List of supercontinents

Short description: A list of the past, present, and speculative future supercontinents of Earth

This is a list of supercontinents.

## Contents

* 1 Past
* 2 Present (now)
* 3 Future (speculative) (+)
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Past

The list is written in reverse-chronological order ("stratolithic order"). Dates are given as the approximate beginning of the formation of the supercontinent; dates in parentheses are approximate date of the fully formed supercontinent. The Notes column provides the geologic time period of the fully formed supercontinent.

Legend  Minor supercontinent

Major supercontinent
List of supercontinents  Name  | Ga
(Billions of years ago)  | Geologic time period[1] / Notes

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Laurasia | ~0.253–~0.056  | Phanerozoic > Mesozoic[2]
Pangaea | ~0.335 (0.299[3]) –~0.173  | Phanerozoic > Paleozoic > Permian[4]
Euramerica | 0.433-0.056  | Was next to Gondwana
Gondwana | ~0.62–~0.132  | Appeared in 550mya or the breakup of Pannotia.
Pannotia, also called Vendian  | 0.62–~0.555  | Precambrian > Proterozoic > Neoproterozoic > Ediacaran[5]
Avalonia | 0.63–0.56  |
Protogondwana  | 1.071–0.62  |
Protolaurasia  | 1.071–0.592  |
Rodinia[6] | 1.071–~0.75  | Precambrian > Proterozoic > Neoproterozoic > Tonian
Cimmeria | 1.25–present  |
Baltica | 1.8–present  |
Laurentia | 1.816–present  |
Columbia, also called Nuna  | ~1.82–1.35[7] | Precambrian > Proterozoic > Mesoproterozoic > Calymmian
Nena | 1.95–0.592  | Formation is 1.95bya
Atlantica | 2.11–0.114  | Protracted tectonic magma plume rifting occurred 1.31 Ga. Final breakup occurred ~114 Ma.
India (continent) | 2.525–present  |
Siberia (continent) | 2.695–present  |
Sclavia  | 2.665–2.33  | Kenorland is a "one-piece" alternative to Superia, Vaalbara, and Sclavia.
Kenorland | ~2.72–2.1  | Neoarchean sanukitoid cratons and new continental crust formed Kenorland. Protracted tectonic magma plume rifting occurred 2.48 to 2.4 Ga and this contributed to the Paleoproterozoic glacial events in 2.4 to 2.22 Ga. Final breakup occurred ~2.1 Ga.
Ur | ~3.0–2.803  | Classified as the earliest known landmass, Ur was a continent that existed three billion years ago. While probably not a supercontinent, one can argue that Ur was a supercontinent for its time as it was possibly the only continent on Earth, even if it was smaller than Australia is today. Still, an older rock formation now in Greenland dates back from Hadean times.
Congo (continent) (Protoafrica) | 3.6–present  | This former continent thought to be parental to the São Francisco craton, Congo craton and the Central Africa.
Vaalbara | ~3.6–2.803  | Possibly the first supercontinent
Superior craton  | 4.031–present  | existed when Vaalbara was formed.

## Present (now)

List of Supercontinents Name  | Millions of years
(– = past, + = future)  | Notes

|
|

Afro-Eurasia | –5...+215[citation needed] |
Ocean-Eurasia | –5...+215[citation needed] |
America | –15...+150[citation needed] |
Eurasia | –253...+215[citation needed] | If not considered a part of Afro-Eurasia

Afro-Eurasia-America

## Future (speculative) (+)

List of Supercontinents Name  | Millions of years in the future  | Notes

|
|

Novopangaea | 250  | This assumes closure of the Pacific Ocean, docking of Australia with East Asia, and northward motion of Antarctica.
Pangaea Ultima | 250  | Africa will meet North America by then.
Amasia | 250  | Everything moves north and meets near the Arctic Circle
Aurica | 250  | Western Eurasia splits from Eastern Asia and moves west along with Africa, as Eastern Asia moves east along India and Australia.
Afro-Euraustralasia  | 27–215  |

## References

1. ↑ Inc., Advanced Solutions International. "GSA Geologic Time Scale". https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Education_Careers/Geologic_Time_Scale/GSA/timescale/home.aspx?hkey=8668fe3f-c0a8-4dd8-aaca-13603b24c9e0.
2. ↑ "Tectonics of the Triassic Period". http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mesozoic/triassic/triassictect.html.
3. ↑ "The Permian Period". http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permian.php.
4. ↑ "The Permian Period". http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/permian/permian.php.
5. ↑ "The Ediacaran Period". http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/ediacaran.php.
6. ↑ "One of The Supercontinents Is Different from the Others (It’s Rodinia)" (in en). Deep Carbon Observatory. 2017-12-14. https://www.deepcarbon.net/feature/one-supercontinents-different-others-it%E2%80%99s-rodinia.
7. ↑ https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/gday-mate-17-billion-year-old-chunk-of-north-america-found-in-australia/ar-AAv5aZn

## External links

* Earth History
* Plate Tectonic Reconstructions at UTIG

* v
* t
* e

Continents of the world

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Africa

Antarctica

Asia

Australia

Europe

North America

South America

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Afro-Eurasia

America

Eurasia

Oceania

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* Prehistoric supercontinents
Gondwana
* Laurasia
* Pangaea
* Pannotia
* Rodinia
* Columbia
* Kenorland
* Nena
* Sclavia
* Ur
* Vaalbara

* Other prehistoric continents
Amazonia
* Arctica
* Asiamerica
* Atlantica
* Avalonia
* Baltica
* Cimmeria
* Congo Craton
* Euramerica
* Kalaharia
* Kazakhstania
* Laurentia
* North China
* Siberia
* South China
* East Antarctica
* Pampia
* Cuyania
* Chilenia

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* Submerged continents
Kerguelen Plateau
* Zealandia
* Sahul
* Sunda

* Possible future supercontinents
Pangaea Ultima
* Amasia
* Novopangaea

* Mythical and hypothesised continents
Atlantis
* Kumari Kandam
* Lemuria
* Meropis
* Mu
* Hyperborea
* Terra Australis

* Subcontinents
Arabian Peninsula
* Indian subcontinent
* Madagascar

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* See also Regions of the world
* Continental fragment

* Book
* Category

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