Interference microscopy

Interference microscopy involves measurements of differences in the path between two beams of light that have been split.[1][2][3]

Interference microscopy enables visualization and measurement of transparent or nearly transparent specimens, such as living cells or thin films, without the need for staining by converting phase shifts in light into differences in amplitude or contrast visible to the observer.

In materials science and surface metrology, interference microscopy is also widely used to characterize surface topography and quantify micro-scale surface irregularities, with vertical resolutions on the order of nanometers achievable through multi-beam interference techniques.[4]

Types include:

* Classical interference microscopy
* Differential interference contrast microscopy
* Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy
* Interference reflection microscopy

## See also

* Phase contrast microscopy

## References

1. ↑ Barr, Valarie A.; Bunnell, Stephen C. (2009). "Interference Reflection Microscopy". Current Protocols in Cell Biology 45: Unit 4.23. doi:10.1002/0471143030.cb0423s45. PMID 20013754.
2. ↑ Jinming Zhang; Mirsaeid Sarollahi; Shirley Luckhart; Maria J. Harrison; Andreas E. Vasdekis (April 29, 2024). "Quantitative phase imaging by gradient retardance optical microscopy". Scientific Reports 14 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60057-y. PMID 38679622. Bibcode: 2024NatSR..14.9754Z.
3. ↑ Peter J. de Groot; James F. Biegen (July 21, 2016). "Interference microscope objectives for wide-field areal surface topography measurements". Optical Engineering 55 (7): 074110. doi:10.1117/1.OE.55.7.074110. Bibcode: 2016OptEn..55g4110D. https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/optical-engineering/volume-55/issue-07/074110/Interference-microscope-objectives-for-wide-field-areal-surface-topography-measurements/10.1117/1.OE.55.7.074110.full. Retrieved November 20, 2025.
4. ↑ Xi Chen; Mikhail E Kandel; Gabriel Popescu (May 4, 2021). "Spatial light interference microscopy: principle and applications to biomedicine". Nature Reviews Methods Primers 13 (2): 353–425. doi:10.1364/AOP.417837. PMID 35494404. Bibcode: 2021AdOP...13..353C.

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