Infrared sensing

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Infrared viewing encompasses a wide range of technologies that gather information using remote sensing in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Early techniques included "active" or "first generation night viewing", in which the viewer illuminated the area of interest with an infrared light, and viewed the reflections. Later technologies, often in different subparts of the infrared spectrum, passively received and amplified infrared-spectrum heat from the target.

Not all infrared viewing techniques produce a picture, but may produce matrices that assign wavelengths and intensity information to parts of the field being viewed. For example, Defense Support Program and successor satellites, which detect and track missile launchers, are "staring" arrays of infrared detectors that compare successive views. An intense heat pulse in one location shows the launch proper, but the data reduction system compares the heat in successive views to determine the direction and speed of missile travel.

## Contents

* 1 Characteristics & performance
* 2 Technologies
* 2.1 Infrared detection
* 3 Applications
* 3.1 General military
* 3.1.1 1940s and 1950s
* 3.1.2 1960s
* 3.1.3 Thermal viewing
* 3.2 Rocket launch detection and characterizerization
* 3.3 Medical
* 4 References

## Characteristics & performance[edit]

## Technologies[edit]

### Infrared detection[edit]

Detection of infrared energy has principally been based on semiconductors, with limited use of photographic film.

## Applications[edit]

### General military[edit]

Among the first uses of infrared viewing were military operations at night. The first infrared viewers were called "first generation night vision", which used an infrared illuminator light, and received reflections from the target. Military night vision moved away from infrared to low-light television|visible light intensification, also called low-light television (LLTV), which amplified background starlight, but the next generation returned to infrared, but using passive reception without an illuminator, but sensing heat radiated from the target and contrasting with its background. All are monochrome imaging displays, most often green on black, but sometime white or orange on black.

Active illumination with reflected viewing was simple, but had high power consumption, and, to an opponent with his own infrared viewer, the illuminator revealed the position of one's own system. The World War II generation was quite heavy; both power consumption and weight were reduced by the Korean War, but were still awkward. "Starlight scopes" of the Vietnam War was much lighter in weight and less demanding of batteries.

LLTV still required some light to be present, and could not work through smoke, haze, or mist.

#### 1940s and 1950s[edit]

WWII equipment, such as the M3 Sniperscope, included both a rifle modified to hold the infrared viewing system. A sniperscope, required a source of infrared light. Often, such a device had two side-by-side tubes, resembling a flashlight and telescope clamped together. The early versions also needed a rifle modified to hold the equipment. [1]

Some of the limitations of this technology were that the infrared illuminator could require substantial electrical power, yet had limited range. Ranges from 100 to 400 yards were typical, with a black-and-green image. One WWII telescope and light source weighed approximately six pounds, but the necessary battery brought the total weight to 21 pounds. A Korean War version had a much sharper image, but a total weight of 28 pounds without greater range. Image:1950s near infrared military nightscope.jpg|left|thumb|300px|late 1950s near IR viewer Some scanning infrared devices were developed in the late 1950s, but the devices were transportable and intended for use from fixed positions. [2]

#### 1960s[edit]

Low-light television (LLTV) work in the visible spectrum alone (or possibly near infrared), but lend themselves to display on a screen rather than goggles or a telescope-like sight. A number of aircraft, such as the the B-52, carry LLTV such as the AN-|AN/AVQ-22. Obviously, an airplane will not fly indoors, so the problem of not having skylight never occurs. Pilots of MH-53 PAVE LOW special operations helicopters often wear NVG.

If the device has light detectors sensitive to different colors (e.g., red-blue-green) LLTV gives color images, as opposed to the monochrome of passive NIR.[3]It thus can provide more information, as well as sharper views than a passive infrared viewer that uses longer wavelengths.

#### Thermal viewing[edit]

By going to shorter wavelengths of infrared light, third-generation IR NVD does not depend on reflections, but on the heat internal to a device. This still may pick up a metal object against earth, as the difference between the heat-conductive metal and the more insulating earth will be obvious. A tank engine, even hours after being turned off, still is hotter than the ground.

### Rocket launch detection and characterizerization[edit]

As early as 1948, infrared sensing was being considered not only for launch detection based on the presence of a heat source, but for characterization of rocket types based on recognizing specific wavelengths in the source. The 1948 report appears to assume that sensors would be carried by aircraft. [4] Even before the first satellite launch in 1957, a 1955 report examined the feasibility of satellite-based sensors, suggesting superiority to aircraft-borne detectors. [5]

### Medical[edit]

Thermography of the breast is considered a complement to the gold standard (medicine)|"gold standard" of X-ray mammography, although some see it as possibly becoming the primary screening method. [6] Image:Normal extremity thermographic image.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Thermographic image of normal human extremities Image:Extremities in RSD thermographic image.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Thermographic image of extremities of RSD patient Most medical uses are imaging, and are displayed as false-color.

One research program compares multiple imaging methods in the difficult diagnosis of complex regional pain syndromes.[7] Another program examines imaging methods for Kaposi's sarcoma. [8]

## References[edit]

1. ↑ “Fight at Night!” -- U.S. Army Night Vision, 1945-1980, Utah Gun Collectors' Association
2. ↑ History, U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate
3. ↑ Keller, John (2006), "FLIR Systems multisensor device to help Army soldiers with urban warfare", Military & Aerospace Electronics November
4. ↑ J.A. Curcio and J.A. Sanderson, Naval Research Laboratory (26 July 1948), NRL Report No. N-3327, Further Investigations of the Radiation from Rocket Motor Flames, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
5. ↑ Report RM-1572, Infrared Techniques Applied to the Detection and Interception of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, Rand Corporation, 21 October 1955
6. ↑ Michel Gautherie and Charles M. Gros (1980 (online publishing 2006)), "Breast Thermography and Cancer Risk Prediction", Cancer 45: Sl-56
7. ↑ Imaging Reflex Synpathetic Dystropy, National Institutes of Health
8. ↑ Noninvasive imaging of Kaposi's sarcoma, National Institutes of Health