Tangerine

The tangerine is a type of citrus fruit that is orange in colour, that is considered either a variety of the mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), or a closely related species, under the name Citrus tangerina,[1][2][3] or yet as a hybrid (Citrus × tangerina) of mandarin orange varieties, with some pomelo contribution.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Taxonomy
* 3 Description
* 4 Production
* 5 Varieties
* 6 Nutrition
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Etymology

The word "tangerine" was originally an adjective meaning "of Tangier", a Moroccan seaport on the Strait of Gibraltar. The name was first used for fruit shipped from Tangier, described as a mandarin variety.[4] The OED cites this usage from Addison's The Tatler in 1710 with similar uses from the 1800s. The fruit was once known scientifically as "Citrus nobilis var. tangeriana"; it grew in the region of Tangiers. This usage appeared in the 1800s.[5]

## Taxonomy

File:Hybrid origins of Citrus.svgMany citrus fruits are hybrids.[6] The tangerine is either a variety of mandarin, or a hybrid of mandarin and pomelo.

Under the Tanaka classification system, Citrus tangerina is considered a separate species. Under the Swingle system, tangerines are considered a group of mandarin (C. reticulata) varieties.[7] Some differ only in disease resistance.[8] The term is also currently applied to any reddish-orange mandarin (and, in some jurisdictions, mandarin-like hybrids, including some tangors).[9][10]

## Description

Tangerines are smaller and less rounded than oranges. They taste less sour, as well as sweeter and stronger, than oranges do.[11] A ripe tangerine is firm to slightly soft, and pebbly-skinned with no deep grooves, as well as orange in color. The peel is thin, with little bitter white mesocarp.[12] All of these traits are shared by mandarins generally.

The peak tangerine season lasts from autumn to spring. Tangerines are most commonly peeled and eaten by hand. The fresh fruit is also used in salads, desserts and main dishes. The peel is used fresh or dried as a spice or zest for baking and drinks. Fresh tangerine juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States.

## Production

Tangerine production – 2021
(millions of tonnes)[13] China | 25.0

|

Spain | 2.0
Turkey | 1.8
Morocco | 1.2
Brazil | 1.08
United States | 1.05
Egypt | 1.0
World | 42.0

In 2021, world production of tangerines (including mandarins and clementines) was 42 million tonnes (46 million short tons), led by China with 60% of the total (table).

## Varieties

See also: Biology:Mandarin orange varieties

Tangerines were first grown and cultivated as a distinct crop in the Americas by a Major Atway in Palatka, Florida.[14] Atway was said to have imported them from Morocco (more specifically its third-largest city, the port of Tangier), which was the origin of the name. Major Atway sold his groves to N. H. Moragne in 1843, giving the Moragne tangerine the other part of its name.[15]

The Moragne tangerine produced a seedling which became one of the oldest and most popular American varieties, the Dancy tangerine (zipper-skin tangerine, kid-glove orange).[15] Genetic analysis has shown the parents of the Dancy to have been two mandarin orange hybrids each with a small pomelo contribution, a Ponkan mandarin orange and a second unidentified mandarin.[16] The Dancy is no longer widely commercially grown; it is too delicate to handle and ship well, it is susceptible to Alternaria fungus, and it bears more heavily in alternate years.[17][18] Dancys are still grown for personal consumption, and many hybrids of the Dancy are grown commercially.

Until the 1970s, the Dancy was the most widely grown tangerine in the United States;[19] the popularity of the fruit led to the term "tangerine" being broadly applied as a marketing name. Florida classifies tangerine-like hybrid fruits as tangerines for the purposes of sale and regulation;[9] this classification is widely used but regarded as technically inaccurate in the industry.[10] Among the most important tangerine hybrids of Florida are murcotts (a late-fruiting type of tangor marketed as "honey tangerine"[20]) and Sunbursts (an early-fruiting complex tangerine-orange-grapefruit hybrid).[21] The fallglo, also a three-way hybrid (​5⁄8 tangerine, ​1⁄4 orange and ​1⁄8 grapefruit), is also grown.[22]

## Nutrition

Tangerines, raw

A murcott, likely a tangerine hybrid

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy| 223 kJ (53 kcal)

Carbohydrates

13.34 g

Sugars| 10.58 g
Dietary fiber| 1.8 g

Fat

0.31 g

Protein

0.81 g

Vitamins| Quantity %DV†
Vitamin A equiv.

beta-Carotene

34 μg

155 μg

Thiamine (B1)|

0.058 mg
Riboflavin (B2)|

0.036 mg
Niacin (B3)|

0.376 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)|

0.216 mg
Vitamin B6|

0.078 mg
Folate (B9)|

16 μg
Choline|

10.2 mg
Vitamin C|

32%

26.7 mg
Vitamin E|

0.2 mg
Minerals| Quantity %DV†
Calcium|

37 mg
Iron|

0.15 mg
Magnesium|

12 mg
Manganese|

0.039 mg
Phosphorus|

20 mg
Potassium|

166 mg
Sodium|

2 mg
Zinc|

0.07 mg
Other constituents| Quantity
Water| 85.2 g

* * *

Link to USDA Database entry

* Units
* μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
* IU = International units

†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Tangerines contain 85% water, 13% carbohydrates, and negligible amounts of fat and protein (table). Among micronutrients, only vitamin C is in significant content (30% of the Daily Value) in a 100-gram (3.5 oz) reference serving, with all other micronutrients in low amounts.

* A botanical illustration of a Manurco tangerine, painted by Royal Charles Steadman in January, 1926

* Tangerine tree

## References

1. ↑ "Citrus reticulata Blanco". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000691487.
2. ↑ Mandal, Shyamapada; Mandal, Manisha (2016). "Tangerine (Citrus reticulata L. Var.) Oils". Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. pp. 803–811. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00091-2. ISBN 978-0-12-416641-7.
3. ↑ "Citrus deliciosa Ten.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771886-1.
4. ↑ "Tangerine". Oxford English Dictionary. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197485.
5. ↑ See the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.
6. ↑ Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; Borredá, Carles et al. (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature 554 (7692): 311–316. doi:10.1038/nature25447. PMID 29414943. Bibcode: 2018Natur.554..311W. and Supplement
7. ↑ Froelicher, Yann; Mouhaya, Wafa; Bassene, Jean-Baptiste; Costantino, Gilles; Kamiri, Mourad; Luro, Francois; Morillon, Raphael; Ollitrault, Patrick (2011). "New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny". Tree Genetics & Genomes 7: 49–61. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x. http://agritrop.cirad.fr/558353/.
8. ↑ Li, Xiaomeng; Xie, Rangjin; Lu, Zhenhua; Zhou, Zhiqin (2010). "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135 (4): 341–350. doi:10.21273/JASHS.135.4.341.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Commernet (2011). "20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code". State of Florida. http://florida.eregulations.us/fac/20-13.0061/.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Jackson, Larry K.; Futch, Stephen H.. "HS178/CH073: Robinson Tangerine". http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch073.
11. ↑ "Premium Citrus Fruit Gifts – Why Are Tangerines So Tangy?". Pittman & Davis. 1999-02-22. http://www.pittmandavis.com/articles/citrus/tangerines/why-are-tangerines-so-tangy.html.
12. ↑ Karp, David (2011-01-28). "Market Watch: The wild and elusive Dancy". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/food/la-fo-marketwatch-20110128-story.html.
13. ↑ "Crops/World regions/Production quantity (pick lists) of tangerines for 2021". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistical Division (FAOSTAT). 2023. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
14. ↑ Hume, H. Harold (1913). Citrus Fruits and Their Culture. O. Judd Company. p. 101. OCLC 1125917831. https://books.google.com/books?id=mEMLAQAAIAAJ.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "dancy". http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/dancy.html.
16. ↑ Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela et al. (2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature 554 (7692): 311–316. doi:10.1038/nature25447. PMID 29414943. Bibcode: 2018Natur.554..311W. http://agritrop.cirad.fr/587115/1/nature25447.pdf. and Supplement
17. ↑ Jackson, Larry K.; Futch, Stephen H. (6 June 2018). "HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine". ufl.edu. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/CH074.
18. ↑ "Satsuma cultivars: The best and the worst". AL.com. 30 October 2009. http://blog.al.com/living-press-register/2009/10/satsuma_cultivars_the_best_and.html.
19. ↑ "Dancy Tangerine". Slowfood USA. http://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine.
20. ↑ "HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine)". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch078.
21. ↑ "HS168/CH079: Sunburst Tangerine". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch079.
22. ↑ Jackson, Larry K.; Futch, Stephen H.. "HS173/CH075: Fallglo Tangerine". http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch075.

## External links

* Data related to Citrus tangerina at Wikispecies
* Tangerine at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject

* v
* t
* e

Citrus

True species|

* Australian and Papuan wild limes
* Citron
* Clymenia
* Indian wild orange
* Ichang papeda
* Kumquat
* Mandarin
* Mangshanyegan
* Micrantha
* Pomelo

Major hybrids|

* Grapefruit
* Lemon
* Lime
* Orange

True and hybrid
cultivars|

* Alemow
* Amanatsu
* Bergamot orange
* Bizzaria
* Bitter orange
* Blood lime
* Blood orange
* Byeonggyul
* Cam sành
* Cara cara navel
* Cheonhyehyang
* Cherry orange
* Citrange
* Citrumelo
* Clementine
* Daidai
* Dekopon
* Fairchild tangerine
* Florentine citron
* Hassaku orange
* Hebesu
* Hyuganatsu
* Imperial lemon
* Iyokan
* Jabara
* Jaffa orange
* Kabbad
* Kabosu
* Kaffir lime
* Kakadu lime
* Kalpi
* Key lime
* Khasi papeda
* Kinnow
* Kishumikan
* Kiyomi
* Komikan
* Laraha
* Lemonade fruit
* Lumia
* Mandelo
* Mandora
* Melanesian papeda
* Melogold
* Meyer lemon
* Murcott
* Myrtle-leaved orange tree
* Ōgonkan
* Orangelo/Chironja
* Oroblanco
* Palestinian sweet lime
* Persian lime
* Pixie mandarin
* Ponderosa lemon
* Ponkan
* Rangpur
* Reikou
* Rhobs el Arsa
* Rough lemon
* Sanboken
* Satsuma mandarin
* Setoka
* Shangjuan
* Shonan Gold
* Sudachi
* Sweet lemon
* Sweet limetta
* Tangelo
* Tangerine
* Tangor
* Ugli fruit
* Valencia orange
* Variegated pink lemon
* Winged lime
* Xã Đoài orange
* Yuukou mandarin
* Yuzu

Citrons|

* Balady citron
* Corsican citron
* Diamante citron
* Fingered citron/Buddha's hand
* Greek citron
* Moroccan citron
* Yemenite citron

Mandarin oranges|

* Cleopatra mandarin
* Shīkwāsā
* Nanfengmiju
* Tachibana

Papedas|

* Citrus halimii/Mountain "citron"
* Ichang papeda

Pomelos|

* Banpeiyu
* Dangyuja

Australian and Papuan citrus
(Microcitrus, Eromocitrus,
Clymenia and Oxanthera subgenera)|

* Australian outback lime
* Australian round lime
* Brown River finger lime
* Desert lime
* Mount white lime (Microcitrus)
* New Guinea wild lime
* Russell River lime
* Clymenia
* Oxanthera

Kumquat hybrids
(×Citrofortunella)|

* Calamansi
* Citrangequat
* Limequat
* Orangequat
* Procimequat
* Sunquat
* Yuzuquat

Related genera
(perhaps properly Citrus)|

* Poncirus/Trifoliate orange
* Feroniella

Drinks|

* Chūhai
* Curaçao
* Dried lime tea (noomi basra)
* Grapefruit juice
* Lemonade
* Limeade
* Orange juice
* Yuja-hwachae
* Yuja tea

Products|

* Calcium citrate
* Citric acid
* Lemonene
* Limonene
* Neroli
* Orange flower water
* Orange oil
* Orangeat
* Succade
* Zest

Diseases|

* Black spot
* Canker
* CTV/Tristeza
* Exocortis
* Greening
* Mal secco
* Phytophthora
* citricola

Citrus botanists|

* Clara H. Hasse
* Robert Willard Hodgson
* Lena B. Smithers Hughes
* David Mabberley
* Clément Rodier
* Robert Soost
* Walter Tennyson Swingle
* Chōzaburō Tanaka
* Ikuro Takahashi
* Johann Christoph Volkamer
* Herbert John Webber

Related topics|

* The Citrus Industry
* Citrus production
* Citrus rootstock
* Citrus taxonomy
* Cold-hardy citrus
* Hesperidium
* Japanese citrus
* List of citrus fruits
* Mother Orange Tree
* Orangery
* University of California Citrus Experiment Station
* University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection

* Book
* Category
* Production
* Commons

Wikidata ☰ Q516494 entry

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