Infant clothing

Short description: Clothing worn by infants

Baby clothes.

Infant clothing or baby clothing is clothing made for infants. Baby fashion is a social-cultural consumerist practice that encodes in children's fashion the representation of many social features and depicts a system characterized by differences in social class, richness, gender, or ethnicity.

## Contents

* 1 Size
* 2 Styles
* 3 Materials
* 4 Dangers
* 4.1 Fire hazard
* 4.2 Hygiene and health
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 Sources
* 9 Further reading

## Size

Infant and toddler clothing size is typically based on age.[1] These are usually preemie for a preterm birth baby, 0 to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, 6 to 9 months, 9 to 12 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months, though there is no industry standard definition for those sizes.[1] Most retailers provide sizing charts based on a child's weight, height, or both, and the child's weight and height percentile may also be used for properly sizing clothing for the infant.[1]

In an article in the October 1945 issue of Ladies' Home Journal, B. F. Skinner stated that clothing and bedding "interfere with normal exercise and growth and keep the baby from taking comfortable postures or changing posture during sleep".[2] An infant may stretch, necessitating clothing that is sufficiently loose to allow movement.[3]

## Styles

A baby wearing a bodysuit

Comfort, mobility and ease of access are major aspects of modern baby clothes. In Western countries babies typically wear bodysuits and babygrows (known in American English by various names such as sleepers or footies). If it is warm enough, these might be sufficient for both daytime and nightwear, supplemented by bibs for feeding time. For cooler weather and more formal occasions, they might become underwear beneath outfits more comparable to those worn by adults. While these outer clothes often feature child-friendly images such as cartoons, for especially formal occasions such as weddings infants might wear scaled down adult styles such as mini-tuxedos.

During warmer summer months rompers and 2-in-1 dresses (a dress top half with a romper under section) are very popular choices. These styles of clothing allow young babies to move around with ease and comfort.

A baby in a snowsuit

In cold weather, outerwear such as snowsuits can keep babies warm.

This newborn is wearing mittens to prevent accidental scratches.

For young babies garments will often have full leg and back openings to allow for easy nappy changing. Other helpful features also include fold over scratch mitts to the sleeves, to help prevent very young babies from accidentally scratching themselves.

Snaps (also known as poppers) or zip fastenings have become more popular because they are easier to use than traditional buttons. Due to babies' soft skin, one of the more important attributes to look for in infant and baby clothing is that the clothes are soft and not rough. Soft baby clothes made from organic cotton or eco-friendly materials are becoming more popular. There are even infant clothes now made with bamboo rayon fibres which are marketed as being breathable and soft to the touch.

## Materials

Infant clothing comes in a variety of materials, such as bamboo or cotton. Bamboo is a popular style and is well liked because of its very soft feel, however it tends to pill easily with wear. In addition to regular cotton, infant cotton clothing comes in different varieties. Brushed cotton feels luxuriously smooth and cool thanks to a unique finishing technique called brushing. Pima cotton is a high-end type of cotton with longer fibers than conventional cotton. It has a reputation for producing a smooth fabric that’s soft to the touch, wrinkle-resistant, and ultra-durable.

## Dangers

Excessive thermal insulation has been associated with an increased incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The primary causes are an excess of bedding or clothing, soft sleep surfaces, and stuffed animals.[4] The odds ratio of SIDS associated with thermal insulation at least two togs above the lower critical value (after adjusting for the season and confounding factors) was 1.35 in a New Zealand study, which also found that SIDS had some correlation with too little thermal insulation.[5] A 1984 study of 34 infant cot deaths found that for 2/3 excessive clothing and over-wrapping was a contributing cause.[6]

Clothing was responsible for an increased incidence of congenital hip dislocation (CDH) in Japanese infants. By custom, a diaper and clothing had been applied to the infants "with the legs in extension".[7] Before 1965, the incidence of CDH in infants was up to 3.5%, but a national campaign established in 1975 "to avoid prolonged extension of the hips and knees of infants during the early postnatal period" led to a reduction in the incidence of CDH in infants to 0.2% by the early 1980s.[8]

### Fire hazard

Close-fitting nightwear is "invariably safer than long, loose nightwear".[9]

Canada prohibits the importation, sale, or advertising of classes of clothing and other consumer products that do not meet the minimum flammability standards.[10] Standards for infant and children's sleepwear were defined in 1971 and amended in 1987 as part of the Hazardous Products Act.[10] Any textile product must also satisfy textile labeling requirements specified in the Textile Labelling Act administered by the Competition Bureau of Industry Canada.[10]

In the United States, textile flammability is subject to the U.S. Flammable Fabrics Act. A study found that children less than five years old had a higher incidence of sleepwear fires than other age groups and that they had an "unreasonable risk of death or injury from fire accidents involving sleepwear".[11] This led to the first flammability standard for infant and children's sleepwear.[11] On 30 April 1996, the Consumer Product Safety Commission relaxed standards for children's sleepwear flammability, allowing retailers to sell "tight-fitting children's sleepwear and sleepwear for infants aged 9 months or younger" that does not meet the flammability criteria.[12]

An infant clothing retail shop in the old town of Čakovec, Croatia.

### Hygiene and health

Infants may have allergic reactions to certain materials, especially synthetic fibres such as polyester, rayon, and nylon, and natural fibres such as wool.[13]

## See also

* Breeching (boys)
* Infant bodysuit
* Shortcoating
* Swaddling

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Consumer Reports.
2. ↑ Skinner 1945.
3. ↑ Beegum 2005, p. 18.
4. ↑ Fleming et al. 1993.
5. ↑ Williams, Taylor & Mitchell 1996.
6. ↑ Stanton 1984.
7. ↑ Ishida 1977.
8. ↑ Yamamuro & Ishida 1984.
9. ↑ Gordon & Pressley 1978.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Health Canada.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sita 1977.
12. ↑ Cusick, Grant & Kucan 1997.
13. ↑ Beegum 2005, p. 19.

## References

* Beegum, M. Raheema (2005). Speaking of Child Care and Nutrition. New Dawn Press Group, Sterling Publishing. ISBN 9781845570279.
* Condra, Jill, ed (2008). "1801 to the Present". The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313336652.
* Cusick, Janet M.; Grant, Ernest J.; Kucan, John (September–October 1997). "Children's Sleepwear: Relaxation of the Consumer Product Safety Commission's Flammability Standards". Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 18 (5): 469–476. doi:10.1097/00004630-199709000-00020. PMID 9313132. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199709000-00020.
* Danziger, Pamela (2004). Why People Buy Things They Don't Need: Understanding and Predicting Consumer Behavior. Kaplan Financial Series. Kaplan Publishing. ISBN 978-0793186020. https://archive.org/details/whypeoplebuythin0000danz_e1i7.
* Fleming, PJ; Levine, MR; Azaz, Y; Wigfield, R; Stewart, AJ (August 1993). "Interactions between thermoregulation and the control of respiration in infants: possible relationship to sudden infant death". Acta Paediatrica 82 (Supplemental s390): 57–59. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12878.x. PMID 8374195.
* Gordon, P.G.; Pressley, T.A. (September 1978). "The fire hazard of children's nightwear: the Australian experience in developing clothing fire hazard standards". Burns 5 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(78)90034-7.
* Ishida, Katsumasa (July–August 1977). "Prevention of the Development of the Typical Dislocation of the Hip". Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 126 (126): 167–169. doi:10.1097/00003086-197707000-00028.
* Leach, William R. (1994). Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. Vintage Series. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0679754114. https://archive.org/details/landofdesiremerc00leac.
* Shakin, Madeline; Shakin, Debra; Hall Sternglanz, Sarah (May 1985). "Infant clothing: Sex labeling for strangers". Sex Roles 12 (9–10): 955–964. doi:10.1007/bf00288097. ISSN 0360-0025.
* Peterson, Amy T.; Kellogg, Ann T., eds (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the Present: 1900-1949. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313334177.
* Sita, Rose Marie (1977). "Fire Resistant Sleepwear for Young Hospital Patients". Hospital Topics 55 (4): 40–41. doi:10.1080/00185868.1977.9950414. ISSN 0018-5868. PMID 885528.
* Skinner, B.F. (October 1945). "Baby in a box". Ladies' Home Journal.
* Stanton, A.N. (November 1984). "Overheating and cot death". The Lancet 324 (8413): 1199–1201. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92753-3. PMID 6150244. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(84)92753-3/abstract.
* Williams, MS; Taylor, BJ; Mitchell, EA (April 1996). National Cot Death Study Group. "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Insulation from Bedding and Clothing and its Effect Modifiers". International Journal of Epidemiology 25 (2): 366–375. doi:10.1093/ije/25.2.366. PMID 9119562.
* Yamamuro, Takao; Ishida, Katsumasa (April 1984). "Recent Advances in the Prevention, Early Diagnosis, and Treatment of Congenital Dislocation of the Hip in Japan". Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 184 (184): 24–40. doi:10.1097/00003086-198404000-00005.
* "Baby clothes buying guide". Baby clothes. Consumer Reports. http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/baby-clothes/buying-guide.htm.
* "Flammability of Textile Products in Canada", Consumer Product Safety (Health Canada), 2009, ISBN 9780662063513, http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/indust/flammability-inflammabilite/index-eng.php, retrieved 2013-06-12
* "424330 Women's, Children's, and Infants' Clothing and Accessories Merchant Wholesalers". 2012 NAICS Definition. United States Census Bureau. 2 November 2010. https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/sssd/naics/naicsrch?code=424330&search=2012 NAICS Search.
* "448130 Children's and Infants' Clothing Stores". 2012 NAICS Definition. United States Census Bureau. 2 November 2010. https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/sssd/naics/naicsrch?code=424330&search=2012 NAICS Search.

* "Baby clothing: What to look for—and avoid". https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2009/07/baby-clothing-what-to-look-for-and-avoid/index.htm.

## Sources

* Bailey, Reg. Letting children be children. Report of an Independent Review of the Commercialisation and Sexualisation of Childhood. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Education by Command of Her Majesty, June 2011;
* Bogt & Rutger C. M. E. Engels & Sanne Bogers &Kloosterman. Shake It Baby, Shake It: Media Preferences, Sexual Attitudes and Gender Stereotypes Among Adolescents. Sex Roles; 63; pp. 844–859; 2010;
* Bragg; Buckingham; Russel; Willet. Too much, too soon? Children, ‘sexualization’ and consumer culture. Sex Education, Sexuality, Society and Learning;
* Callahan, Colleen, and Jo B. Paoletti. Is It a Girl or a Boy? Gender Identity and Children's Clothing. Richmond, Va.: The Valentine Museum, 1999;
* Cherney; London. Gender-linked differences in the toys, television shows, computer games and outdoor activities of 5- to 13-year-old children. Sex Roles 54; pp. 717–726; 2006;
* Connell, Raewyn. Quality of human resources: gender and indigenous – Quality Gender, men and masculinities.
* Connell, Raewyn. Questioni di genere. Il Mulino; 2009; pp. 167–168
* Johnson, Charlotte. An infant's clothing-swaddle, gown, shirt and coif. Atlanta kingdom arts and science festival, March 2006;
* Klepp; Storm-Mathisen. Reading Fashion as Age: Teenage Girls' and Grown Women's Accounts of Clothing as Body and Social Status. Fashion Theory, The Journal of Dress, Body and Culture;
* Leinbach; Hort (University of Oregon); Fagot (University of Oregon and Oregon social learning center). Bears are for boys: metaphorical associations in young children's gender stereotypes. Cognitive development; 12; pp. 107–130; 1997;
* Twigg. Clothing, identity and the embodiment of age. In Powell and Gilbert “Aging and identity: a postmodern dialogue”, Nova Science publisher, New York, 2009;
* Wright, revised by Constance Kratzer. Clothing hints for young children. Mexico State University, department of agriculture operating;

## Further reading

* Barraclough Paoletti, Jo (2012). Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253001177. https://archive.org/details/pinkbluetellingb0000paol.
* Reeves, Wilson A.; Barker, Robert H. (1977). "Fire‐resistant apparel fabrics". CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 8 (1–4): 91–100. doi:10.1080/10643387709381659. ISSN 0007-8999.
* Stanwick, Richard S. (1985). "Clothing burns in Canadian children". Canadian Medical Association Journal 132 (10): 1143–1149. PMID 3995433.
* Wilson, CA; Taylor, BJ; Laing, RM; Williams, SM; Mitchell, EA (December 1994). New Zealand Cot Death Study Group. "Clothing and bedding and its relevance to sudden infant death syndrome: Further results from the New Zealand Cot Death Study". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 30 (6): 506–512. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00722.x. PMID 7865263.

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