Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

Note that this list is mainly about the development of knowledge, but also about some supernovae taking place. For a separate list of the latter, see the article List of supernovae. All dates refer to when the supernova was observed on Earth or would have been observed on Earth had powerful enough telescopes existed at the time.

## Timeline

* 185 – Chinese astronomers become the first to record observations of a supernova, SN 185,
* 1006 – Ali ibn Ridwan and Chinese astronomers observe the brightest (magnitude −7.5) recorded supernova, SN 1006, which is observed in the constellation of Lupus,
* 1054 – Chinese, American Indian and Arab astronomers observe the SN 1054, the Crab Nebula supernova explosion,
* 1181 – Chinese astronomers observe the SN 1181 supernova,
* 1572 – Tycho Brahe discovers a supernova (SN 1572) in the constellation Cassiopeia,
* 1604 – Johannes Kepler's supernova, SN 1604, in Serpens is observed,
* 1862 – Alvan Graham Clark observes Sirius B,
* 1866 – William Huggins studies the spectrum of a nova and discovers that it is surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen,
* 1885 – A supernova, S Andromedae, is observed in the Andromeda Galaxy leading to recognition of supernovae as a distinct class of novae,
* 1910 – the spectrum of 40 Eridani B is observed, making it the first confirmed white dwarf,
* 1914 – Walter Sydney Adams determines an incredibly high density for Sirius B,
* 1926 – Ralph Fowler uses Fermi–Dirac statistics to explain white dwarf stars,
* 1930 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar discovers the white dwarf maximum mass limit,
* 1933 – Fritz Zwicky and Walter Baade propose the neutron star idea and suggest that supernovae might be created by the collapse of normal stars to neutron stars—they also point out that such events can explain the cosmic ray background,
* 1939 – Robert Oppenheimer and George Volkoff calculate the first neutron star models,
* 1942 – J.J.L. Duyvendak, Nicholas Mayall, and Jan Oort deduce that the Crab Nebula is a remnant of the 1054 supernova observed by Chinese astronomers,
* 1958 – Evry Schatzman, Kent Harrison, Masami Wakano, and John Wheeler show that white dwarfs are unstable to inverse beta decay,
* 1962 – Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, Frank Paolini, and Bruno Rossi discover Scorpius X-1,
* 1967 – Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish discover radio pulses from a pulsar, PSR B1919+21,
* 1967 – J.R. Harries, Kenneth G. McCracken, R.J. Francey, and A.G. Fenton discover the first X-ray transient (Cen X-2),
* 1968 – Thomas Gold proposes that pulsars are rotating neutron stars,
* 1969 – David Staelin, E.C. Reifenstein, William Cocke, Mike Disney, and Donald Taylor discover the Crab Nebula pulsar thus connecting supernovae, neutron stars, and pulsars,
* 1971 – Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, Ed Kellogg, R. Levinson, E. Schreier, and H. Tananbaum discover 4.8 second X-ray pulsations from Centaurus X-3,
* 1972 - Charles Kowal discovers the Type Ia supernova SN 1972e in NGC 5253, which would be observed for more than a year and become the basis case for the type,
* 1974 – Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor discover the binary pulsar PSR B1913+16,
* 1977 – Kip Thorne and Anna Żytkow present a detailed analysis of Thorne–Żytkow objects,
* 1982 – Donald Backer, Shrinivas Kulkarni, Carl Heiles, Michael Davis, and Miller Goss discover the millisecond pulsar PSR B1937+214,
* 1985 – Michiel van der Klis discovers 30 Hz quasi-periodic oscillations in GX 5-1,
* 1987 – Ian Shelton discovers SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud,
* 2003 – first double binary pulsar, PSR J0737-3039, discovered at Parkes Observatory,
* 2006 – Robert Quimby and P. Mondol discover SN 2006gy (a possible hypernova) in NGC 1260.
* 2017 – first observation of neutron star merger, accompanied with gravitational wave signal GW170817, short gamma-ray bursts GRB 170817A, optical transient AT 2017gfo and other electromagnetic signals.[1][2]

## References

1. ↑ Abbott, B. P. (October 2017). "GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral". Physical Review Letters 119 (16). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101. Bibcode: 2017PhRvL.119p1101A. http://www.ligo.org/detections/GW170817/paper/GW170817-PRLpublished.pdf.
2. ↑ Benjamin Knispel & Elke Müller (16 October 2017). "First observation of gravitational waves from merging neutron stars". Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics. http://www.aei.mpg.de/2126618/gw170817. Retrieved 5 November 2017.

* v
* t
* e

White dwarf

Formation|

* Chandrasekhar limit
* PG 1159 star
* Stellar evolution
* Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
* Mira variable

Fate|

* Black dwarf
* Type Ia supernova
* Candidates
* Neutron star
* Pulsar
* Magnetar
* Related links
* Stellar black hole
* Related links
* Compact star
* Quark star
* Exotic star
* Extreme helium star
* Subdwarf B star
* Helium planet

In binary
systems|

* Nova
* Remnant
* List
* Dwarf nova
* Symbiotic nova
* Cataclysmic variable star
* AM CVn star
* Polar
* Intermediate polar
* X-ray binary
* Super soft X-ray source
* Binary pulsar
* X-ray pulsar
* List
* Helium flash
* Carbon detonation

Properties|

* Pulsating
* Urca process
* Electron-degenerate matter
* Quasi-periodic oscillations

Related|

* Planetary nebula
* List
* RAMBOs
* White dwarf luminosity function
* Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

* List
* Category
* WikiCommons

* v
* t
* e

Neutron star

Types|

* Radio-quiet
* Pulsar

Single pulsars|

* Magnetar
* Soft gamma repeater
* Anomalous X-ray
* Rotating radio transient

Binary pulsars|

* Binary
* X-ray pulsar
* X-ray binary
* X-ray burster
* List
* Millisecond
* Be/X-ray
* Spin-up

Properties|

* Blitzar
* Fast radio burst
* Bondi accretion
* Chandrasekhar limit
* Gamma-ray burst
* Glitch
* Neutronium
* Neutron-star oscillation
* Optical
* Pulsar kick
* Quasi-periodic oscillation
* Relativistic
* Rp-process
* Starquake
* Timing noise
* Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
* Urca process

Related|

* Gamma-ray burst progenitors
* Astroseismology
* Compact star
* Quark star
* Exotic star
* Supernova
* Supernova remnant
* Related links
* Hypernova
* Kilonova
* Neutron star merger
* Quark-nova
* White dwarf
* Related links
* Stellar black hole
* Related links
* Radio star
* Pulsar planet
* Pulsar wind nebula
* Thorne–Żytkow object

Discovery|

* LGM-1
* Centaurus X-3
* Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

Satellite
investigation|

* Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
* Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
* Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
* Chandra X-ray Observatory

Other|

* X-ray pulsar-based navigation
* Tempo software program
* Astropulse
* The Magnificent Seven

* v
* t
* e

Supernovae

Classes|

* Type Ia
* Type Ib and Ic
* Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)
* Hypernova
* Superluminous
* Pair-instability

Physics of|

* Calcium-rich
* Carbon detonation
* Foe
* Near-Earth
* Phillips relationship
* Nucleosynthesis
* P-process
* R-process
* Neutrinos

Related|

* Imposter
* pulsational pair-instability
* Failed
* Gamma-ray burst
* Kilonova
* Luminous red nova
* Nova
* Pulsar kick
* Quark-nova
* Symbiotic nova

Progenitors|

* Hypergiant
* yellow
* Luminous blue variable
* Supergiant
* blue
* red
* yellow
* White dwarf
* related links
* Wolf–Rayet star

Remnants|

* Supernova remnant
* Pulsar wind nebula
* Neutron star
* pulsar
* magnetar
* related links
* Stellar black hole
* related links
* Compact star
* quark star
* exotic star
* Zombie star
* Local Bubble
* Superbubble
* Orion–Eridanus

Discovery|

* Guest star
* History of supernova observation
* Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

Lists|

* Candidates
* Notable
* Massive stars
* Most distant
* Remnants
* In fiction

Notable|

* Barnard's Loop
* Cassiopeia A
* Crab
* Crab Nebula
* iPTF14hls
* Tycho's
* Kepler's
* SN 1987A
* SN 185
* SN 1006
* SN 2003fg
* Remnant G1.9+0.3
* SN 2007bi
* SN 2011fe
* SN 2014J
* SN Refsdal
* Vela Remnant

Research|

* ASAS-SN
* Calán/Tololo Survey
* High-Z Supernova Search Team
* Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope
* Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey
* Nearby Supernova Factory
* Sloan Supernova Survey
* Supernova/Acceleration Probe
* Supernova Cosmology Project
* SuperNova Early Warning System
* Supernova Legacy Survey
* Texas Supernova Search

* Book:Supernovae
* Category:Supernovae
* Commons:Supernovae

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