Langley Research Center

Short description: NASA research facility in Virginia

NASA Langley Research Center

Aerial view of the Langley Research Center in December 2011
Agency overview
Formed| 1917
Preceding agency|

* Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (NACA)

Jurisdiction| U.S. Federal Government
Headquarters| Hampton, Virginia, U.S.
Employees| 1,821 (2017)
Agency executives|

* Dawn Schaible, Acting Center Director
* Dr. Trina Chytka Dyal, Deputy Director

Parent agency| NASA
Website| nasa.gov/langley
Map

Map of NASA Langley Research Center

Footnotes
[1][2][3]

The Langley Research Center (LaRC or NASA Langley), located in Hampton, Virginia, near the Chesapeake Bay front of Langley Air Force Base, is the oldest of NASA's field centers.[1] LaRC has focused primarily on aeronautical research but has also tested space hardware such as the Apollo Lunar Module. In addition, many of the earliest high-profile space missions were planned and designed on-site. Langley was also considered a potential site for NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center prior to the eventual selection of Houston, Texas.[4]

Established in 1917 by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the research center devotes two-thirds of its programs to aeronautics and the rest to space. LaRC researchers use more than 40 wind tunnels to study and improve aircraft and spacecraft safety, performance, and efficiency. Between 1958 and 1963, when NASA (the successor agency to NACA) started Project Mercury, LaRC served as the main office of the Space Task Group.

In September 2019, after previously serving as associate director and deputy director, Clayton P. Turner was appointed director of NASA Langley.[3]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Departments
* 2.1 Systems Analysis and Concepts Directorate
* 3 Aeronautics
* 4 Fabrication research and development
* 4.1 Plastic fabrication
* 5 Astronautics
* 5.1 Moon
* 5.2 Mars
* 5.3 Earth science
* 6 List of center directors
* 7 Awards
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## History

variety of research aircraft at NASA Langley in 1994

LaRC's 14-by-22-foot (4.3 m × 6.7 m) subsonic wind tunnel

part of the 16 ft (4.9 m) wind tunnel at Langley

After U.S.-German relations had deteriorated from neutral to hostile around 1916, the prospect of U.S. war entry became possible. On February 15, 1917, the newly established Aviation Week warned that the U.S. military aviation capability was less than what was operating in the European war.[5] President Woodrow Wilson sent Jerome Hunsaker to Europe to investigate, and Hunsaker's report prompted Wilson to command the creation of the nation's first aeronautics laboratory, which became NASA Langley.[6]

In 1917, less than three years after it was created, the NACA established the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory on Langley Field. Both Langley Field and the Langley Laboratory are named after aviation pioneer Samuel Pierpont Langley.[7] The Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps had established a base there earlier that same year. The first research facilities were in place and aeronautical research was started by 1920. Initially, the laboratory included four researchers and 11 technicians.[8]

Langley Field and NACA began parallel growth as air power proved its utility during World War I. The center was originally established to explore the field of aerodynamic research involving airframe and propulsion engine design and performance. In 1934 the world's largest wind tunnel was constructed at Langley Field with a 30-by-60-foot (9.1 m × 18.3 m) test section; it was large enough to test full-scale aircraft.[9][10] It remained the world's largest wind tunnel until the 1940s, when a 40-by-80-foot (12 m × 24 m) tunnel was built at NASA's Ames Research Center in California.[11]

The West Area Computers were African American, female mathematicians who worked as human computers at the Langley Research Center from 1943 through 1958.[12] The West Computers were originally subject to Virginia's Jim Crow laws and got their name because they worked at Langley's West Area, while the white mathematicians worked in the East section.[13]

Langley Research Center claims many historic firsts, some of which have proven to be revolutionary scientific breakthroughs. These accomplishments include: Development of the concept of research aircraft leading to supersonic flight, the world's first transonic wind tunnel, training the first crews of astronauts, the Lunar Landing Facility which provides the simulation of lunar gravity, and the Viking program for Mars exploration.[14] The center also developed standards for the grooving of aircraft runways based on a previous British design used at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.[15] Grooved runways reduce aquaplaning which permits better grip by aircraft tires in heavy rain. This grooving is now the international standard for all runways around the world.

Langley was also a contender for the site of NASA Mission Control, prior to the eventual selection of Houston, due to Langley's prominence with NASA at the time, the large existing aerospace industry already present in the Hampton Roads region, and the proximity to Washington, D.C. The selection of Houston actually took many higher-ups at Langley by surprise and caused some lingering controversy in the surrounding area over the loss and transfer of so many jobs to Houston. Though they had lost out on the Manned Spacecraft Center, Langley still played an important role in conducting research and training during the Apollo Program.[4]

## Departments

### Systems Analysis and Concepts Directorate

Logo of the Systems Analysis and Concepts Directorate

The Systems Analysis and Concepts Directorate solves problems associated with aeronautics, exploration, and science by analyzing advanced aerospace system concepts for NASA decision makers and programs. The directorate is further broken down into four branches as follows:

* Aeronautics Systems Analysis
* Creates advanced concepts and technologies to improve the study of aeronautics.
* Space Mission Analysis – Exploration
* Enables decision making for complex space systems, architecture, and portfolios, primarily focusing on human exploration.
* Space Mission Analysis – Science and Technology
* Enables decision making for complex space systems, architecture, and portfolios, primarily focusing on remote exploration.
* Vehicle Analysis
* Designs revolutionary aircraft and launch vehicles.

## Aeronautics

Full-scale model of the X-43 spaceplane in Langley Research Center's 8-foot (2 m) high temperature wind tunnel

Langley Research Center performs critical research on aeronautics, including wake vortex behavior, fixed-wing aircraft, rotary wing aircraft, aviation safety, human factors and aerospace engineering. LaRC supported the design and testing of the hypersonic X-43, which achieved a world speed record of Mach 9.6 (11,760.4 km/h; 7,307.6 mph). LaRC assisted the NTSB in the investigation of the crash of American Airlines Flight 587.[16][17]

Work began in July 2011 to remove the 1940s era 16 feet (4.9 m) transonic wind tunnel. The facility supported development and propulsion integration research for many military aircraft including all fighters since 1960 (F-14, F-15, F-16, F-18 and the Joint Strike Fighter) but had been inactive since 2004.[18] Langley retained transonic wind tunnel testing capabilities facilities in the National Transonic Facility, a high pressure, cryogenically cooled 8.2 feet (2.5 m) closed loop wind tunnel.[19]

## Fabrication research and development

LRC materials research lab

### Plastic fabrication

LaRC also houses a large collection of various inexpensive plastic reformation machines. These machines are used in the freeform fabrication department for faster timing, better precision, and larger quantities of low-cost toys, models, and industrial plastic parts. The fabrication of plastic parts is similar to the EBF³ process but with a thin, grated heating element as its melting apparatus. Both are run by CAD data and deal with various freeform fabrication of raw materials.

## Astronautics

### Moon

Gantry used in lunar landing training as well as testing of land-based landings of the Orion spacecraft

Since the start of Project Gemini, Langley was a center for training of rendezvous in space. In 1965, Langley opened the Lunar Landing Research Facility for simulations of Moon landings with a mock Apollo Lunar Module suspended from a gantry over a simulated lunar landscape. There was experimental work on some Lunar Landing Research Vehicles (LLRV).

### Mars

Langley Research Center supported NASA's mission with the designing of a spacecraft for a landing on Mars. (see the Mars Exploration Rover.)

### Earth science

Langley Research Center conducts Earth science research to support NASA's mission.[20]

## List of center directors

The following persons had served as the Langley Research Center director:[21][22]

No. | Image  | Director  | Start  | End  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

1  |  | Leigh M. Griffith  | November 1, 1922  | December 31, 1925  | Engineer-in-Charge, NACA LMAL
2  | 75px  | Henry J. E. Reid  | January 1, 1926  | June 1947  | Engineer-in-Charge, NACA LMAL
June 1947  | May 1948  | Director, NACA LMAL
May 1948  | October 1, 1958  | Director, NACA LAL
October 1, 1958  | May 20, 1960  | Director[23]
3  | 75px  | Floyd LaVerne Thompson  | May 23, 1960  | May 1, 1968  | [24]
4  | 70px  | Edgar M. Cortright  | May 1, 1968  | September 26, 1975  | [25]
5  | 75px  | Donald P. Hearth  | September 26, 1975  | November 30, 1984  | [26]
6  |  | Richard H. Petersen  | December 3, 1984  | December 2, 1991  |
7  |  | Paul F. Holloway  | October 15, 1991  | August 2, 1996  | [27]
8  | 75px  | Jeremiah F. Creedon  | August 5, 1996  | June 15, 2002  | [28]
Acting  |  | Delma C. Freeman, Jr.  | June 15, 2002  | June 13, 2003  |
9  | 70px  | Roy D. Bridges Jr.  | June 13, 2003  | October 3, 2005  | [29]
10  | 70px  | Lesa B. Roe  | October 3, 2005  | April 28, 2014  | [30]
11  | 70px  | Stephen G. Jurczyk  | April 28, 2014  | March 1, 2015  | [31]
12  | 70px  | David E. Bowles  | March 2, 2015  | September 30, 2019  | [32]
13  | 70px  | Clayton P. Turner  | September 30, 2019  | July 15, 2024  | [33]
Acting  | 70px  | Dawn Schaible  | July 16, 2024  | February 22, 2025  | [34]
Acting  | 70px  | Trina Dyal  | February 22, 2025  | present  | [35]

## Awards

LRC scientists and engineers have won the Collier Trophy five times, listed below.

* 1929 (1929): for the development of the NACA cowling, a low-drag cowling for radial air-cooled aircraft engines.
* 1946 (1946): to Lewis A. Rodert, Lawrence D. Bell and Chuck Yeager for the development of an efficient wing deicing system.
* 1947 (1947): to John Stack of the then Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory for research to determine the physical laws affecting supersonic flight. Lawrence D. Bell and Chuck Yeager also shared in this trophy for their work on supersonic flight.
* 1951 (1951): to John Stack for the development and use of the slotted-throat wind tunnel.
* 1954 (1954): to Richard T. Whitcomb for the development of the Whitcomb area rule, according to the citation, a "powerful, simple, and useful method of reducing greatly the sharp increase in wing drag heretofore associated with transonic flight, and which constituted a major factor requiring great reserves of power to attain supersonic speeds."[36]

## See also

* Aerospace engineering
* NASA field centers and other facilities
* TsAGI \- Russia's equivalent test center and research institute
* Hidden Figures
* NASA X

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Dr. David E. Bowles, Director, NASA Langley Research Center". 17 December 2015. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/dr-david-e-bowles. "NASA Langley, founded in 1917, is the Nation's first civilian aeronautical research facility and NASA's oldest field center."
2. ↑ "FY 2017 Agency Financial Report". 15 November 2017. pp. 10, 24, 146. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/afr_fy2017_final_11_15_17.pdf.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Clayton P. Turner, Director, NASA Langley Research Center". 1 September 2019. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/clayton-p-turner-director-nasa-langley-research-center. "Clayton Turner is the Director of NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia. Turner has served the agency for more than 29 years. He has held several roles at NASA Langley, including systems engineer, Chief Engineer, Engineering Director, Associate Center Director, and Deputy Center Director."
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Korsgaard, Sean (20 July 2019). "Williamsburg recalls watching Apollo 11 and helping crew get there". Virginia Gazette, Daily Press (Tribune Media). https://www.vagazette.com/news/va-vg-moon-landing-anniversary-0717-story.html#nt=oft12aH-1gp5.
5. ↑ Aviation & Aeronautical Engineering, February 15, 1917
6. ↑ Joe Anselmo (February 17, 2017). "Aviation Week's Warning and the Founding of NASA Langley". Aviation Week & Space Technology. http://aviationweek.com/defense/aviation-week-s-warning-and-founding-nasa-langley.
7. ↑ Tennant, Diane (September 5, 2011). "What's in a name? NASA Langley Research Center". The Virginian-Pilot. http://hamptonroads.com/2011/09/whats-name-nasa-langley-research-center.
8. ↑ "Journey in Aeronautical Research: a Career at NASA-Langley Research Center, ch. 3". NASA. https://history.nasa.gov/monograph12/ch3.htm.
9. ↑ "Faster, Safer Planes, Developed In Biggest Wind Tunnels" Popular Science, April 1934
10. ↑ "Full-Size Planes Tested In Big Air Tunnel" Popular Mechanics, April 1935, pp. 520–521
11. ↑ "40 X 80 and 80 X 120 Foot Wind Tunnels". http://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Research/facilities/windtunnels.html.
12. ↑ "Human Computers at Nasa". https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/amst_humancomp/.
13. ↑ Haynes, Korey (February 2017). "Fighting FOR Visibility". Astronomy 45 (2): pp. 44–49. ISSN 0091-6358.
14. ↑ "NASA Langley History and Description: Initial Activities". NASA LaRC Master Plan. http://gis.larc.nasa.gov/historic.
15. ↑ McGuire, R.C. (January 1969). "REPORT ON GROOVED RUNWAY EXPERIENCE AT WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT". Federal Aviation Administration. https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19690011108.
16. ↑ "NASA – Hypersonic X-43A Takes Flight". http://www.nasa.gov/missions/research/x43-main.html.
17. ↑ "NASA Cultural Resources (CRGIS) – NasaCRgis". 2015-08-04. http://gis.larc.nasa.gov/historic/.
18. ↑ "Tearing down NASA Langley's 16-foot transonic wind tunnel". Daily Press. 2011-07-08. http://www.dailypress.com/news/science/dead-rise-blog/dp-tearing-down-nasa-langleys-16foot-transonic-wind-tunnel-20110708,0,6972782.story.
19. ↑ "National Transonic Facility". http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/atp/facilities/ntf/index.html.
20. ↑ "Langley Earth Science Research". https://www.nasa.gov/specials/nasalangley100/project11.html#:~:text=NASA Langley's Science Directorate studies,and our quality of life..
21. ↑ Bradshaw, Julia L.; Herring, Angelique. "Meet the Center Directors of NASA Langley, Past and Present". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/langley/langley-center-directors/.
22. ↑ "Personnel". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/history/historic-personnel/#centers.
23. ↑ "Henry J.E. Reid". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/people/henry-j-e-reid/.
24. ↑ "Floyd L. Thompson". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/langley/floyd-l-thompson/.
25. ↑ "Edgar M. Cortright". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/people/edgar-m-cortright/.
26. ↑ "Dr. Donald P. Hearth". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/people/dr-donald-p-hearth/.
27. ↑ "Paul F. Holloway". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/paul-f-holloway/.
28. ↑ "Dr. Jeremiah F. Creedon". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/people/dr-jeremiah-f-creedon/.
29. ↑ "Roy D. Bridges, Jr.". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/people/roy-d-bridges-jr/.
30. ↑ "Lesa B. Roe". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/langley/lesa-b-roe/.
31. ↑ "Stephen G. Jurczyk". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/langley/langley-research-center-director-stephen-g-jurczyk/.
32. ↑ "Dr. David E. Bowles". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/langley/dr-david-e-bowles-director-nasa-langley-research-center/.
33. ↑ "Clayton P. Turner". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/people/clayton-p-turner/.
34. ↑ "Dawn M. Schaible". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/people/biography-dawn-m-schaible/.
35. ↑ "Trina Dyal". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/people/dr-trina-dyal/.
36. ↑ "Exploring NASA's Roots – The History of the Langley Research Center | NASA". 1992-12-31. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/LaRC_History.html.

## External links

* Langley Research Center website
* Langley Archives Collection at Cultural Resources Geographical Information Systems (CRGIS), NASA
* James R. Hansen: Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center from Sputnik to Apollo (NASA SP-4308, 1995)
* Crafting Flight: Aircraft Pioneers and the Contributions of the Men and Women of NASA Langley Research Center (NASA SP-2003-4316)
* Engineer in Charge: A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory,1917–1958 (NASA SP-4305, 1987)
* Journey in Aeronautical Research: a Career at NASA-Langley Research Center, Monographs in Aerospace History No. 12
* Historic American Engineering Record documentation (all located in Hampton, Independent City, VA):
* HAER No. VA-118-A, "NASA Langley Research Center, Full-Scale Wind Tunnel, 224 Hunting Avenue (Building No. 643)", 27 photos, 2 measured drawings, 36 data pages, 4 photo caption pages
* HAER No. VA-118-B, "NASA Langley Research Center, 8-Foot High Speed Wind Tunnel, 641 Thornell Avenue (Building No. 641)", 29 photos, 1 measured drawing, 44 data pages, 4 photo caption pages
* HAER No. VA-118-C, "NASA Langley Research Center, Seaplane Towing Channel, 108 Andrews Street (Building No. 720)", 25 photos, 2 measured drawings, 25 data pages, 3 photo caption pages
* HAER No. VA-118-D, "NASA Langley Research Center, 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel, 640 Thornell Avenue (Building No. 640)", 12 photos, 16 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
* HAER No. VA-118-E, "NASA Langley Research Center, 16-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel, 11 West Taylor Street (Building No. 1146)", 15 photos, 17 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
* HAER No. VA-118-F, "NASA Langley Research Center, 7- x 10-Foot High Speed Wind Tunnel, 11 West Taylor Street (Building No. 1212B)", 9 photos, 9 data pages, 1 photo caption page
* HAER No. VA-118-H, "NASA Langley Research Center, Two-Dimensional Low Turbulence Pressure Tunnel, 582A Thornell Avenue (Building No. 582A)", 19 photos, 24 data pages, 2 photo caption pages

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