Quantum dot display

Short description: Type of display device

Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different color light due to quantum confinement.

A quantum dot display is a display device that uses quantum dots (QD), semiconductor nanocrystals which can produce pure monochromatic[lower-alpha 1] red, green, and blue light. Photo-emissive quantum dot particles are used in LCD backlights or display color filters. Quantum dots are excited by the blue light from the display panel to emit pure basic colors, which reduces light losses and color crosstalk in color filters, improving display brightness and color gamut. Light travels through QD layer film and traditional RGB filters made from color pigments, or through QD filters with red/green QD color converters and blue passthrough. Although the QD color filter technology is primarily used in LED-backlit LCDs, it is applicable to other display technologies which use color filters, such as blue/UV active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) or QNED/MicroLED display panels.[1][2][3] LED-backlit LCDs are the main application of photo-emissive quantum dots, though blue OLED panels with QD color filters are being researched.

Electro-emissive or electroluminiscent quantum dot displays are an experimental type of display based on quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LED; also EL-QLED, ELQD, QDEL). These displays are similar to AMOLED and MicroLED displays, in that light would be produced directly in each pixel by applying electric current to inorganic nano-particles. Manufacturers asserted that QD-LED displays could support large, flexible displays and would not degrade as readily as OLEDs, making them good candidates for flat-panel TV screens, digital cameras, mobile phones and handheld game consoles.[4][5][6]

(As of June 2016) all commercial products, such as LCD TVs branded as QLED, employ quantum dots as photo-emissive particles; electro-emissive QD-LED TVs exist in laboratories only.[7][8] Quantum dot displays are capable of displaying wider color gamuts, with some devices approaching full coverage of the BT.2020 color gamut.[9][10][11] QD-OLED and QD-LED displays can achieve the same contrast as OLED/MicroLED displays with "perfect" black levels in the off state, unlike LED-backlit LCDs.

## Contents

* 1 Working principle
* 1.1 Quantum dot enhancement layer
* 1.2 Quantum dot color converter
* 1.2.1 QNED
* 1.3 Self-emissive quantum dot diodes
* 2 Optical properties of quantum dots
* 3 Fabrication process
* 3.1 Phase separation
* 3.2 Contact printing
* 4 Comparison
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Working principle

Samsung QLED TV 8K - 75 inches

The idea of using quantum dots as a light source emerged in the 1990s. Early applications included imaging using QD infrared photodetectors, light emitting diodes and single-color light emitting devices.[12] Starting in the early 2000s, scientists started to realize the potential of developing quantum dots for light sources and displays.[13]

QDs are either photo-emissive (photoluminescent) or electro-emissive (electroluminescent) allowing them to be readily incorporated into new emissive display architectures.[14] Quantum dots naturally produce monochromatic light, so they are more efficient than white light sources when color filtered and allow more saturated colors that reach nearly 100% of Rec. 2020 color gamut.[10][11][9]

### Quantum dot enhancement layer

A widespread practical application is using quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF) layer to improve the LED backlighting in LCD TVs. Light from a blue LED backlight is converted by QDs to relatively pure red and green, so that this combination of blue, green and red light incurs less blue-green crosstalk and light absorption in the color filters after the LCD screen, thereby increasing useful light throughput and providing a better color gamut.

The first manufacturer shipping TVs of this kind was Sony in 2013 as Triluminos, Sony's trademark for the technology.[15] At the Consumer Electronics Show 2015, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, TCL Corporation and Sony showed QD-enhanced LED-backlighting of LCD TVs.[16][17][18] At the CES 2017, Samsung rebranded their 'SUHD' TVs as 'QLED'; later in April 2017, Samsung formed the QLED Alliance with Hisense and TCL to produce and market QD-enhanced TVs.[19][20]

Quantum dot on glass (QDOG) replaces QD film with a thin QD layer coated on top of the light-guide plate (LGP), reducing costs and improving efficiency.[21][22]

Traditional white LED backlights that use blue LEDs with on-chip or on-rail red-green QD structures are being researched, though high operating temperatures negatively affect their lifespan.[23][24]

### Quantum dot color converter

QD color converter (QDCC) LED-backlit LCDs would use QD film or ink-printed QD layer with red/green sub-pixel patterned (i.e. aligned to precisely match the red and green subpixels) quantum dots to produce pure red/green light; blue subpixels can be transparent to pass through the pure blue LED backlight, or can be made with blue patterned quantum dots in case of UV-LED backlight. This configuration effectively replaces passive color filters, which incur substantial losses by filtering out 2/3 of passing light, with photo-emissive QD structures, improving power efficiency and/or peak brightness, and enhancing color purity.[23][25][26] Because quantum dots depolarize the light, output polarizer (the analyzer) needs to be moved behind the color converter and embedded in-cell of the LCD glass; this would improve viewing angles as well. In-cell arrangement of the analyzer and/or the polarizer would also reduce depolarization effects in the LC layer, increasing contrast ratio. To reduce self-excitement of QD film and to improve efficiency, the ambient light can be blocked using traditional color filters, and reflective polarizers can direct light from the QDCC towards the viewer. As only blue or UV light passes through the liquid crystal layer, it can be made thinner, resulting in faster pixel response times.[25][27]

Nanosys made presentations of their photo-emissive color converter technology during 2017; commercial products were expected by 2019, though in-cell polarizer remained a major challenge.[28][19][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] As of December 2019, issues with in-cell polarizer remain unresolved and no LCDs with QD color converter appeared on the market since then.[36]

QD color converters can be used with OLED or micro-LED panels, improving their efficiency and color gamut.[21][35][37][38] QD-OLED panels with blue emitters and red-green color converters are researched by Samsung and TCL; as of May 2019, Samsung intends to start production in 2021.[39][40][41][42][43][44] In October 2019, Samsung Display announced an investment of $10.8 billion in both research and production, with the aim to convert all their 8G panel factories to QD-OLED production during 2019–2025.[45][46][47][48] Samsung Display presented 55" and 65" QD-OLED panels at CES 2022, with TVs from Samsung Electronics and Sony to be released later in 2022.[49] QD-OLED displays show better color volume, covering 90% of Rec.2020 color gamut with peak brightness of 1500 nits, while current OLED and LCD TVs cover 70–75% of Rec.2020 (95–100% of DCI-P3).[50][51][52]

#### QNED

A further development of QD-OLED displays is quantum dot nanorod emitting diode (QNED) display[53] which replaces blue OLED layer with InGaN/GaN blue nanorod LEDs. Nanorods have a larger emitting surface compared to planar LED, allowing increased efficiency and higher light emission. Nanorod solution is ink-printed on the substrate, then subpixels are aligned in-place by electric current, and QD color convertors are placed on top of red/green subpixels.[54][55] Samsung Display was expected to begin test production of QNED panels in 2021,[56] [53] with mass production in 2024-2025, but test production has been postponed as of May 2022.[57][58]

Starting in 2021 LG Electronics introduced a series of TVs branded as "QNED Mini LED". These TVs are based on LCD displays with mini LED backlighting and don't use self-emissive technologies.[59] LG explains that the acronym "QNED" in their case stands for "Quantum Nano-Emitting Diode".[60] The following year LG launched "QNED" TVs that don't use mini LED technology but still rely on LCD technology.

### Self-emissive quantum dot diodes

Self-emissive quantum dot displays will use electroluminescent QD nanoparticles functioning as Quantum-dot-based LEDs (QD-LEDs or QLEDs) arranged in either active matrix or passive matrix array. Rather than requiring a separate LED backlight for illumination and TFT LCD to control the brightness of color primaries, these QLED displays would natively control the light emitted by individual color subpixels,[61] greatly reducing pixel response times by eliminating the liquid crystal layer. This technology has also been called true QLED display,[62] and Electroluminescent quantum dots (ELQD, QDLE, QDEL, EL-QLED).[63][64]

The structure of a QD-LED is similar to the basic design of an OLED. The major difference is that the light emitting devices are quantum dots, such as cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals. A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting organic materials. An applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer, where they are captured in the quantum dot and recombine, emitting photons.[13][65] The demonstrated color gamut from QD-LEDs exceeds the performance of both LCD and OLED display technologies.[10][11][9] To realize all-QD LED, the challenge that should be overcome is the currently poor electrical conduction in the emitting QD layers.[66][67]

Mass production of active-matrix QLED displays using ink-jet printing is expected to begin in 2020–2021.[68][69][70][34][35] As cadmium-based materials cannot be used in lighting applications due to their environmental impact,[71] InP (indium phosphide) ink-jet solutions are being researched by Nanosys, Nanoco, Nanophotonica, OSRAM OLED, Fraunhofer IAP, Merck, and Seoul National University, among others.[33][72][73] As of 2019, InP based materials are still not yet ready for commercial production due to limited lifetime.[74]

## Optical properties of quantum dots

Performance of QDs is determined by the size and/or composition of the QD structures. Unlike simple atomic structures, a quantum dot structure has the unusual property that energy levels are strongly dependent on the structure's size. For example, CdSe quantum dot light emission can be tuned from red (5 nm diameter) to the violet region (1.5 nm dot). The physical reason for QD coloration is the quantum confinement effect and is directly related to their energy levels. The bandgap energy that determines the energy (and hence color) of the fluorescent light is inversely proportional to the square of the size of quantum dot. Larger QDs have more energy levels that are more closely spaced, allowing the QD to emit (or absorb) photons of lower energy (redder color). In other words, the emitted photon energy increases as the dot size decreases, because greater energy is required to confine the semiconductor excitation to a smaller volume.[75]

Newer quantum dot structures employ indium instead of cadmium, as the latter is not exempted for use in lighting by the European Commission RoHS directive,[23][76] and also because of cadmium's toxicity.

QD-LEDs are characterized by pure and saturated emission colors with narrow bandwidth, with FWHM (full width at half maximum) in the range of 20–40 nm.[13][25] Their emission wavelength is easily tuned by changing the size of the quantum dots. Moreover, QD-LED offer high color purity and durability combined with the efficiency, flexibility, and low processing cost of comparable organic light-emitting devices. QD-LED structure can be tuned over the entire visible wavelength range from 460 nm (blue) to 650 nm (red) (the human eye can detect light from 380 to 750 nm). The emission wavelengths have been continuously extended to UV and NIR range by tailoring the chemical composition of the QDs and device structure.[77][78]

## Fabrication process

Quantum dots are solution processable and suitable for wet processing techniques. The two major fabrication techniques for QD-LED are called phase separation and contact-printing.[79]

### Phase separation

Phase separation is suitable for forming large-area ordered QD monolayers. A single QD layer is formed by spin casting a mixed solution of QD and an organic semiconductor such as TPD (N,N′-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine). This process simultaneously yields QD monolayers self-assembled into hexagonally close-packed arrays and places this monolayer on top of a co-deposited contact. During solvent drying, the QDs phase separate from the organic under-layer material (TPD) and rise towards the film's surface. The resulting QD structure is affected by many parameters: solution concentration, solvent ration, QD size distribution and QD aspect ratio. Also important is QD solution and organic solvent purity.[80]

Although phase separation is relatively simple, it is not suitable for display device applications. Since spin-casting does not allow lateral patterning of different sized QDs (RGB), phase separation cannot create a multi-color QD-LED. Moreover, it is not ideal to have an organic under-layer material for a QD-LED; an organic under-layer must be homogeneous, a constraint which limits the number of applicable device designs.

### Contact printing

The contact printing process for forming QD thin films is a solvent-free water-based suspension method, which is simple and cost efficient with high throughput. During the process, the device structure is not exposed to solvents. Since charge transport layers in QD-LED structures are solvent-sensitive organic thin films, avoiding solvent during the process is a major benefit. This method can produce RGB patterned electroluminescent structures with 1000 ppi (pixels-per-inch) resolution.[11]

The overall process of contact printing:

* Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is molded using a silicon master.
* Top side of resulting PDMS stamp is coated with a thin film of Parylene-c, a chemical-vapor deposited (CVD) aromatic organic polymer.
* Parylene-c coated stamp is inked via spin-casting of a solution of colloidal QDs suspended in an organic solvent.[contradictory]
* After the solvent evaporates, the formed QD monolayer is transferred to the substrate by contact printing.

The array of quantum dots is manufactured by self-assembly in a process known as spin casting: a solution of quantum dots in an organic material is poured onto a substrate, which is then set spinning to spread the solution evenly.

Contact printing allows fabrication of multi-color QD-LEDs. A QD-LED was fabricated with an emissive layer consisting of 25-µm wide stripes of red, green and blue QD monolayers. Contact printing methods also minimize the amount of QD required, reducing costs.[11]

## Comparison

Nanocrystal displays would render as much as a 30% increase in the visible spectrum, while using 30 to 50% less power than LCDs, in large part because nanocrystal displays would not need backlighting. QD LEDs are 50–100 times brighter than CRT and LC displays, emitting 40,000 nits (cd/m2). QDs are dispersable in both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, which provides for printable and flexible displays of all sizes, including large area TVs. QDs can be inorganic, offering the potential for improved lifetimes compared to OLED (however, since many parts of QD-LED are often made of organic materials, further development is required to improve the functional lifetime.) In addition to OLED displays, pick-and-place microLED displays are emerging as competing technologies to nanocrystal displays. Samsung has developed a method for making self-emissive quantum dot diodes with a lifetime of 1 million hours.[81]

Other advantages include better saturated green colors, manufacturability on polymers, thinner display and the use of the same material to generate different colors.

One disadvantage is that blue quantum dots require highly precise timing control during the reaction, because blue quantum dots are just slightly above the minimum size. Since sunlight contains roughly equal luminosities of red, green and blue across the entire spectrum, a display also needs to produce roughly equal luminosities of red, green and blue to achieve pure white as defined by CIE Standard Illuminant D65. However, the blue component in the display can have relatively lower color purity and/or precision (dynamic range) in comparison to green and red, because the human eye is three to five times less sensitive to blue in daylight conditions according to CIE luminosity function.

In contrast to traditional LCD panels, QDs suffer from the same screen burn-in effect as OLED panels.

## See also

* Bandwidth (signal processing)
* Electron hole
* Energy level
* Nanotechnology
* Organic light-emitting diode
* Potential well
* Quantum dot
* Spectral linewidth

## Notes

1. ↑ Up to the specified bandwidth, which is in turn a function of the dispersity of the quantum dots.

## References

1. ↑ Mu-Hyun, Cho. "Samsung researching quantum dot on MicroLED TVs". https://www.zdnet.com/article/samsung-researching-quantum-dot-on-microled-tvs/.
2. ↑ "StackPath". 8 January 2019. https://www.laserfocusworld.com/detectors-imaging/article/16566879/quantum-dots-shrink-microled-pixels-by-87.
3. ↑ "Quantum Dots to Shrink MicroLED Display Pixels". 11 January 2019. https://www.eetimes.com/quantum-dots-to-shrink-microled-display-pixels/.
4. ↑ Quantum-dot displays could outshine their rivals, New Scientist, 10 December 2007
5. ↑ "Quantum Dot Electroluminescence". http://www.evidenttech.com/applications/displays.html.
6. ↑ Bullis, Kevin (1 May 2006). "Nanocrystal Displays". https://www.technologyreview.com/s/405755/nanocrystal-displays/.
7. ↑ www.etnews.com (2016-10-18). "Next Samsung Electronics' QLED TV's Name to Be SUHD QLED TV". http://english.etnews.com/20161018200003.
8. ↑ "How QLED TV could help Samsung finally beat LG's OLEDs". 30 June 2016. https://www.cnet.com/news/how-qled-tv-could-help-samsung-finally-beat-lgs-oleds/.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Society for Information Display, Digest of Technical Papers (2019-04-09). Next‐Generation Display Technology: Quantum‐Dot LEDs. doi:10.1002/sdtp.10276.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Ruidong Zhu, Zhenyue Luo, Haiwei Chen, Yajie Dong, and Shin-Tson Wu. Realizing Rec. 2020 color gamut with quantum dot displays. Optics Express, Vol. 23, No. 18 (2015). DOI:10.1364/OE.23.023680
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Kim, LeeAnn; Anikeeva, Polina O.; Coe-Sullivan, Seth; Steckel, Jonathan S. et al. (2008). "Contact Printing of Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Devices". Nano Letters 8 (12): 4513–4517. doi:10.1021/nl8025218. PMID 19053797. Bibcode: 2008NanoL...8.4513K.
12. ↑ R. Victor; K. Irina (2000). Brown, Gail J; Razeghi, Manijeh. eds. "Electron and photon effects in imaging devices utilizing quantum dot infrared photodetectors and light emitting diodes". Proceedings of SPIE. Photodetectors: Materials and Devices V 3948: 206–219. doi:10.1117/12.382121. Bibcode: 2000SPIE.3948..206R.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 P. Anikeeva; J. Halpert; M. Bawendi; V. Bulovic (2009). "Quantum dot light-emitting deices with electroluminescence tunable over the entire visible spectrum". Nano Letters 9 (7): 2532–2536. doi:10.1021/nl9002969. PMID 19514711. Bibcode: 2009NanoL...9.2532A.
14. ↑ "Display – Nanoco Technologies". http://www.nanocotechnologies.com/content/CommercialApplications/QDDisplays.aspx.
15. ↑ "SONY ANNOUNCES 2013 BRAVIA TVS | Sony". 8 March 2013. https://blog.sony.com/press/sony-announces-2013-bravia-tvs/.
16. ↑ "Full Page Reload". 7 January 2015. https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/consumer-electronics/audiovideo/ces-2015-placing-bets-on-the-new-tv-technologies.
17. ↑ "LG leaps quantum dot rivals with new TV". 16 December 2014. http://www.cnet.com/news/lg-leaps-quantum-dot-rivals-with-new-tv/.
18. ↑ "Ultra-slim LCDs and quantum-dots enhanced LEDs enter the market – OLED-Info". https://www.oled-info.com/ultra-slim-lcds-and-quantum-dots-enhanced-leds-enter-market.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Samsung, Hisense & TCL form 'QLED Alliance' to take on OLED – FlatpanelsHD". http://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1493202792.
20. ↑ "QLED Alliance Kicks Off in Beijing". 18 April 2017. http://www.nanosysinc.com/dot-color-archive/2017/4/18/welcome-to-the-qled-era.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Hartlove, Jason. "Quantum Dots Moving to the Mainstream". https://nccavs-usergroups.avs.org/wp-content/uploads/TFUG2017/TFUG917-1-Hartlove-Rev1.pdf.
22. ↑ "Is QDOG the Future of LCD TV?". https://www.displaysupplychain.com/blog/is-qdog-the-future-of-lcd-tv.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Quantum Dots: Solution for a Wider Color Gamut". https://pid.samsungdisplay.com/en/learning-center/white-papers/quantum-dot-technology.
24. ↑ Sturgeon, Shane. "HDTV Expert – Three Premium 2017 LCD-TVs Plot Different Paths to Enhanced Performance". http://hdtvmagazine.com/columns/2017/05/hdtv-expert-three-premium-2017-lcdtvs-plot-different-paths-to-enhanced-performance.php.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Haiwei Chen, Juan He, and Shin-Tson Wu. Recent advances on quantum-dot-enhanced liquid crystal displays. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Vol. 23, No. 5 (2017). DOI 10.1109/JSTQE.2017.2649466
26. ↑ Werner, Ken (2017-05-25). "DisplayDaily". https://www.displaydaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51888:the-next-step-for-quantum-dots&catid=152:display-daily.
27. ↑ H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu. Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays. Optics Express 25 (10), 11315-11328 (2017). DOI 10.1364/OE.25.011315
28. ↑ "Nanosys Quantum Dots at CES 2017 - AVSForum.com". 12 January 2017. http://www.avsforum.com/nanosys-quantum-dots-at-ces-2017/.
29. ↑ "Nanosys Details the Future of Quantum Dots". 19 June 2017. https://www.insightmedia.info/nanosys-details-the-future-of-quantum-dots/.
30. ↑ "SID Display Week 2017 – Thank You!". http://www.nanosysinc.com/dot-color-archive/2017/6/14/sid-display-week-2017-overlook.
31. ↑ "Nanosys Honored for Hyperion Quantum Dot Technology at Display Week". https://www.printedelectronicsnow.com/contents/view_online-exclusives/2017-06-14/nanosys-honored-for-hyperion-quantum-dot-technology-at-display-week/.
32. ↑ Werner, Ken (2017-12-07). "Beginning of the End for the Color Matrix Filter?". https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/beginning-of-the-end-for-the-color-matrix-filter.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Palomaki, Peter (2018-04-05). "What's Next for Quantum Dots?". https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/what-s-next-for-quantum-dots.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Dash, Sweta (2018-05-07). "Future of Quantum Dot Display: Niche or Mainstream?". https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/future-of-quantum-dot-display-niche-or-mainstream.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Nanosys Quantum-Dot Update at CES 2018 - AVSForum.com". 20 January 2018. https://www.avsforum.com/nanosys-quantum-dot-update-ces-2018/.
36. ↑ "Top Trends in Quantum Dots at SID Display Week 2019 – Part 1". 17 June 2019. https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/top-trends-in-quantum-dots-at-sid-display-week-2019-part-1.
37. ↑ "OLED Materials Report Brings New Insight on QD OLEDs". https://www.displaysupplychain.com/blog/oled-materials-report-brings-new-insight-on-qd-oleds.
38. ↑ "ETNews: SDC is building a QD-OLED TV pilot production line | OLED-Info". https://www.oled-info.com/etnews-sdc-building-qd-oled-tv-pilot-production-line.
39. ↑ "Samsung: We are developing QD-OLED displays – FlatpanelsHD". https://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1540893960.
40. ↑ "Samsung Display Accelerating Plans to Shift to QD OLED". November 2018. https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/samsung-display-accelerating-plans-to-shift-to-qd-oled.
41. ↑ "More details emerge on Samsung's QD-OLED TV Plans | OLED-Info". https://www.oled-info.com/more-details-emerge-samsungs-qd-oled-tv-plans.
42. ↑ "Archived copy". http://informationdisplay.org/id-archive/2018/november-december/frontlinetechnologyanewfrontier/elq_mid/32390/elq_cid/10298534.
43. ↑ "TCL is developing hybrid QD-OLED display technology | OLED-Info". https://www.oled-info.com/tcl-developing-hybrid-qd-oled-display-technology.
44. ↑ Herald, The Korea (18 August 2019). "Samsung Display CEO affirms QD-OLED efforts". http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190818000183.
45. ↑ "Samsung Display formally announces its $10.8 billion investment in QD-OLED TV production | OLED-Info". https://www.oled-info.com/samsung-display-formally-announces-its-108-billion-investment-qd-oled-tv.
46. ↑ Manners, David (11 October 2019). "Samsung to put $11bn into QD-OLED". https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/samsung-put-11bn-qd-oled-2019-10/.
47. ↑ "Top Trends in Quantum Dots at SID Display Week 2019 – Part 2". 26 June 2019. https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/top-trends-in-quantum-dots-at-sid-display-week-2019-part-2.
48. ↑ "Samsung Looking Beyond QD OLED". 28 November 2019. https://displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/samsung-looking-beyond-qd-oled.
49. ↑ "Samsung says its new quantum dot TV tech boosts image quality over regular OLED displays". https://www.cnet.com/tech/home-entertainment/samsung-qd-oled-tv-tech-explained-welcome-quantum-dot-era/.
50. ↑ "Samsung Display's new QD-OLED panel can hit 1,000 nits brightness for improved HDR". 10 January 2022. https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/10/22876061/samsung-qd-oled-quantum-dot-tv-panels-sgs-certification-brightness-color-viewing-angles.
51. ↑ "[Press Release] Samsung QD-Display Globally Certified by SGS for Outstanding Picture Quality". https://www.samsungdisplay.com/eng/media/news/detail/ssdsNews-220110.jsp.
52. ↑ "Our TV Picture Quality Tests: Color Gamut". https://www.rtings.com/tv/tests/picture-quality/wide-color-gamut-rec-709-dci-p3-rec-2020.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Samsung's Quantum Dot successor, QNED, could enter production in 2021". 16 July 2020. https://www.sammobile.com/news/samsung-quantum-dot-successor-qned-production-2021/.
54. ↑ "Are Quantum Nano Emitting Diodes (QNEDs) the Next Big Thing?". 8 April 2020. https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/are-quantum-nano-emitting-diodes-qneds-the-next-big-thing.
55. ↑ "Are Quantum Nano Emitting Diodes (QNEDs) the Next Big Thing? - Display Supply Chain Consultants". https://www.displaysupplychain.com/blog/are-quantum-nano-emitting-diodes-qneds-the-next-big-thing.
56. ↑ "Samsung's revolutionary QNED tech ready for mass production: Report". 16 November 2020. https://www.sammobile.com/news/samsung-revolutionary-qned-tech-mass-production-ready-report.
57. ↑ "Samsung Display delays installment of pilot line for QNED". 12 May 2022. https://www.thelec.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=4032.
58. ↑ "Channelnews : New Samsung LG Premium Display War, Nanorod QLED Tipped to be Superior to OLED". https://www.channelnews.com.au/new-samsung-lg-premium-display-war-nanorod-qled-tipped-to-be-superior-to-oled/.
59. ↑ Abella, Reycarlo (24 February 2023). "What Is QNED Explained: How It Compares To QLED & OLED". https://screenrant.com/qned-qled-oled-tv-display-explained-comparison/.
60. ↑ "Mini LED vs. OLED: comparing the top TV technology". https://www.lg.com/uk/lg-experience/lg-lab/mini-led-vs-oled/.
61. ↑ "What is QLED? Demystifying the future of TV tech – Trusted Reviews". 9 June 2016. http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/what-is-qled-the-future-of-tv-tech-explained#s3WOjf6fzwFBPchs.99.
62. ↑ Palomaki, Peter (2018-04-05). "What's Next for Quantum Dots?". https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/what-s-next-for-quantum-dots. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
63. ↑ Johnson, Dexter (2017-11-21). "Nanosys Wants Printing Quantum Dot Displays to be as Cheap as Printing a T-Shirt". https://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/devices/printing-quantum-dot-displays-could-be-as-cheap-as-printing-a-tshirt.
64. ↑ "Peter Palomaki: The Evolution of Quantum Dot Technology". 2018-05-24. https://pid.samsungdisplay.com/en/learning-center/blog/palomaki-on-the-evolution-of-quantum-dot-technology.
65. ↑ Seth Coe; Wing-Keung Woo; Moungi Bawendi; Vladimir Bulovic (2002). "Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices". Nature 420 (6917): 800–803. doi:10.1038/nature01217. PMID 12490945. Bibcode: 2002Natur.420..800C.
66. ↑ Kim, Jaehoon; Roh, Jeongkyun; Park, Myoungjin; Lee, Changhee (2023-02-28). "Recent Advances and Challenges of Colloidal Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes for Display Applications" (in en). Advanced Materials: 2212220. doi:10.1002/adma.202212220. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 36853911. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202212220.
67. ↑ Septianto, Ricky Dwi; Miranti, Retno; Kikitsu, Tomoka; Hikima, Takaaki; Hashizume, Daisuke; Matsushita, Nobuhiro; Iwasa, Yoshihiro; Bisri, Satria Zulkarnaen (2023-05-26). "Enabling metallic behaviour in two-dimensional superlattice of semiconductor colloidal quantum dots" (in en). Nature Communications 14 (1): 2670. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38216-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 37236922. Bibcode: 2023NatCo..14.2670S.
68. ↑ Taipei, Jessie Lin, DIGITIMES Research (7 November 2016). "Digitimes Research: Samsung Electronics developing QD technology toward QLED". http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20161031PD203.html.
69. ↑ "CPT aims to start mass producing QD-LED displays within 2 years – OLED-Info". https://www.oled-info.com/cpt-aims-start-mass-producing-qd-led-displays-within-2-years.
70. ↑ "Digitimes Research: Samsung will begin QLED TV production in 2019 – OLED-Info". https://www.oled-info.com/digitimes-research-samsung-will-begin-qled-tv-production-2019.
71. ↑ Herald, The Korea (18 November 2014). "Quantum dot is no game changer: Merck". http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20141118000897.
72. ↑ "Merck leads a new consortium to develop quantum materials for light emission – OLED-Info". https://www.oled-info.com/merck-leads-new-consortium-develop-quantum-materials-light-emission.
73. ↑ Palomaki, Peter (2018-09-17). "Germany Pushing the Boundaries of EL QLED with Consortium". https://www.displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/germany-pushing-the-boundaries-of-el-qled-with-consortium.
74. ↑ Palomaki, Peter (23 December 2019). "Bright. Long Lasting. Cd-Free. What Else Could You Want from EL-QLED?". https://displaydaily.com/article/display-daily/bright-long-lasting-cd-free-what-else-could-you-want-from-el-qled.
75. ↑ Saleh, Bahaa E. A.; Teich, Malvin Carl (5 February 2013). Fundamentals of Photonics. Wiley. p. 498. ISBN 978-1-118-58581-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qfeosgu08u8C.
76. ↑ Ltd, SPIE Europe. "EU report sends mixed message on cadmium quantum dots". http://optics.org/news/7/6/8.
77. ↑ Kwak, Jeonghun; Lim, Jaehoon; Park, Myeongjin; Lee, Seonghoon; Char, Kookheon; Lee, Changhee (2015-06-10). "High-Power Genuine Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes Based On Colloidal Nanocrystal Quantum Dots". Nano Letters 15 (6): 3793–3799. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00392. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 25961530. Bibcode: 2015NanoL..15.3793K.
78. ↑ Supran, Geoffrey J.; Song, Katherine W.; Hwang, Gyu Weon; Correa, Raoul E.; Scherer, Jennifer; Dauler, Eric A.; Shirasaki, Yasuhiro; Bawendi, Moungi G. et al. (2015-02-01). "High-Performance Shortwave-Infrared Light-Emitting Devices Using Core–Shell (PbS–CdS) Colloidal Quantum Dots" (in en). Advanced Materials 27 (8): 1437–1442. doi:10.1002/adma.201404636. ISSN 1521-4095. PMID 25639896. Bibcode: 2015AdM....27.1437S.
79. ↑ Coe-Sullivan, Seth; Steckel, Jonathan S.; Kim, LeeAnn; Bawendi, Moungi G. et al. (2005). Stockman, Steve A; Yao, H. Walter; Schubert, E. Fred. eds. "Method for fabrication of saturated RGB quantum dot light emitting devices". Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging. Light-Emitting Diodes: Research, Manufacturing, and Applications IX 5739: 108–115. doi:10.1117/12.590708. Bibcode: 2005SPIE.5739..108C.
80. ↑ Coe-Sullivan, Seth; Steckel, Jonathan S.; Woo, Wing-Keung; Bawendi, Moungi G. et al. (2005). "Large-Area Ordered Quantum Dot Monolayers via Phase Separation During Spin-Casting". Advanced Functional Materials 15 (7): 1117–1124. doi:10.1002/adfm.200400468. http://www.rle.mit.edu/organic/documents/LargeAreaQDMonolayers-AdvFuncMater2005.pdf. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
81. ↑ "Samsung develops method for self-emissive QLED | ZDNet". https://www.zdnet.com/google-amp/article/samsung-develops-method-for-self-emissive-qled/.

## External links

* Quantum Dots: Technical Status and Market Prospects
* Quantum dots that produce white light could be the light bulb’s successor

* v
* t
* e

Display technology

Video displays|

| Current
generation|

* Eidophor
* Electroluminescent display (ELD)
* Electronic paper
* E Ink
* Gyricon
* Light emitting diode display (LED)
* Cathode-ray tube (CRT) (Monoscope)
* Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
* TFT
* TN
* LED
* Blue Phase
* IPS
* Plasma display panel (PDP)
* ALiS
* Digital Light Processing (DLP)
* Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS)

|

Next
generation|

* Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
* AMOLED
* microLED
* Organic light-emitting transistor (OLET)
* Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED)
* Field emission display (FED)
* Laser TV
* Quantum dot
* Liquid crystal
* MEMS display
* IMoD
* TMOS
* Quantum dot display (QD-LED)
* Ferro liquid crystal display (FLCD)
* Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology (TDEL)
* Telescopic pixel display (TPD)
* Laser-powered phosphor display (LPD)

Non-video|

* Electromechanical
* Flip-dot
* Split-flap
* Vane
* Eggcrate
* Fiber optic
* Nixie tube
* Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)
* Light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC)
* Lightguide display
* Dot-matrix display
* Seven-segment display (SSD)
* Nine-segment display
* Fourteen-segment display (FSD)
* Sixteen-segment display (SISD)

3D display|

* Stereoscopic
* Autostereoscopic
* Multiscopic
* Hologram
* Holographic display
* Computer-generated holography
* Volumetric
* Musion Eyeliner
* Fog display

Static media|

* Jumbotron
* Movie projector
* Neon sign
* Destination sign
* Slide projector
* Transparency
* Laser beam

Display capabilities|

* EDID
* CEA-861
* DisplayID

Related articles|

* History of display technology
* Large-screen television technology
* Optimum HDTV viewing distance
* High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI)
* Color Light Output
* Flexible display

Comparison of display technology

* v
* t
* e

Emerging technologies

Fields|

| Agriculture|

* Agricultural robot
* Cellular agriculture
* Closed ecological systems
* Cultured meat
* Genetically modified food
* Precision agriculture
* Vertical farming

|

Architecture|

* Arcology
* Building printing
* Contour crafting
* Domed city

Biomedical|

* Artificial uterus
* Ampakine
* Brain transplant
* Cryonics
* Cryoprotectant
* Cryopreservation
* Vitrification
* Suspended animation
* De-extinction
* Genetic engineering
* Gene therapy
* Head transplant
* Isolated brain
* Life extension
* Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence
* Nanomedicine
* Nanosensors
* Organ printing
* Personalized medicine
* Regenerative medicine
* Stem-cell therapy
* Tissue engineering
* Robot-assisted surgery
* Synthetic biology
* Synthetic genomics
* Virotherapy
* Oncolytic virus
* Tricorder
* Whole genome sequencing

Displays|

| Next generation|

* FED
* FLCD
* iMoD
* Laser
* LPD
* OLED
* OLET
* QD-LED
* SED
* TPD
* TDEL
* TMOS
* MicroLED

|

Screenless|

* Bionic contact lens
* Head-mounted display
* Head-up display
* Optical head-mounted display
* Virtual retinal display

Other|

* Autostereoscopy
* Flexible display
* Holographic display
* Computer-generated holography
* Multi-primary color display
* Ultra HD
* Volumetric display

Electronics|

* Electronic nose
* E-textiles
* Flexible electronics
* Molecular electronics
* Nanoelectromechanical systems
* Memristor
* Spintronics
* Thermal copper pillar bump
* Twistronics

Energy|

| Production|

* Airborne wind turbine
* Artificial photosynthesis
* Biofuels
* Carbon-neutral fuel
* Concentrated solar power
* Fusion power
* Home fuel cell
* Hydrogen economy
* Methanol economy
* Molten salt reactor
* Nantenna
* Photovoltaic pavement
* Space-based solar power
* Vortex engine

|

Storage|

* Beltway battery
* Compressed air energy storage
* Flywheel energy storage
* Grid energy storage
* Lithium–air battery
* Molten-salt battery
* Nanowire battery
* Research in lithium-ion batteries
* Silicon–air battery
* Thermal energy storage
* Ultracapacitor

Other|

* Smart grid
* Wireless power

Information and
communications

* Ambient intelligence
* Internet of things
* Artificial intelligence
* Applications of artificial intelligence
* Progress in artificial intelligence
* Machine translation
* Mobile translation
* Machine vision
* Semantic Web
* Speech recognition
* Atomtronics
* Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
* Cybermethodology
* Fourth-generation optical discs
* 3D optical data storage
* Holographic data storage
* GPGPU
* Memory
* CBRAM
* FRAM
* Millipede
* MRAM
* NRAM
* PRAM
* Racetrack memory
* RRAM
* SONOS
* Optical computing
* RFID
* Chipless RFID
* Software-defined radio
* Three-dimensional integrated circuit

Manufacturing|

* 3D printing
* Claytronics
* Molecular assembler
* Utility fog

Materials science|

* Aerogel
* Amorphous metal
* Artificial muscle
* Conductive polymer
* Femtotechnology
* Fullerene
* Graphene
* High-temperature superconductivity
* High-temperature superfluidity
* Linear acetylenic carbon
* Metamaterials
* Metamaterial cloaking
* Metal foam
* Multi-function structures
* Nanotechnology
* Carbon nanotubes
* Molecular nanotechnology
* Nanomaterials
* Picotechnology
* Programmable matter
* Quantum dots
* Silicene
* Superalloy
* Synthetic diamond

Military|

* Antimatter weapon
* Caseless ammunition
* Directed-energy weapon
* Laser
* Maser
* Particle-beam weapon
* Sonic weapon
* Coilgun
* Railgun
* Plasma weapon
* Pure fusion weapon
* Stealth technology
* Vortex ring gun

Neuroscience|

* Artificial brain
* Brain–computer interface
* Electroencephalography
* Mind uploading
* Brain-reading
* Neuroinformatics
* Neuroprosthetics
* Bionic eye
* Brain implant
* Exocortex
* Retinal implant

Quantum|

* Quantum algorithms
* Quantum amplifier
* Quantum bus
* Quantum channel
* Quantum circuit
* Quantum complexity theory
* Quantum computing
* Quantum cryptography
* Quantum dynamics
* Quantum electronics
* Quantum error correction
* Quantum imaging
* Quantum information
* Quantum key distribution
* Quantum logic
* Quantum logic gates
* Quantum machine
* Quantum machine learning
* Quantum metamaterial
* Quantum metrology
* Quantum network
* Quantum neural network
* Quantum optics
* Quantum programming
* Quantum sensing
* Quantum simulator
* Quantum teleportation

Robotics|

* Domotics
* Nanorobotics
* Powered exoskeleton
* Self-reconfiguring modular robot
* Swarm robotics
* Uncrewed vehicle

Space science|

| Launch|

* Fusion rocket
* Non-rocket spacelaunch
* Mass driver
* Orbital ring
* Skyhook
* Space elevator
* Space fountain
* Space tether
* Reusable launch system

|

Propulsion|

* Beam-powered propulsion
* Ion thruster
* Laser propulsion
* Plasma propulsion engine
* Helicon thruster
* VASIMR
* Nuclear pulse propulsion
* Solar sail

Other|

* Interstellar travel
* Propellant depot
* Laser communication in space

Transport|

| Aerial|

* Adaptive compliant wing
* Backpack helicopter
* Delivery drone
* Flying car
* High-altitude platform
* Jet pack
* Pulse detonation engine
* Scramjet
* Spaceplane
* Supersonic transport

|

Land|

* Airless tire
* Alternative fuel vehicle
* Hydrogen vehicle
* Driverless car
* Ground effect train
* Hyperloop
* Maglev train
* Personal rapid transit
* Transit Elevated Bus
* Vactrain
* Vehicular communication systems

Pipeline|

* Pneumatic transport
* Automated vacuum collection

Other|

* Anti-gravity
* Cloak of invisibility
* Digital scent technology
* Force field
* Plasma window
* Immersive virtual reality
* Magnetic refrigeration
* Phased-array optics

Topics|

* Collingridge dilemma
* Differential technological development
* Disruptive Innovation
* Ephemeralization
* Exploratory engineering
* Fictional technology
* Proactionary principle
* Technological change
* Technological unemployment
* Technological convergence
* Technological evolution
* Technological paradigm
* Technology forecasting
* Accelerating change
* Moore's law
* Technological singularity
* Technology scouting
* Technology readiness level
* Technology roadmap
* Transhumanism

* Category
* List

* v
* t
* e

Quantum mechanics

Background|

* Introduction
* History
* timeline
* Glossary
* Classical mechanics
* Old quantum theory

Fundamentals|

* Bra–ket notation
* Casimir effect
* Complementarity
* Density matrix
* Energy level
* ground state
* excited state
* degenerate levels
* Vacuum state
* Zero-point energy
* QED vacuum
* QCD vacuum
* Hamiltonian
* Operator
* Quantum coherence
* Quantum decoherence
* Measurement
* Quantum
* Quantum realm
* Quantum system
* Quantum state
* Quantum number
* Quantum entanglement
* Quantum superposition
* Quantum nonlocality
* Quantum tunnelling
* Quantum levitation
* Quantum fluctuation
* Quantum annealing
* Quantum foam
* Quantum noise
* Heisenberg uncertainty principle
* Spontaneous parametric down-conversion
* Von Neumann entropy
* Spin
* Scattering theory
* Symmetry in quantum mechanics
* Symmetry breaking
* Spontaneous symmetry breaking
* Wave propagation
* Quantum interference
* Wave function
* Wave function collapse
* Wave–particle duality
* Matter wave
* Qubit
* Qutrit
* Observable
* Probability distribution

Formulations|

* Formulations
* Heisenberg
* Interaction
* Matrix mechanics
* Schrödinger
* Path integral formulation
* Phase space

Equations|

* Dirac
* Klein–Gordon
* Pauli
* Rydberg
* Schrödinger

Interpretations|

* Interpretations
* Bayesian
* Consistent histories
* Copenhagen
* de Broglie–Bohm
* Ensemble
* Hidden variables
* Many worlds
* Objective collapse
* Quantum logic
* Relational
* Stochastic
* Transactional
* Cosmological

Experiments|

* Afshar
* Bell's inequality
* Cold Atom Laboratory
* Davisson–Germer
* Delayed-choice quantum eraser
* Double-slit
* Franck–Hertz experiment
* Leggett–Garg inequality
* Mach-Zehnder inter.
* Elitzur–Vaidman
* Popper
* Quantum eraser
* Schrödinger's cat
* Quantum suicide and immortality
* Stern–Gerlach
* Wheeler's delayed choice

Science|

* Q-analog
* List
* Quantum algebra
* Quantum calculus
* Quantum differential calculus
* Quantum geometry
* Quantum group
* Quantum Bayesianism
* Quantum biology
* Quantum chemistry
* Quantum chaos
* Quantum cognition
* Quantum cosmology
* Quantum dynamics
* Quantum economics
* Quantum evolution
* Quantum finance
* Quantum game theory
* Quantum measurement problem
* Quantum mind
* Quantum probability
* Quantum social science
* Quantum stochastic calculus
* Quantum spacetime

Technology|

* Quantum algorithms
* Quantum amplifier
* Quantum cellular automata
* Quantum finite automata
* Quantum electronics
* Quantum logic gates
* Quantum clock
* Quantum channel
* Quantum bus
* Quantum circuit
* Phase qubit
* Matrix isolation
* Quantum dot
* Quantum dot display
* Quantum dot solar cell
* Quantum dot cellular automaton
* Quantum dot single-photon source
* Quantum dot laser
* Quantum well
* Quantum computing
* Timeline
* Quantum cryptography
* Post-quantum cryptography
* Quantum error correction
* Quantum imaging
* Quantum image processing
* Quantum information
* Quantum key distribution
* Quantum machine
* Quantum machine learning
* Quantum metamaterial
* Quantum metrology
* Quantum network
* Quantum neural network
* Quantum optics
* Quantum programming
* Quantum sensors
* Quantum simulator
* Quantum teleportation
* Quantum levitation
* Time travel
* Quantum complexity theory

Extensions|

* Quantum statistical mechanics
* Relativistic quantum mechanics
* Quantum field theory
* Axiomatic quantum field theory
* Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
* Thermal quantum field theory
* Topological quantum field theory
* Local quantum field theory
* Conformal field theory
* Two-dimensional conformal field theory
* Liouville field theory
* History
* Quantum gravity

* Category
* Physics Portal
* Physics WikiProject
* Commons

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum dot display. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Physics:Quantum_dot_display&oldid=3285547"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template