharina (2023-07-04). "Polyphonic internationalism: The Lucie Zimmern School of International studies" (in en). The International History Review 45 (4): 623–642. doi:10.1080/07075332.2023.2177321. ISSN 0707-5332. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2023.2177321.
28. ↑ Owens, Patricia; Rietzler, Katharina (2023). "Polyphonic internationalism: The Lucie Zimmern School of International studies". The International History Review 45 (4): 623–642. doi:10.1080/07075332.2023.2177321. ISSN 0707-5332. https://journals.scholarsportal.info/details/07075332/v45i0004/623_pitlzsois.xml.
29. ↑ "IHEID and Neoliberalism: Reflecting on the Institute's neoliberal history and practice | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/events/iheid-and-neoliberalism-reflecting-institutes-neoliberal-history-and-practice.
30. ↑ Mirowski, Philip; Plehwe, Dieter (2009-06-19) (in en). The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03318-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=JiSnS3q0OAMC&dq=geneva+graduate+institute+of+international+studies+neoliberalism&pg=PA397.
31. ↑ Dyson, Kenneth (2021-01-21) (in en). Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State: Disciplining Democracy and the Market. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-259621-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=-PUTEAAAQBAJ&dq=the+main+linking-pin+of+the+Ordo-liberal+tradition+was+the+Institut+Universitaire+des+Hautes+Études+Internationales,+which+was+located+in+Geneva&pg=PA9.
32. ↑ jam, Journal des arts et métiers (2019-05-09). "Ces libéraux qui vécurent à Genève" (in fr). https://www.gewerbezeitung.ch/fr/nouvelles-archives/ces-libéraux-qui-vécurent-à-genève/.
33. ↑ Wright, Michael (2020-10-10). "The Europaeum bulletin - Oct 2020" (in en-US). https://europaeum.org/europaeum-bulletin-oct-2020/.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Fondation pour l'étude des relations internationales et du développement, Genève: Statuts de la fondation et composition du premier conseil de fondation" (in fr). news.admin.ch. Département fédéral de l'intérieur. 16 May 2007. http://www.news.admin.ch/message/index.html?lang=fr&msg-id=12617.
35. ↑ "L'IUED refait le monde depuis 40 ans – Infosud – Tribune des Droits Humains". http://www.infosud.org/spip.php?page=article&id_article=5076.
36. ↑ "Nos étudiants représentent plus de 100 nationalités". http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/relations-publiques/news-at-the-institute/news-archives.html/_/news/corporate/2014/nos-etudiants-representent-plus.
37. ↑ "Diplomas". http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/admissions/prospective-students/diplomas.html.
38. ↑ "Rankingy". http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/about-us/institute/accreditation-reconnaissance-ran.html.
39. ↑ "The Best International Relations Schools in the World". Foreign Policy Magazine. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/03/top-twenty-five-schools-international-relations/.
40. ↑ "The Best IR Schools in the World". https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/#grad.
41. ↑ "International Affairs Grad School Guide". http://www.fpa.org/ckfinder/userfiles/files/International Affairs Grad School Guide Fall 2012 Tool Book.pdf.
42. ↑ "The Best International Relations Schools in the World" (in en-US). 2023-12-18. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/.
43. ↑ "LLM Survey". http://m2-contentieux-arbitrage-marc.u-paris2.fr/Files/GAR_LLM_survey_2012.pdf.
44. ↑ "Top LL.M. Programs for Alternative Dispute Resolution 2020". https://llm-guide.com/lists/top-llm-programs-by-speciality/top-llm-programs-for-alternative-dispute-resolution.
45. ↑ "LLM Guide Top 10 Methodology". https://llm-guide.com/methodology.
46. ↑ "Top LL.M. Programs for Public International Law 2020". https://llm-guide.com/lists/top-llm-programs-by-speciality/top-llm-programs-for-public-international-law.
47. ↑ "Top 10 LL.M. Programs for Human Rights Law 2020". https://llm-guide.com/lists/top-llm-programs-by-speciality/top-10-llm-programs-for-human-rights-law.
48. ↑ "Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies [Acceptance Rate + Statistics"] (in en). 2019-11-21. https://edurank.org/uni/graduate-institute-of-international-and-development-studies/.
49. ↑ "How to apply | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/application.
50. ↑ "Master of Arts in International and Development Studies". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/mint-2022.
51. ↑ "Our master programme | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/anthropology-and-sociology/our-master-programme.
52. ↑ "Our master programme | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/international-economics/our-master-programme.
53. ↑ "Our master programme | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/international-history-and-politics/our-master-programme.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "LL.M. Programme in International Law | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/other-programmes/llm-programme-international-law.
55. ↑ "Our master programme | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/international-relations-political-science/our-master-programme.
56. ↑ "Fast Track". http://graduateinstitute.ch/home/admissions/prospective-students/choose-a-study-programme/fast-track.html.
57. ↑ "One-Year MAS in Sustainable Finance and Development | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/academic-departments/international-economics/one-year-mas-sustainable-finance-and-development.
58. ↑ "Executive Master in International Relations | IHEID FC". https://executive.graduateinstitute.ch/programmes/international-relations.
59. ↑ "Master & PhD Programmes | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/master-phd-programmes.
60. ↑ "Partner programmes | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/partner-programmes.
61. ↑ "Campus de la Paix | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/discover-institute/campus-de-la-paix.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Sophie Davaris (December 3, 2008). "IHEID dévoile son campus et la future Maison de la paix" (in fr). Tribune de Genève. http://archives.tdg.ch/geneve/actu/iheid-devoile-campus-future-maison-paix-2008-12-02.
63. ↑ Philippe Burrin (Spring 2009). "A US$ 10 Million Grant from Mrs Kathryn Davis". Globe No. 3. http://graduateinstitute.ch/corporate/Kathryn_Davis_Grant.html.
64. ↑ "Opening of the Grand Morillon Student Residence | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/events/opening-grand-morillon-student-residence.
65. ↑ "Historic villas". https://www.bsne.ch/home/about-us/campus-de-la-paix/historic-villas.html.
66. ↑ "Research | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/research.
67. ↑ "Funded Chairs | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/discover-institute/support-institute/funded-chairs.
68. ↑ "Centre on Conflict, Development & Peacebuilding | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/ccdp.
69. ↑ "Centre for International Environmental Studies | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/cies#:~:text=The Centre is dedicated to,problems related to the environment..
70. ↑ "Centre for Trade and Economic Integration | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/ctei#:~:text=The Centre for Trade and,trade, economic integration and globalization..
71. ↑ "Centre for Finance and Development | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/cfd.
72. ↑ "Global Governance Centre | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/globalgovernance.
73. ↑ "Global Health Centre | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/globalhealth.
74. ↑ "Global Migration Centre | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/gmc.
75. ↑ "Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/democracy.
76. ↑ "Gender Centre | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/gender.
77. ↑ "Governance" (in en). https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/who_we_are/governance.
78. ↑ "Joint Centres | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/research-centres/joint-centres.
79. ↑ "About the Journal". https://academic.oup.com/jids/pages/About.
80. ↑ "International Development Policy" (in en). https://brill.com/display/serial/IDP.
81. ↑ "The European Journal of Development Research | palgrave". http://www.palgrave.com/gp/journal/41287.
82. ↑ "Medicine Anthropology Theory". http://www.medanthrotheory.org/.
83. ↑ "Présentation – Relations Internationales" (in fr-FR). https://relations-internationales.fr/la-revue/presentation/.
84. ↑ "The Institute and the International Community: 90 Years of History". Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/sites/internet/files/2020-12/Book_90years_Institute_web.pdf.
85. ↑ "The Foundation". IHEID. 2012. http://graduateinstitute.ch/corporate/institute/fondation_en.html.
86. ↑ "Bund finanziert Genf neue Hochschule" (in de). Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 28 May 2006. http://www.nzz.ch/2006/05/28/il/articleE5QID.html.
87. ↑ "Exchange programmes | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/index.php/exchanges.
88. ↑ "APSIA Member - The Graduate Institute, Geneva" (in en-US). 2016-05-09. https://apsia.org/apsia_school_profile/graduate-institute-of-international-and-development-studies/.
89. ↑ "Member directory". https://eua.eu/about/member-directory.html.
90. ↑ "Member Network" (in en-US). https://europaeum.org/member-network/.
91. ↑ "ECPR Member Institutions". https://ecpr.eu/Membership/CurrentMembers.
92. ↑ gmbh, ganzgraph. "EADI: European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes" (in en-US). https://www.eadi.org/member/the-graduate-institute-of-international-and-development-studies.
93. ↑ "Agence universitaire de la Francophonie" (in fr-CA). https://www.auf.org/.
94. ↑ "Willkommen - swissuniversities". https://www.swissuniversities.ch/willkommen.
95. ↑ "Academic Awards and Prizes | IHEID". https://graduateinstitute.ch/awards.
96. ↑ "The Edgar de Picciotto International Prize | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/discover-institute/who-we-are/edgar-de-picciotto-international-prize.
97. ↑ IHEID. "THE INSTITUTE IN 2022–2023". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/sites/internet/files/2022-11/factsheet_ggi_engl_2022_2023 (6).pdf.
98. ↑ "Meet our Alumni | IHEID". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/alumni-community/meet-our-alumni.
99. ↑ "Maurice Allais". https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1988/allais/facts/.
100. ↑ Crabtree, James. "The Globotics Upheaval by Richard Baldwin — white-collar disruption". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/892c6c1e-1d8f-11e9-a46f-08f9738d6b2b.
101. ↑ "Carl Jacob Burckhardt". https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095535863;jsessionid=0826810D104069314886DE6532C38D50.
102. ↑ "Kemal Dervis". http://www.turkuaz.global/celebrities/item/kemal-dervis.
103. ↑ "Customary International Law". https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/usd/customary-international-law-9781788118903.html.
104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 "A Swiss Oasis of Liberal Sanity in a Totalitarian Europe". https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/a-swiss-oasis-of-liberal-sanity-in-a-totalitarian-europe/?utm_source=FFF+Daily&utm_campaign=eaa571be27-FFF+Daily+2022-12-05&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1139d80dff-eaa571be27-318116742.
105. ↑ "Remembering the victims of National Socialism with Saul Friedländer". https://www.bundestag.de/en/documents/textarchive/remembrance-2019-588924.
106. ↑ Bermann, George A. (2021). "In Memoriam: Emmanuel Gaillard". Indian Rev. Int'l Arb. 8. https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4926&context=faculty_scholarship.
107. ↑ "Guggenheim, Paul". Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland. 15 September 1899. https://dodis.ch/P1904.
108. ↑ "Milestones". Time (magazine). May 23, 1977. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,911998,00.html.
109. ↑ "Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales IUHEI". https://archives.unige.ch/authorities/view/210.
110. ↑ "Olivier Long, GATT Director-General, 1968 to 1980". https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/dg_e/ol_e.htm.
111. ↑ "Theodor Meron". https://its.law.nyu.edu/facultyprofiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=profile.biography&personid=20122.
112. ↑ "Von Mises, Ludwig". https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-biographies/ludwig-von-mises.
113. ↑ "Biography". 24 June 2010. http://robertmundell.net/biography/.
114. ↑ "Gunnar Myrdal". Encyclopædia Britannica Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/400594/Gunnar-Myrdal. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
115. ↑ "Shalini Randeria". https://people.ceu.edu/shalini_randeria.
116. ↑ Heilperin, Michael A. (1966). "Wilhelm Röpke in Memoriam". Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 97: 1–5. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40436696.
117. ↑ "Dr. Jacob Miner, Economist, Dead". The New York Times. Sep 13, 1970. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/dr-jacob-viner-economist-dead-princeton-professor-was-us-adviser-4.html.
118. ↑ "Curriculum vitae Jean Ziegler". https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/advisorycommittee/docs/membership/JeanZiegler.pdf.
119. ↑ "Our Faculty". https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/faculty.

## Bibliography

* The Graduate Institute of International Studies Geneva: 75 years of service towards peace through learning and research in the field of international relations, The Graduate Institute, 2002.

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