Original equipment manufacturer

Short description: Company that fabricates parts used in another company's products

"OEM" redirects here. For other uses, see OEM (disambiguation).

Supply chain pyramid

An original equipment manufacturer (OEM) is a company that produces parts and equipment that may be marketed by another company. However, the term is ambiguous, with several other common meanings: an OEM can be the maker of a system that includes other companies' subsystems, an end-product producer, an automotive part that is manufactured by the same company that produced the original part used in the automobile's assembly, or a value-added reseller.[1][2][3] OEM manufacturing is also widely used in the packaging industry, particularly in the production of customized gift boxes for wine and spirits. These OEM producers allow brands to create unique holiday packaging without maintaining their own manufacturing facilities.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Automotive parts
* 2 Computer software
* 2.1 Windows
* 2.2 Android
* 3 Skateboards
* 4 Other examples
* 5 Economies of scale
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Automotive parts

When referring to auto parts, OEM typically refers to the manufacturer of the original equipment, that is, the parts which are then subsequently assembled and installed during the construction of a new vehicle. In contrast, aftermarket parts are those made by companies other than the OEM, which might be installed as replacements or enhancements after the car comes out of the factory. For example, if Ford used Autolite spark plugs, Exide batteries, Bosch fuel injectors, and Ford's own engine blocks and heads when building a car, then car restorers and collectors consider those to be the OEM parts.[5][6] Other-brand parts would be considered aftermarket, such as Champion spark plugs, DieHard batteries, Kinsler fuel injectors, and BMP engine blocks and heads.

Many auto parts manufacturers sell parts through multiple channels, for example to car makers for installation during new vehicle construction, to car makers for resale as automaker‑branded replacement parts, and through general merchandising supply chains. Any given brand of part can be OEM on some vehicle models and aftermarket on others.[7][8]

Not all auto parts are available in OEM versions. In some cases, vehicle manufacturers secure exclusive sales rights for specific components. These parts are produced by contracted suppliers and carry the automaker's branding, but the suppliers are not permitted to sell them independently under their own name.[9]

## Computer software

### Windows

Microsoft is a popular example of a company that issues its Windows operating systems for use by OEM computer manufacturers via the bundling of Microsoft Windows. OEM product keys are priced lower than their retail counterparts, especially as they are purchased in bulk quantities, although they use the same software as retail versions of Windows. They are primarily for PC manufacturer OEMs and system builders, and as such are typically sold in volume licensing deals to a variety of manufacturers (Dell, HP, ASUS, Acer, Lenovo, etc.).

These OEMs commonly use a procedure known as System Locked Pre-installation, which pre-activates Windows on PCs that are to be sold via mass distribution. These OEMs also commonly bundle software that is not installed on stock Windows on the images of Windows that will be deployed with their PCs (appropriate hardware drivers, anti-malware and maintenance software, various apps, etc.).

Individuals may also purchase OEM "system-builder" licenses for personal use (to include virtual hardware), or for sale/resale on PCs which they build. Per Microsoft's EULA regarding PC manufacturers and system-builder OEM licenses, the product key is tied to the PC motherboard which it is initially installed on, and there is typically no transferring the key between PCs afterward. This is in contrast to retail keys, which may be transferred, provided they are only activated on one PC at a time. A significant hardware change will trigger a reactivation notice, just as with retail.[10]

Direct OEMs are officially held liable for things such as installation/recovery media, and as such were commonly provided until the late-2000s. These were phased out in favor of recovery partitions located on the primary storage drive of the PC (and available for order from the manufacturer upon request) for the user to repair or restore their systems to the factory state. This not only cut down on costs, but was also a consequence of the gradual obsolescence and phasing out of optical media from 2010 onward. System builders also have a different requirement regarding installation media from Direct OEMs.[11][12]

While a clean retail media of Windows can be installed and activated on these devices with OEM keys (most commonly using the SLP key that's embedded in to the system firmware already), actual OEM recovery media that was created by the PC manufacturer (not system-builder, nor retail Windows versions) typically only works on the PC model line that was designed for it. For example, a recovery disc/USB for a Toshiba Satellite P50-B will only work on that model, and not a Satellite S55T.

### Android

The OEM smartphone manufacturers, such as Samsung, Sony and Xiaomi, are manufacturers of hardware and software of smartphones. Such manufacturers usually customize and adapt suitable Android operating system, with manufacturer components such as One UI and HyperOS.

## Skateboards

Skateboard decks are primarily produced by a small number of specialized OEMs, such as PS Stix, BBS, and Dwindle.[13] These manufacturers handle the entire production process, including sourcing high-quality wood, crafting molds, gluing and pressing multiple layers of veneer, and applying graphics designed by the brands to the decks.[14] Once completed, the finished products are distributed to skateboarding brands, which sell them under their respective labels.

## Other examples

Foxconn is one example of an OEM, which helps upstream companies such as Nokia and Hewlett Packard Enterprise to manufacture servers. The designed intellectual property are usually owned by upstream companies.

## Economies of scale

OEMs rely on their ability to drive down the cost of production through economies of scale. Using an OEM also allows the purchasing company to obtain needed components or products without owning and operating a factory. B2B platforms are able to leverage economies of scale because more buyers attract more suppliers, and vice versa; this reduces certain costs like transaction costs, and can even increase efficiency and expand the user base.[15] OEM suppliers work with specific brands to produce products that meet specifications and designs, hence they have high production standards.[16] Amazon Business, Alibaba.com, 1968, and others host OEM factories that offer custom manufacturing.[17]

## See also

* Contract manufacturer
* Electronics manufacturing services
* Open-design movement
* Open-source hardware
* Original brand manufacturer
* Original design manufacturer
* Outsourcing
* Private label
* Rebranding
* Secondary market
* White-label product

## References

1. ↑ "DFARS § 202.101 Definitions.". U.S. General Services Administration. 24 Oct 2025. https://www.acquisition.gov/dfars/202.101-definitions..
2. ↑ Kidder, John Tracy (1981). "1. How to Make a Lot of Money" (in en). The Soul of a New Machine. United States: Little, Brown and Company. ¶ 17. ISBN 9780316491709. "Many customers, such as the Department of Defense, wanted to buy complete systems, all put together and ready to run with the turn of a key; hence the rise of companies known as original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs—they’d buy gear from various companies and put it together in packages."
3. ↑ "Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)". https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/5-592-7865.
4. ↑ "5 Creative Ideas for Holiday Wine Gift Boxes That Impress". 25 June 2025. https://www.fordico-oem.com/blog/5-creative-ideas-for-holiday-wine-gift-boxes-that-impress-2025.html.
5. ↑ Khartit, Khadija; Kvilhaug, Suzanne (15 April 2015). "What Is an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)? Definition". https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/041515/what-original-equipment-manufacturer-oem-automotive-sector.asp. "OEM stands for Original Equipment Manufacturer. The OEM is the original producer of a vehicle’s components, and so OEM car parts are identical to the parts used in producing a vehicle. Aftermarket parts are produced by other vendors and do not necessarily have a consistent level of quality or compatibility with the vehicle."
6. ↑ "OEM - Encyclopedia". https://www.automotive-fleet.com/encyclopedia/oem. "In the automotive industry, OEM refers to the company that designs and manufactures the original components and systems used in vehicles during their initial assembly."
7. ↑ Kagan, Julia; Khartit, Khadija; Kvilhaug, Suzanne (20 June 2005). "Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM): Definition and Examples". https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/oem.asp. "In the auto repair industry, OEM parts are those products used by a car manufacturer. Aftermarket parts are made by a third-party manufacturer but may be compatible with the same vehicles."
8. ↑ Delbridge, Emily; Battle, Anthony (29 July 2013). "OEM Parts vs. Aftermarket Parts: What's the Difference?". https://www.thebalancemoney.com/oem-parts-vs-after-market-parts-527304. "OEM parts are made by the car manufacturer, and aftermarket parts, which may cost less, are made by another company."
9. ↑ "OEM vs Original vs Aftermarket Auto Parts: Complete Guide 2025". 12 July 2025. https://www.aaastand.com/blog/oem-original-aftermarket-auto-parts-guide/.
10. ↑ "General Info on Microsoft OEM COA's, CDs, Ect.". http://www.ebay.com:80/gds/General-Info-on-Microsoft-OEM-COAs-CDs-Ect-/10000000003637322/g.html.
11. ↑ "Licensing FAQ: System builder licensing". Microsoft. http://www.microsoft.com/oem/en/licensing/sblicensing/pages/licensing_faq.aspx#fbid=8EGnlL9ralk?hashlink=faq1.
12. ↑ "OEM System Builder Licensing Guide". Microsoft. http://oem.microsoft.com/public/worldwide/licensing/OEM_System_Builder_Licensing_Guide.pdf.
13. ↑ Gifted Hater (25 May 2022). Skateboard Woodshops w/ Ben Degros. Retrieved 18 January 2025 - via YouTube.
14. ↑ Touring PS Stix with Professor Schmitt!. Retrieved 18 January 2025 - via YouTube.
15. ↑ "Industrial Digital Economy - B2B platforms". https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/Industrial-digital-economy-B2B platforms_0.pdf.
16. ↑ "Evaluating the drivers of B2B performance: An empirical analysis based on Alibaba". https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0306919.
17. ↑ "Amazon Business, Pt. 1: How It Stacks Up As Businesses Supplier". https://www.inddist.com/supply-chain/article/13774432/amazon-business-pt-1-how-it-stacks-up-as-businesses-supplier.

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Major EMS, ODMs, and OEMs

Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion

* Celestica
* Compal Electronics
* Flex
* Foxconn
* Jabil
* Pegatron
* Quanta
* Sanmina Corporation
* TPV Technology
* Wistron Corporation

See also
Largest IT companies
Electronics manufacturing services
Original design manufacturer
Original equipment manufacturer

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