Cosmology

Scenographia Systematis Copernicani, engraving

Philosophical cosmology, philosophy of cosmology, natural philosophy, or philosophy of cosmos is a discipline directed to the philosophical contemplation of the universe as a totality, and to its conceptual foundations. It draws on several branches of philosophy—metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of physics, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and on the fundamental theories of physics.[1] The term cosmology was used at least as early as 1730, by German philosopher Christian Wolff, in Cosmologia Generalis.

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 Further reading

## Overview

Philosophical cosmology can be distinguished by two types of cosmological arguments: deductive and inductive cosmological arguments. The first type has a long tradition in the history of philosophy, proposed by thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes and Leibniz, and criticized by thinkers like David Hume, Immanuel Kant and Bertrand Russell, while the latter has been formulated by philosophers like Richard Swinburne.

For Leibniz, all the plenum of the universe is entirely filled with tiny Monads, which cannot fail, have no constituent parts and have no windows through which anything could come in or go out. In his Aesthetics, philosopher José Vasconcelos explains his theory on the evolution of the universe and the restructuring of its cosmic substance, in the physical, biological and human orders.[2]

Philosophical cosmology tries to respond questions such as:

* What is the provenance of the cosmos?
* What are the essential constituents of the cosmos?
* Does the cosmos have an ulterior motive?
* How does the cosmos behave?
* How can we understand the cosmos in which we find ourselves?

## See also

* Cosmogony
* Cosmology
* Ernan McMullin
* Physical cosmology
* Religious cosmology

## References

1. ↑ Philosophy of cosmology
2. ↑ Raychaudhuri, A. K. (1979). "Theoretical cosmology". Oxford, Clarendon Press; New York, Oxford University Press, 1979. 307 p.. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979thco.book.....R.

## Further reading

* "Philosophical Cosmology"
* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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Cosmology

Background|

* Age of the universe
* Big Bang
* Chronology of the universe
* Universe
* Observable Universe

History of
cosmological theories|

* Discovery of cosmic microwave background
* History of the Big Bang theory
* Religious interpretations of the Big Bang
* Timeline of cosmological theories

Past universe|

* Cosmic microwave background
* Cosmic neutrino background
* Gravitational wave background
* Inflation
* Nucleosynthesis
* Habitable epoch

Present universe|

* FLRW metric
* Friedmann equations
* Hubble's law
* Metric expansion of space
* Accelerating expansion
* Redshift

Future universe|

* Future of an expanding universe
* Ultimate fate of the universe

Components|

* Dark energy
* Dark fluid
* Dark matter
* Lambda-CDM model

Structure formation|

* Galaxy filament
* Galaxy formation
* Large quasar group
* Large-scale structure
* Reionization
* Shape of the universe
* Structure formation

Experiments|

* 2dF
* 6dF
* BOOMERanG
* COBE
* Illustris project
* Observational cosmology
* Planck
* SDSS
* WMAP

* v
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Metaphysics

Metaphysicians|

* Parmenides
* Plato
* Aristotle
* Plotinus
* Duns Scotus
* Thomas Aquinas
* Francisco Suárez
* Nicolas Malebranche
* René Descartes
* John Locke
* David Hume
* Thomas Reid
* Immanuel Kant
* Isaac Newton
* Arthur Schopenhauer
* Baruch Spinoza
* Georg W. F. Hegel
* George Berkeley
* Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
* Henri Bergson
* Friedrich Nietzsche
* Charles Sanders Peirce
* Joseph Maréchal
* Ludwig Wittgenstein
* Martin Heidegger
* Alfred N. Whitehead
* Bertrand Russell
* Dorothy Emmet
* G. E. Moore
* Jean-Paul Sartre
* Gilbert Ryle
* Hilary Putnam
* P. F. Strawson
* R. G. Collingwood
* Adolph Stöhr
* Rudolf Carnap
* Saul Kripke
* Willard V. O. Quine
* G. E. M. Anscombe
* Donald Davidson
* Michael Dummett
* David Malet Armstrong
* David Lewis
* Alvin Plantinga
* Peter van Inwagen
* Derek Parfit
* more ...

Theories|

* Abstract object theory
* Action theory
* Anti-realism
* Determinism
* Dualism
* Enactivism
* Essentialism
* Existentialism
* Free will
* Idealism
* Libertarianism
* Liberty
* Materialism
* Meaning of life
* Monism
* Naturalism
* Nihilism
* Phenomenalism
* Realism
* Physicalism
* Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality
* Platonic idealism
* Relativism
* Scientific realism
* Solipsism
* Subjectivism
* Substance theory
* Truthmaker theory
* Type theory

Concepts|

* Abstract object
* Anima mundi
* Being
* Category of being
* Causality
* Causal closure
* Choice
* Cogito, ergo sum
* Concept
* Embodied cognition
* Essence
* Existence
* Experience
* Hypostatic abstraction
* Idea
* Identity
* Information
* Insight
* Intelligence
* Intention
* Linguistic modality
* Matter
* Meaning
* Memetics
* Mental representation
* Mind
* Motion
* Nature
* Necessity
* Notion
* Object
* Pattern
* Perception
* Physical object
* Principle
* Property
* Qualia
* Quality
* Reality
* Soul
* Subject
* Substantial form
* Thought
* Time
* Truth
* Type–token distinction
* Universal
* Unobservable
* Value
* more ...

Related topics|

* Axiology
* Cosmology
* Epistemology
* Feminist metaphysics
* Interpretations of quantum mechanics
* Mereology
* Meta-
* Ontology
* Philosophy of mind
* Philosophy of psychology
* Philosophy of self
* Philosophy of space and time
* Teleology
* Theoretical physics

* Category

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Philosophy

Branches

| Traditional|

* Metaphysics
* Ontology
* Epistemology
* Logic
* Ethics
* Aesthetics

|

Philosophy of|

* Action
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Schools of thought

| By era|

* Ancient
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|

Ancient|

| Chinese|

* Agriculturalism
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* Logicians
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* Chinese naturalism
* Neotaoism
* Taoism
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* Chan

|

[[Philosophy:Ancient Greek philosopGreco-Hellenistic philosophy|Roman]] |

* Aristotelianism
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* Neoplatonism
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* Platonism
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* Pyrrhonism
* Pythagoreanism
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* Sophistic
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Indian|

* Hindu
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* Yoga
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* Ajñana
* Cārvāka
* Jain
* Anekantavada
* Syādvāda
* Buddhist
* Śūnyatā
* Madhyamaka
* Yogacara
* Sautrāntika
* Svatantrika

Persian|

* Mazdakism
* Mithraism
* Zoroastrianism
* Zurvanism

Medieval|

| European|

* Christian
* Augustinianism
* Scholasticism
* Thomism
* Scotism
* Occamism
* Renaissance humanism

|

East Asian|

* Korean Confucianism
* Edo neo-Confucianism
* Neo-Confucianism

Indian|

* Vedanta
* Acintya bheda abheda
* Advaita
* Bhedabheda
* Dvaita
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* Shuddhadvaita
* Vishishtadvaita
* Navya-Nyāya

Islamic|

* Averroism
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Jewish|

* Judeo-Islamic

Modern|

| People|

* Cartesianism
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* Spinozism

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* Social contract
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Contemporary|

| Analytic|

* Applied ethics
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Continental|

* Critical theory
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* Post-structuralism
* Social constructionism
* Structuralism
* Western Marxism

Other|

* Kyoto School
* Objectivism
* Postcritique
* Russian cosmism
* more...

Positions

| Aesthetics|

* Formalism
* Institutionalism
* Aesthetic response

|

Ethics|

* Consequentialism
* Deontology
* Virtue

Free will|

* Compatibilism
* Determinism
* Hard
* Incompatibilism
* Hard
* Libertarianism

Metaphysics|

* Atomism
* Dualism
* Monism
* Naturalism

Epistemology|

* Constructivism
* Empiricism
* Idealism
* Particularism
* Fideism
* Rationalism
* /Nihilism-->
* Solipsism

Mind|

* Behaviorism
* Emergentism
* Eliminativism
* Epiphenomenalism
* Functionalism
* Objectivism
* Subjectivism

Normativity|

* Absolutism
* Particularism
* Relativism
* Nihilism
* Skepticism
* Universalism

Ontology|

* Action
* Event
* Process

Reality|

* Anti-realism
* Conceptualism
* Idealism
* Materialism
* Naturalism
* Nominalism
* Physicalism
* Realism

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