Martian Moons eXploration

Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)

An artist's concept of Mars Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft

Names| MMX
Mission type| Sample-return mission
Operator| JAXA
Website| www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/
Mission duration| 5 years (planned)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer| JAXA[1]
Launch mass| Propulsion module: 1800 kg
Exploration module: 150 kg
Return module: 1050 kg[2]
MMX Rover: 30 kg
Start of mission
Launch date| 2026 (planned)[3]
Rocket| H3
Launch site| Tanegashima, LA-Y
Contractor| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Phobos lander
Landing date| 2027 (planned)[3]
Return launch| 2031 (planned)[3]
Sample mass| ≥10 g (0.35 oz)[4]
Instruments
TElescopic Nadir imager for GeOmOrphology (TENGOO)
Optical RadiOmeter composed of CHromatic Imagers (OROCHI)
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)
MMX InfraRed Spectrometer (MIRS)
Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and NEutrons (MEGANE)
Circum-Martian Dust Monitor (CMDM)
Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA)

Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) is a robotic space probe set for launch in 2026 to bring back the first samples from Mars' largest moon Phobos.[3][5] Developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and announced on 9 June 2015, MMX will land and collect samples from Phobos once or twice, along with conducting Deimos flyby observations and monitoring Mars's climate.[6]

The mission aims to provide key information to help determine whether the Martian moons are captured asteroids or the result of a larger body hitting Mars. JAXA and other Japanese government officials officially approved the MMX project to proceed into development on 19 February 2020.[1]

The probe arrived at Japan's Tanegashima Space Center on March 31 2026,[7] and it is expected to launch towards Mars in November or December 2026 during the year's launch window.[8]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 International collaboration
* 3 Spacecraft instruments
* 4 The Idefix rover
* 5 Sampling
* 6 See also
* 7 Further reading
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Overview

Phobos, the largest moon of Mars

The spacecraft will enter orbit around Mars, then transfer to Phobos,[9] and land once or twice and gather sand-like regolith particles using a simple pneumatic system.[10] The lander mission aims to retrieve a minimum 10 g (0.35 oz) of samples.[4][11] The spacecraft will then take off from Phobos and make several flybys of the smaller moon Deimos before sending the Return Module back to Earth, arriving in 2031.[3][12][9]

The total launch mass is 4000 kg including 1900 kg of propellant.[13] The mission architecture uses three modules: Propulsion module (1800 kg), Exploration module (150 kg) and the Return module (1050 kg).[2] With the mass of Deimos and Phobos being too small to capture a satellite, it is not possible to orbit the Martian moons in the usual sense. However, orbits of a special kind, referred to as quasi-satellite orbits (QSO), can be sufficiently stable to allow many months of operations in the vicinity of the moon.[2][14][15]

The mission leader is Yasuhiro Kawakatsu.[16]

## International collaboration

NASA, DLR, and CNES[17] are also participating in the project, and will provide scientific instruments.[18][19] NASA will contribute a neutron and gamma-ray spectrometer called MEGANE (an acronym for Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and NEutrons, which also means "eyeglasses" in Japanese),[20][21] CNES the Near IR Spectrometer (NIRS4/MacrOmega).[11][22] CNES is also contributing expertise in flight dynamics to plan the mission's orbiting and landing manoeuvres.[10]

Development and testing of key components, including the sampler, is ongoing.[23] As of December 2023, MMX is scheduled to be launched in 2026, and will return to Earth five years later in 2031.[12]

ESA will provide deep space communication equipment: a transponder and power amplifier, and will provide ground station support from the Estrack network.[24]

The sample-return capsule will land in Australia.[24][25][26]

## Spacecraft instruments

MMX will have seven scientific instruments:[27]

* TENGOO – TElescopic Nadir imager for GeOmOrphology, a narrow field camera for detailed terrain study[28]
* OROCHI – Optical RadiOmeter composed of CHromatic Imagers, a wide field visible light camera
* LIDAR – Light Detection and Ranging, uses a laser to reflect light from the moon's surface, to study surface altitude and albedo
* MIRS – MMX InfraRed Spectrometer, a near-infrared observation device for characterizing the minerals that make up the moons of Mars. Developed in partnership with CNES, France[29]
* MEGANE – (MEGANE means "eyeglasses" in Japanese) Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and NEutrons, a gamma-ray and neutron spectrometer developed by NASA, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory[30]
* CMDM – Circum-Martian Dust Monitor, a dust counting device for characterizing the environment around the Martian moons
* MSA – Mass Spectrum Analyzer, an instrument to study the ion environment around Mars

JAXA will partner with the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) to develop the "Super Hi-Vision Camera" which combines a 4K and 8K camera, making it the first time that Mars will be imaged in 8K resolution. Images will be regularly transmitted back to Earth with flight data, in order to recreate MMX exploration around Mars and its moons. The original image data will be stored in a recording device in MMX's return capsule and brought back to Earth as part of the sample-return portion of the mission.[31]

The Gravity GradioMeter (GGM), Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS), Mission Survival Module (MSM) were proposed as additional instruments.[32]

* A scale model of the spacecraft

* Diagram of the spacecraft

* Older design of the MMX spacecraft

* U.S. and Japanese team members with the gamma-ray spectrometer portion of the MEGANE instrument at Johns Hopkins APL.

* MMX trajectory plan

## The Idefix rover

The IDEFIX rover

Following a study by the French CNES space agency,[10] it was decided that the spacecraft will deliver a small rover provided by CNES and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). IDEFIX[33][34][35] is a rover weighing less than 30 kg, and is named after Idéfix, the French name for Dogmatix, Obelix's dog in the French comic Asterix. The name Idefix (without acute accent) is also used for the character in the German translation. Besides its native France the Asterix series has been particularly successful in Germany — out of 350 million comic books sold worldwide by 2013, 130 million were in the French original while 120 million were in German.[36]

It will be equipped with cameras, a radiometer, and a Raman spectrometer for in-situ surface exploration.[37] The instruments are: two navigation cameras (NavCams), two cameras (WheelCams) "that will observe the interactions of the back and front wheels with the regolith", a Raman spectrometer (RAX) and a miniaturized radiometer (miniRad).[38]

Its objectives are to touch the surface of Phobos, to check the behaviour of the surface under mechanical actions and to relay this information to Earth. It must also demonstrate that it is possible to use wheeled locomotion on a body with such low gravity. Finally, it will take measurements in situ, observing the ground of Phobos at a resolution of 100 μm, and moving around on it.[38]

## Sampling

A cutaway of the spacecraft's sample collection corer

MMX's sampler is equipped with two sampling methods: the Coring Sampler (C-SMP) to gain regolith at depths deeper than 2 cm from the Phobos surface, and the Pneumatic Sampler (P-SMP) for samples from the Phobos surface. The robotic arm will collect regolith from the ground by shooting the C-SMP mechanism. The C-SMP mechanism is designed to rapidly perform subsurface sampling to collect over 10 grams of the regolith. It is equipped with an ejecting actuator that uses a special shape memory alloy, SCSMA.[39][40] P-SMP is installed close to the footpad of the landing leg, and uses an air gun to puff pressurized gas, pushing about 10 grams of soil into the sample container.[41] Both C-SMP and P-SMP can collect samples quickly because the entire sampling procedure is scheduled to be performed in only 2.5 hours.

After taking a sample, the robotic arm will transfer both C-SMP and P-SMP canisters to the sample return capsule.[42] The spacecraft will then make several flybys of the smaller moon Deimos before carrying the Sample Return Capsule back to Earth, arriving in 2031.[3][12][9]

## See also

* Phobos program
* Fobos-Grunt
* Mars sample-return mission

## Further reading

* Ogohara, Kazunori; Nakagawa, Hiromu; Aoki, Shohei; Kouyama, Toru; Usui, Tomohiro; Terada, Naoki; Imamura, Takeshi; Montmessin, Franck et al. (3 January 2022). "The Mars system revealed by the Martian Moons eXploration mission" (in en). Earth, Planets and Space 74 (1). doi:10.1186/s40623-021-01417-0. ISSN 1880-5981. Bibcode: 2022EP&S...74....1O.
* Fujiya, Wataru; Furukawa, Yoshihiro; Sugahara, Haruna; Koike, Mizuho; Bajo, Ken-ichi; Chabot, Nancy L.; Miura, Yayoi N.; Moynier, Frederic et al. (1 June 2021). "Analytical protocols for Phobos regolith samples returned by the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission" (in en). Earth, Planets and Space 73 (1): 120. doi:10.1186/s40623-021-01438-9. ISSN 1880-5981. Bibcode: 2021EP&S...73..120F.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Phobos sample return mission enters development for 2024 launch". Spaceflight Now. 20 February 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/20/phobos-sample-return-mission-enters-development-for-2024-launch/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Japanese mission of the two moons of Mars with sample return from Phobos Hirdy Miyamoto, University of Tokyo 2016
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "MMX - Martian Moons eXploration". 26 December 2023. https://www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gravity both too strong and too weak: landing on the Martian moons JAXA News 31 August 2017
5. ↑ "JAXA plans probe to bring back samples from moons of Mars". 10 June 2015. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/10/national/science-health/jaxa-plans-probe-bring-back-samples-martian-moons/.
6. ↑ "Observation plan for Martian meteors by Mars-orbiting MMX spacecraft". June 10, 2016. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/documents/653713/1049906/08+Yamamoto20160610.ppt/1d540dc8-5053-4732-8af1-db6be0c5ae4e.
7. ↑ "The Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft has successfully been delivered to the JAXA Tanegashima Space Center". JAXA ISAS. 2026. https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/topics/004224.html.
8. ↑ "Japan's audacious sample-return mission to the Mars moon Phobos has made it to the launch pad". Space.com. 2026. https://www.space.com/astronomy/mars/japans-audacious-sample-return-mission-to-the-mars-moon-phobos-has-made-it-to-the-launch-pad.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 NASA confirms contribution to Japanese-led Mars mission Stephen Clark, Spaceflight Now 20 November 2017
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 How to find the best samples on a moon: Building relationships and solving engineering challenges in France JAXA News 4 December 2017
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Fujimoto, Masaki (January 11, 2017). "JAXA's exploration of the two moons of Mars, with sample return from Phobos". Lunar and Planetary Institute. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/sbag/meetings/jan2017/presentations/Fujimoto.pdf.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Japan to Delay Mars Moon Exploration by 2 Years to 2026". Yomiuri Shimbun. 6 December 2023. https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/science-nature/science/20231206-154061/.
13. ↑ "Tomo Usui". https://www.geologybites.com/tomo-usui.
14. ↑ Quasi-Satellite Orbits around Deimos and Phobos motivated by the DePhine Mission Proposal Sofya Spiridonova, Kai Wickhusen, Ralph Kahle, and Jürgen Oberst; DLR, German Space Operations Center, Germany 2017
15. ↑ Orbit Maintenance of Quasi-Satellite Trajectories via Mean Relative Orbit Elements Nicola Baresi, Lamberto Dell'Elce, Josué Cardoso dos Santos, and Yasuhiro Kawakatsu International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany, 2018
16. ↑ Kawakatsu Lab Homepage Deep Space Mission Design Laboratory (DSMDL) Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/JAXA, 2017
17. ↑ "Coopération spatiale entre la France et le Japon Rencontre à Paris entre le CNES et la JAXA-ISAS" (PDF) (Press release) (in français). CNES. February 10, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
18. ↑ "ISASニュース 2017.1 No.430" (in ja). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 January 2017. http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/outreach/isas_news/files/ISASnews430.pdf.
19. ↑ Green, James (June 7, 2016). "Planetary Science Division Status Report". Lunar and Planetary Institute. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/pss/jun2016/presentations/Green.pdf#page=22.
20. ↑ "NASA confirms contribution to Japanese-led Mars mission". Spaceflight Now. 20 November 2017. https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/11/20/nasa-confirms-contribution-to-japanese-led-mars-mission/.
21. ↑ Back to the Red Planet Johns Hopkins APL 17 November 2017
22. ↑ "A STUDY OF NEAR-INFRARED HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING OF MARTIAN MOONS BY NIRS4/MACROMEGA ONBOARD MMX SPACECRAFT". Lunar and Planetary Institute. March 23, 2017. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2017/pdf/2813.pdf.
23. ↑ "ISASニュース 2016.7 No.424" (in ja). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 July 2016. http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/outreach/isas_news/files/ISASnews424.pdf#page=6.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "MMX factsheet" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/MMX_factsheet.
25. ↑ "JAXA Wants to Land MMX Capsule at Woomera in 2029 - SPACE & DEFENSE". https://spaceanddefense.io/jaxa-wants-to-land-mmx-capsule-at-woomera-in-2029/.
26. ↑ "Australia-Japan leaders support in principle the landing of the MMX (Martian Moons eXploration) capsule in Australia. | ISAS" (in en). https://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/topics/003227.html.
27. ↑ "MMX Science". Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency. http://mmx.isas.jaxa.jp/en/science/.
28. ↑ Kameda, Shingo; Ozaki, Masanobu; Enya, Keigo; Fuse, Ryota; Kouyama, Toru; Sakatani, Naoya; Suzuki, Hidehiko; Osada, Naoya et al. (14 December 2021). "Design of telescopic nadir imager for geomorphology (TENGOO) and observation of surface reflectance by optical chromatic imager (OROCHI) for the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)". Earth, Planets and Space 73 (1): 218. doi:10.1186/s40623-021-01462-9. ISSN 1880-5981. Bibcode: 2021EP&S...73..218K.
29. ↑ astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris-PSL- Centre de recherche en astronomie et (16 April 2024). "France delivers MIRS infrared imaging spectrometer for Japanese MMX space mission". https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/france-delivers-mirs-infrared.html.
30. ↑ "NASA Delivers Science Instrument to JAXA's Martian Moons Mission - NASA Science". 15 March 2024. https://science.nasa.gov/directorates/smd/planetary-science-division/nasa-delivers-science-instrument-to-jaxas-martian-moons-mission/.
31. ↑ "8K Camera on the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) Spacecraft to Take Ultra High Definition Images of Mars". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2020/09/20200910-2_e.html.
32. ↑ Ozaki, Masanobu; Shiraishi, Hiroaki; Fujimoto, Masaki (5 January 2017). "火星衛星探査計画（MMX）の科学観測装置" (in ja). 第17回宇宙科学シンポジウム 講演集 (JAXA). https://repository.exst.jaxa.jp/dspace/handle/a-is/609951. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
33. ↑ "Rover" (in fr). 2020-11-03. https://mmx.cnes.fr/fr/mmx-martian-moons-exploration/en-resume/rover.
34. ↑ "Rover auf der Zielgeraden zum Marsmond Phobos" (in de). https://www.dlr.de/de/aktuelles/nachrichten/2023/02/rover-auf-der-zielgeraden-zum-marsmond-phobos.
35. ↑ CNES (2025-08-24). Idefix : le mini-rover qui part sur une lune martienne. Retrieved 2025-08-26 - via YouTube.
36. ↑ "Astérix, la potion magique d'Hachette". 24 October 2013. https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2013/10/24/asterix-la-potion-magique-d-hachette_3501792_3260.html.
37. ↑ "DLR Press Portal". DLR Portal. https://www.dlr.de/dlr/presse/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10172/213_read-36252/.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Michel, Patrick; Ulamec, Stephan; Böttger, Ute; Grott, Matthias; Murdoch, Naomi; Vernazza, Pierre; Sunday, Cecily; Zhang, Yun et al. (3 January 2022). "The MMX rover: performing in situ surface investigations on Phobos". Earth, Planets and Space 74 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/s40623-021-01464-7. Bibcode: 2022EP&S...74....2M.
39. ↑ Hiroki Kato, Yasutaka Satou, Kent Yoshikawa, Masatsugu Otsuki, Hirotaka Sawada, Takeshi Kuratomi, and Nana Hidaka, "Subsurface Sampling Robot for Time-limited Asteroid Exploration," 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2020, pp. 1925-1932, doi: 10.1109/IROS45743.2020.9340645.
40. ↑ 90 minutes on the clock! Discussing the MMX sampling device with JAXA robotic specialist Hiroki Kato, JAXA News 7 June 2022
41. ↑ Preparing for the unexpected: a second way to sample a moon Yasutaka Satou, JAXA News 25 October 2017
42. ↑ Kuramoto, Kiyoshi; Kawakatsu, Yasuhiro; Fujimoto, Masaki; Araya, Akito; Barucci, Maria Antonietta; Genda, Hidenori; Hirata, Naru; Ikeda, Hitoshi et al. (2022-01-20). "Martian moons exploration MMX: sample return mission to Phobos elucidating formation processes of habitable planets". Earth, Planets and Space 74 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s40623-021-01545-7. ISSN 1880-5981. Bibcode: 2022EP&S...74...12K.

## External links

* Mission website at JAXA.jp
* Rover pages at DLR
* CNES rover video
* Special issue “Martian Moons eXploration: the scientific investigations of Mars and its moons”, Earth, Planets and Space

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Mars

Active missions|

| Orbiters|

* 2001 Mars Odyssey
* Mars Express (MEX)
* Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)
* Mangalyaan (MOM)
* MAVEN
* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO)

|

Landers|

* InSight

Rovers|

* Curiosity
* timeline

Past missions|

| Flybys|

* Mars 1†
* Mariner 4
* Zond 2†
* Mariner 6 and 7
* Mars 6
* Mars 7
* Rosetta
* Dawn
* Mars Cube One (MarCO)

|

Orbiters|

* Mars 2
* Mars 3
* Mariner 9
* Mars 4†
* Mars 5
* Viking program
* Viking 1
* Viking 2
* Phobos program
* Phobos 1†
* Phobos 2†
* Mars Observer†
* Mars Global Surveyor (MGS)
* Nozomi†
* Mars Climate Orbiter†

Landers|

* Mars 2†
* Mars 3†
* Mars 6†
* Mars 7†
* Viking 1
* Viking 2
* Mars Pathfinder
* Mars Polar Lander† / Deep Space 2†
* Beagle 2†
* Phoenix
* ExoMars Schiaparelli†

Rovers|

* Prop-M†
* Sojourner
* Spirit
* observations
* Opportunity
* timeline
* observations

Mars-crossing objects|

* Zond 3
* Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster

Failed launches|

* Mars 1M No.1
* 1M No.2
* 2MV-4 No.1
* 2MV-3 No.1
* Mariner 3
* Mars 2M No.521
* 2M No.522
* Mariner 8
* Mars 3MS No.170
* Mars 96
* Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1

Future missions|

| Planned|

* Hope Mars Mission (2020)
* ExoMars (2020)
* Rosalind Franklin rover
* Kazachok lander
* Mars 2020 (2020)
* Mars Helicopter Scout
* HX-1 (2020)
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (2022 or 2023)
* Psyche (2022, flyby in 2023)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) (2022, flyby in 2025)
* Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) (2022 lander, 2024 orbiter)
* SatRevolution (2022)
* Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) (2024)

|

Proposed|

* Biological Oxidant and Life Detection (BOLD)
* SpaceX base
* DePhine
* Icebreaker Life
* Mars Geyser Hopper
* Mars-Grunt
* Mars Micro Orbiter‎
* MELOS rover
* MetNet
* Next Mars Orbiter (NeMO)
* PADME
* Phootprint
* Sky-Sailor

Cancelled proposals|

* Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (ARES)
* Astrobiology Field Laboratory
* Beagle 3
* Mars 4NM & 5NM
* Mars 5M (Mars-79)
* Mars-Aster
* Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
* Mars One
* Mars Surveyor Lander
* Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
* NetLander
* Northern Light
* Red Dragon
* Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
* Vesta
* Voyager Mars

Exploration of Mars|

| Concepts|

* Flyby
* Orbiter
* Landing
* Rover
* Sample return
* Human mission
* Permanent settlement
* Colonization
* Terraforming

|

Strategies|

* Mars Scout Program
* Mars Exploration Program
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* Mars Next Generation

Advocacy|

* The Mars Project
* The Case for Mars
* Inspiration Mars
* Mars Institute
* Mars Society
* Mars race

Lists|

* List of missions to Mars
* List of Mars orbiters
* List of artificial objects on Mars

Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

* v
* t
* e

Japanese space program

* JAXA
* former ISAS
* NAL
* NASDA
* NICT
* USEF

Astronomical
observation|

| Completed|

* Akari
* ASCA
* Ginga
* Hakucho
* HALCA
* Hinotori
* Suzaku
* Tenma
* Yohkoh

|

In operation|

* Hinode
* Hisaki

Failed|

* Hitomi

Planned|

* ATHENA2
* EUVST
* HiZ-GUNDAM
* LiteBIRD
* Nano-JASMINE
* Small-JASMINE
* SPICA2
* WFIRST1
* WSO-UV5
* XRISM1

Canceled|

* Astro-G

Communications,
broadcasting and
positioning|

| Completed|

* BS
* 2X
* 3H
* 3N
* Kakehashi
* Kirari
* Kizuna
* Kodama
* MBSat
* N-STAR
* a
* b
* Sakura (1
* 2a
* 2b
* 3a
* 3b)
* Yuri
* 1
* 2a
* 2b
* 3a
* 3b

|

In operation|

* Kirameki
* 1
* 2
* Michibiki
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* MTSAT
* N-STAR
* c
* d

Planned|

* DSN
* 3
* JDRS
* QZS
* 1R
* 5
* 6
* 7

Earth observation|

| Completed|

* Akebono
* Daichi
* Denpa
* Fuyo-1
* Jikiken
* Kyokko
* Midori
* I
* II
* Momo
* 1
* 1b
* Ohozora
* Taiyo
* TRMM1
* Ume
* 1
* b

|

In operation|

* Aqua17
* Arase
* ASNARO
* 1
* 2
* Daichi-2
* GEOTAIL1
* GPM1
* Himawari
* Ibuki
* 2
* Shikisai
* Shizuku

Planned|

* ALOS
* 3
* 4
* EarthCARE2
* GOSAT-3

Engineering tests|

| Completed|

* Ayame
* 1
* 2
* DASH
* EXPRESS
* IKAROS
* Jindai
* Kiku
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* LDREX
* 1
* 2
* LRE
* Micro LabSat-1
* Myojo
* Ohsumi
* Orizuru
* Ryusei
* SERVIS-1
* SERVIS-2
* SDS-1
* Shinsei
* SFU
* Tansei
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* Tasuki
* Tsubasa
* USERS

|

In operation|

* Ajisai
* Reimei
* SDS-4
* Tsubame
* RAPIS-1

Planned|

* BEAK
* ETS-IX
* G-SATELLITE
* SERVIS-3
* Small Demonstration Satellite
* 2
* 3

Canceled|

* PETSAT
* SmartSat-1

Human spaceflight|

| Completed|

* H-II Transfer Vehicle
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7

|

In operation|

* H-II Transfer Vehicle
* 8
* International Space Station (ISS) & Kibo123456

Planned|

* H-II Transfer Vehicle
* 9
* X1
* Lunar Gateway1245

Cancelled|

* Fuji crewed spacecraft
* HOPE-X

Lunar and
planetary exploration|

| Completed|

* Hayabusa
* Hiten
* Kaguya (SELENE)
* Sakigake
* Suisei

|

In operation|

* Akatsuki
* BepiColombo (MMO/Mio)2
* Hayabusa2

Failed|

* Nozomi
* PROCYON
* Shin'en

Planned|

* Comet Interceptor2
* DESTINY+
* EQUULEUS
* HERACLES24
* JUICE2
* Mars Terahertz Microsatellite
* MELOS
* MMX
* OMOTENASHI
* SLIM

Cancelled|

* Lunar-A
* SELENE-2

Proposed|

* OKEANOS

Private
miniaturized satellites|

| Completed|

* CosMoz
* CUTE
* 1.7+APD
* Fuji
* 1
* 2
* Hayato
* HIT-SAT
* Kagayaki
* Kanta-kun (WEOS)
* Kūkai
* Maido-1
* Negai☆″
* Niwaka
* RAIKO
* Waseda-SAT2
* WE WISH

|

In operation|

* CUTE
* 1
* 1.7+APDII
* Fuji-3
* Hitomi
* Horyu
* 2
* Kiseki
* PROITERES
* Raijin
* RISING-2
* SEEDS
* SOCRATES
* XI
* IV
* V

Planned|

* DRUMS
* QSAT-EOS
* SOMESAT
* SPROUT
* TSUBAME
* WNI satellite

Reconnaissance|

| Completed|

* IGS-Optical
* 1
* 2
* Experimentally 3
* IGS-Radar
* 1
* 2

|

In operation|

* IGS-Optical
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Experimentally 5
* IGS-Rader
* 3
* 4
* Spare
* 5
* 6

Planned|

* IGS-Optical
* 7
* 8
* IGS-Rader
* 7
* 8

* Italics indicates projects in development.
* Superscripts indicate joint development with1NASA, 2ESA, 3ASI, 4CSA, 5RKA, 6AEB and 7INPE.

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2020|

* Soyuz MS-16 (April)
* Soyuz MS-17 (October)
* Shenzhou 12
* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* Boeing Crewed Flight Test
* USCV-1
* USCV-2
* New Shepard (crewed flight test)
* VSS Unity VF02

|

2021|

* Gaganyaan Crewed Flight 1
* Shenzhou 13
* USCV-3

2022|

* Artemis 2

2023+|

* #dearMoon project (2023)
* Artemis 3 (2024)

Robotic|

| 2020|

* AFSPC-7
* ALOS-3
* ALOS-4
* Artemis 1 (November)
* Orion
* Lunar Flashlight
* NEA Scout
* BioSentinel
* SkyFire
* Lunar IceCube
* CuSP
* LunaH-Map
* EQUULEUS
* OMOTENASHI
* ArgoMoon
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* Team Miles
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 5
* GSAT-20
* Hope Mars Mission (July)
* HX-1 (July–August)
* Ingenio
* Inmarsat-6 F1
* JCSAT-17
* Kounotori 9 (May)
* Mars 2020 (July–August)
* MX-1E (July)
* Nauka / European Robotic Arm (December)
* QZS-1R
* RAPIS-2 / Z-Sat / DRUMS / KOSEN-1
* Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok lander (July)
* Solar Orbiter (February)
* Space Complex Alpha
* TARANIS

|

2021|

* Aditya-L1
* Astrobotic M1 (June)
* AEM rovers
* Uni
* EXA/AEC lunar orbiter
* B330
* CAPSTONE (December)
* DART / LICIA (June)
* Dream Chaser (September)
* Hakuto-R M1 (October)
* IXPE (April)
* James Webb Space Telescope (March)
* Landsat 9 (January)
* Lucy (October)
* Luna 25 (July)
* Nova-C (July)
* PROBA-3 (Q2)
* PTScientists
* Tianhe
* SES-17
* Space RIDER
* UN/Dream Chaser
* Wentian
* XPoSat

2022|

* Biomass (October)
* DESTINY+
* EarthCARE (June)
* Euclid (June)
* HTV-X1
* JUICE (June)
* KPLO (July)
* MetOp-SG Series A
* NISAR (September)
* Power and Propulsion Element (December)
* Prichal
* Psyche (August)
* PUNCH / TRACERS
* Soyuz GVK-1
* SpaceX Starship (1st Mars departure)
* TEREX-1
* Weather System Follow-on Microwave
* XRISM / SLIM (January)

2023|

* Chang'e 7
* Hakuto-R M2 (March)
* MetOp-SG Series B
* QZS-5
* QZS-6
* QZS-7
* Shukrayaan-1
* SMILE
* SPHEREx

2024+|

* Chang'e 6 (2023 or 2024)
* FLEX
* GOES-U (2024)
* Hera / APEX / Juventas (October 2024)
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (October 2024)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* MMX (September 2024)
* MOM 2 (2024)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* ZhengHe (2024)
* Europa Clipper (2025)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* Dragonfly (2026)
* PLATO (2026)
* Venera-D (2026 or 2031)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor]] (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

TBA|

* Energia-100
* Europa Lander (2025?)
* KiwiSAT
* Lybid 1
* Nano-JASMINE
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
* WFIRST (mid-2020s)

Recently
launched|

* Progress MS-13 (6 December)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B (7 December)
* HEAD-2A / 2B (7 December)
* GLONASS-M List of GLONASS satellites

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories

Template:2026 in space

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian Moons eXploration. Read more

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