Kosmos 2499

Operator| Russian Aerospace Forces
COSPAR ID| 2014-028E
SATCAT no.| 39765
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type| Nivelir No. 2[1]
Bus| Lavochkin 14F153
Manufacturer| TsNIIKhM
Launch mass| ~50 kg (110 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date| 23 May 2014, 05:27:54 (2014-05-23UTC05:27:54Z) UTC[2]
Rocket| Rokot/Briz-KM
Launch site| Plesetsk 133/3
Contractor| Roscosmos
End of mission
Destroyed| January 4 2023, 03:57 (2023-01-04UTC03:58Z) UTC[2]
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric
Regime| Low Earth
Perigee altitude| 1,156 kilometres (718 mi)[3]
Apogee altitude| 1,512 kilometres (940 mi)[3]
Inclination| 82.44 degrees[3]
Period| 112.19 minutes[3]
Epoch| 25 January 2015, 03:55:30 UTC[3]

Nivelir (satellites)

<- Kosmos 2491

Kosmos 2504 ->

Kosmos (satellites)

<- Kosmos 2498

Kosmos 2500 ->

Kosmos 2499[4] was a Russian Nivelir-series satellite operated by the Russian Aerospace Forces in low Earth orbit (LEO) from its launch on May 23, 2014, to its breakup on January 4, 2023. It was speculated to be an experimental orbital anti-satellite weapon (ASAT).

## Contents

* 1 Mission
* 2 Post-mission
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Mission

The satellite was launched on May 23, 2014, from Plesetsk, Russia on a Rokot/Briz-KM launch vehicle along with 3 Rodnik-S satellites.[2] Following launch the spacecraft was provisionally described by the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office as Object E until its identity was confirmed.[5] USSPACECOM tracked it under satellite catalog number 39765.[6]

Some reports have speculated, based on its unusual powered maneuvers, that it may be an experimental anti-satellite weapon, satellite maintenance vehicle, or collector of space debris.[6][4][7] Chatham House research director and space security expert Patricia Lewis stated that "whatever it is, [Object 2014-028E] looks experimental."[8]

According to an article published on the official Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology website, congratulating the developers on the successful launch and deployment, the satellite is designed to test experimental plasma propulsion engines/ion thrusters, designed by the JSC Reshetnev Company and the Keldysh Research Center.[9][10] The article states that the engines are part of a new generation of Hall effect thrusters and are designed to be able to shift a spacecraft on an east-west and north-south axis using a fraction of the energy required by current propulsion systems.[9][10]

Russian Stationary Plasma Thrusters

## Post-mission

In December 2021 USSPACECOM catalogued 18 debris associated with Kosmos 2499.[11]

On February 6, 2023, US Space Command confirmed that the breakup of Kosmos 2499 had occurred on January 4, 2023, at 03:57 UTC. They catalogued 85 associated pieces, orbiting at 1,169 kilometres (726 mi) altitude.[12]

## See also

* 2014 in spaceflight
* Cold War II
* Istrebitel Sputnikov
* X-37B

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Nivelir / 14F153". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/nivelir.htm.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "COSMOS 2499 Satellite details 2014-028E NORAD 39765". N2YO. 25 January 2015. http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=39765.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Brid-Aine Parnell (18 November 2014). "Call 007! SECRET RUSSIAN ORBITAL WEAPON being tracked by NORAD". The Register. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/11/18/russia_secret_satellite_kosmos_2499/.
5. ↑ "Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 18, Issue 3, July 2014". NASA. p. 8. http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv18i3.pdf.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sam Jones (2014-11-17). "Object 2014-28E – Space junk or Russian satellite killer?". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/cdd0bdb6-6c27-11e4-990f-00144feabdc0.
7. ↑ Graff, Garrett M. (June 26, 2018). "The New Arms Race Threatening to Explode in Space". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/new-arms-race-threatening-to-explode-in-space/. "In the years since, Object 2014-28E has been joined by similar space objects of Russian provenance. Analysts fear that they might mark the revival of a Russian program known as Satellite Killer, which was shut down after the Cold War."
8. ↑ Andrew Griffin (2014-11-18). "Is Russia flying a satellite killer around space? Unidentified Russian satellite prompts space weapon worries". Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/is-russia-flying-a-satellite-killer-around-space-unidentified-russian-satellite-prompts-space-weapon-worries-30753877.html.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Объект 2014−28E". 19 November 2014. https://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/55092/.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Плазменные двигатели нового поколения успешно начали штатную работу в космосе". https://mipt.ru/news/plasma_propulsion_201410.
11. ↑ Kelso, T.S. [@TSKelso] (8 December 2021). "CelesTrak has TLEs for 18 objects that appear to be associated with a debris event involving the dead COSMOS 2499 satellite launched 2014-05-23. Based on the TLEs, the event appears to have occurred sometime on 2021-10-24.". https://twitter.com/TSKelso/status/1468708887733755906.
12. ↑ 18th Space Defense Squadron [@18thSDS] (6 February 2023). "18 SDS has confirmed the breakup of COSMOS 2499.". https://twitter.com/18thSDS/status/1622752004388032512.

## External links

* Jones, Sam (20 November 2015). "Satellite wars". Financial Times (Online). http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/637bf054-8e34-11e5-8be4-3506bf20cc2b.html.

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 2014

January|

GSAT-14 – Thaicom 6 – CRS Orb-1 (Flock-1 × 28 * ArduSat-2 * Lituanica SAT-1 * LitSat-1 * SkyCube * UAPSat-1) – TDRS-L

February|

Progress M-22M – ABS-2 * Athena-Fidus – Türksat 4A – USA-248 – GPM Core * Ginrei * KSAT-2 * INVADER * OPUSAT * STARS-II * TeikyoSat-3 * ITF-1

March|

Ekspress AT1 * Ekspress AT2 – Astra 5B * Amazonas 4A – Kosmos 2494 – Soyuz TMA-12M – Shijian XI-06

April|

USA-249 – Sentinel-1A – IRNSS-1B – Progress M-23M – Ofek-10 – USA-250 – EgyptSat 2 – SpaceX CRS-3 * KickSat * PhoneSat 2.5 * ALL-STAR/THEIA * SporeSat * TestSat-Lite – Luch 5V * KazSat-3 – KazEOSat 1

May|

Kosmos 2495 – Ekspress AM4R – USA-251 – USA-252 – Kosmos 2496 * Kosmos 2497 * Kosmos 2498 * Kosmos 2499 – ALOS-2 * Raijin-2 * UNIFORM-1 * SOCRATES * SPROUT – Eutelsat 3B – Soyuz TMA-13M

June|

Kosmos 2500 – Deimos-2 * KazEOSat 2 * Hodoyoshi 3 * Hodoyoshi 4 * AprizeSat 9, 10 * BRITE-Montreal * BRITE-Toronto * BugSat 1 * SaudiSat-4 * TabletSat-Aurora * UniSat-6 (AeroCube-6 * ANTELSAT * Lemur-1 * Tigrisat) * DTUSat-2 * Duchifat-1 * NanoSatC-Br 1 * PACE * Perseus-M × 2 * PolyITAN-1 * POPSAT-HIP-1 * QB50P1 * QB50P2 * Flock-1c × 11 – SPOT 7 * CanX-4 * CanX-5 * AISat * VELOX-I

July|

OCO-2 – Gonets-M No. 8, 9, 10 – Meteor-M 2 * AISSat-2 * DX-1 * Relek * SkySat-2 * TechDemoSat-1 * UKube-1 – O3b × 4 (FM3, FM6, FM7, FM8) – CRS Orb-2 (Flock-1b × 28 * TechEdSat-4) – Orbcomm-2 × 6 – Foton-M No.4 – Progress M-24M – USA-253 * USA-254 * USA-255 – Georges Lemaître ATV

August|

USA-256 – AsiaSat 8 – Yaogan 20 A, B, C – WorldView-3 – Gaofen 2 * Heweliusz – Galileo FOC-1 * Galileo FOC-2

September|

Chuangxin 1-04 * Lingqiao – AsiaSat 6 – Yaogan 21 * Tiantuo 2 – MEASAT 3b * Optus 10 – USA-257 – SpaceX CRS-4 – Soyuz TMA-14M – Olimp-K – Shijian XI-07

October|

Himawari 8 – IRNSS-1C – Intelsat 30 * ARSAT-1 – Yaogan 22 – Ekspress AM6 – Chang'e 5-T1 * 4M – Shijian 11-08 – Cygnus CRS Orb-3 (Arkyd-3 * Flock-1d × 26 * GOMX-2 * RACE) – Progress M-25M – USA-258 – Meridian 7

November|

Sasuke * Hodoyoshi 1 * Kinshachi 1 * Tsukushi * TSUBAME – Yaogan 23 – Yaogan 24 – Kuaizhou 2 – Soyuz TMA-15M – Kosmos 2501

December|

Hayabusa2 * PROCYON * Shinen 2 * DESPATCH – Orion EFT-1 – DirecTV-14 * GSAT-16 – CBERS-4 – Yaogan 25 A, B, C – USA-259 – Yamal-401 – O3b × 4 (FM9 to FM12) – Kondor-E No.2 – IPM – Kosmos 2502 – Resurs-P No.2 – Yaogan 26 – Astra 2G – Fengyun 2-08

Launches are separated by dashes ( – ), payloads by dots ( * ). Crewed flights are bolded. Launch failures are in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in brackets).

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