Perovskite

Crystals of perovskite on matrix
Size: 2.3 cm × 2.1 cm × 2.0 cm (0.9 in × 0.8 in × 0.8 in)

General
Category| Oxide minerals
Formula
(repeating unit)| CaTiO

Strunz classification| 4.CC.30
Crystal system| Orthorhombic
Crystal class| Dipyramidal (mmm)
H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
Space group| Pbnm
Identification
Formula mass| 135.96 g/mol
Color| Black, reddish brown, pale yellow, yellowish orange
Crystal habit| Pseudo cubic – crystals show a cubic outline
Twinning| complex penetration twins
Cleavage| [100] good, [010] good, [001] good
Fracture| Conchoidal
Mohs scale hardness| 5.0–5.5
|re|er}}| Adamantine to metallic; may be dull
Streak| grayish white
Diaphaneity| Transparent to opaque
Specific gravity| 3.98–4.26
Optical properties| Biaxial (+)
Refractive index| nα = 2.3, nβ = 2.34, nγ = 2.38
Other characteristics| non-radioactive, non-magnetic
References| [1][2][3][4]

Perovskite (pronunciation: /pəˈrɒvskaɪt/) is an orthorhombic calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (chemical formula CaTiO
3). Its name is also applied to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO
3, known as the perovskite structure, which has a general chemical formula A2+B4+(X2−)
3 for chalcogen (group 16) perovskites,[6] or A1+B2+(X1−)
3 for the halogen (group 17) perovskites (the kind typically found in modern photovoltaics like photodiodes and solar panels).[7][8] Many different cations can be embedded in this structure, allowing the development of diverse engineered materials.[9]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Occurrence
* 2.1 In stars and brown dwarfs
* 3 Physical properties
* 4 Perovskite derivatives
* 4.1 Double perovskites
* 4.1.1 Crystallographic principles and ordering mechanisms
* 4.1.2 Common distortion modes and Glazer tilt patterns
* 4.1.3 Electronic and magnetic structure trends
* 4.1.4 Defect chemistry and antisite disorder
* 4.1.5 Representative functional materials
* 4.2 Lower dimensional perovskites
* 4.3 Lead-free halide perovskites
* 4.4 Chiral perovskites
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## History

The mineral was discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and is named after Russian mineralogist Lev Perovski (1792–1856).[2] Perovskite's notable crystal structure was first described by Victor Goldschmidt in 1926 in his work on tolerance factors.[10] The crystal structure was later published in 1945 from X-ray diffraction data on barium titanate by Helen Dick Megaw.[11]

## Occurrence

Found in the Earth's mantle, perovskite's occurrence at Khibina Massif is restricted to the silica under-saturated ultramafic rocks and foidolites, due to the instability in a paragenesis with feldspar. Perovskite occurs as small anhedral to subhedral crystals filling interstices between the rock-forming silicates.[12]

Perovskite is found in contact carbonate skarns at Magnet Cove, Arkansas, US, in altered blocks of limestone ejected from Mount Vesuvius, in chlorite and talc schist in the Urals and Switzerland,[13] and as an accessory mineral in alkaline and mafic igneous rocks, nepheline syenite, melilitite, kimberlites and rare carbonatites. Perovskite is a common mineral in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions found in some chondritic meteorites.[3]

The stability of perovskite in igneous rocks is limited by its reaction relation with sphene. In volcanic rocks perovskite and sphene are not found together, the only exception being an etindite from Cameroon.[14]

A rare-earth-bearing variety knopite with the chemical formula (Ca,Ce,Na)(Ti,Fe)O
3 is found in alkali intrusive rocks in the Kola Peninsula and near Alnö, Sweden. A niobium-bearing variety dysanalyte occurs in carbonatite near Schelingen, Kaiserstuhl, Germany.[13][15]

### In stars and brown dwarfs

In stars and brown dwarfs the formation of perovskite grains is responsible for the depletion of titanium oxide in the photosphere. Stars with a low temperature have dominant bands of TiO in their spectrum; as the temperature gets lower for stars and brown dwarfs with an even lower mass, CaTiO
3 forms and at temperatures below 2000 K TiO is undetectable. The presence of TiO is used to define the transition between cool M-dwarf stars and the colder L-dwarfs.[16][17]

## Physical properties

Crystal structure of perovskite CaTiO
3; red=oxygen, grey=titanium, blue=calcium

The eponymous Perovskite CaTiO
3 crystallizes in the Pbnm space group (No. 62) with lattice constants a = 5.39 Å, b = 5.45 Å and c = 7.65 Å.[18]

Perovskites have a nearly cubic structure with the general formula ABO
3. In this structure the A-site ion, in the center of the lattice, is usually an alkaline earth or rare-earth element. B-site ions, on the corners of the lattice, are 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metal elements. The A-site cations are in 12-fold coordination with the anions, while the B-site cations are in 6-fold coordination. A large number of metallic elements are stable in the perovskite structure if the Goldschmidt tolerance factor t is in the range of 0.75 to 1.0.[19]

t=RA+RO2(RB+RO),

where RA, RB and RO are the ionic radii of A and B site elements and oxygen, respectively. The stability of perovskites can be characterized with the tolerance and octahedral factors. When conditions are not fulfilled, a layered geometry for edge-sharing or face-sharing octahedra or lower B-site coordination is preferred. These are good structural bounds, but not an empirical prediction.[20]

Perovskites have sub-metallic to metallic luster, colorless streak, and cube-like structure along with imperfect cleavage and brittle tenacity. Depending on the exact compositions, colors include black, brown, gray, orange to yellow. Perovskite crystals may appear to have the cubic crystal form, but are often pseudocubic and actually crystallize in the orthorhombic system, as is the case for CaTiO
3 (strontium titanate, with the larger strontium cation in the A-site, is cubic). Perovskite crystals have been mistaken for galena; however, galena has a better metallic luster, greater density, perfect cleavage and true cubic symmetry.[21]

## Perovskite derivatives

### Double perovskites

Crystal structure of a typical double perovskite: YBa2Cu3O7 (purple = Y, blue = Ba, green = Cu, red = O)

Double perovskites are an important subclass of perovskite-related materials with the general chemical formula A2BB′O6, in which two chemically distinct cations occupy the B site of the perovskite lattice. Compared with simple ABO3 perovskites, the introduction of B-site ordering increases crystallographic complexity, leading to symmetry reduction, additional distortion modes, and a wider range of physical properties.

#### Crystallographic principles and ordering mechanisms

Double perovskites can be regarded as ordered superstructures of simple perovskites, where periodic B/B′ cation ordering enlarges the primitive perovskite unit cell. The B and B′ cations lead to different ordering schemes, which are rock salt, columnar, and layered structures.[22] Rock salt is an alternating, three-dimensional checkerboard of B and B' polyhedra. This structure is the most common from an electrostatic point of view, as the B sites will have different valence states. Columnar arrangement can be viewed as sheets of B-cation polyhedral viewed from the [111] direction. Layered structures are seen as sheets of B′ and B polyhedra.

#### Common distortion modes and Glazer tilt patterns

As in simple perovskites, deviations from ideal ionic size ratios in double perovskites frequently induce octahedral tilting and distortions. These distortion modes can be described using Glazer tilt notation, although the presence of B-site ordering imposes additional symmetry constraints. The coupling between B/B′ ordering and octahedral tilting leads to a variety of reduced-symmetry structures, with monoclinic and orthorhombic phases commonly observed in oxide double perovskites.[23]

#### Electronic and magnetic structure trends

B-site ordering in double perovskites strongly modifies electronic structure by altering orbital hybridization, bandwidth, and superexchange pathways. In many transition-metal systems, this ordering enables magnetic interactions that are absent or suppressed in chemically disordered perovskites, giving rise to diverse magnetic ground states and tunable electronic behavior. Electronic structure calculations further indicate that compositional tuning within the double perovskite framework provides a versatile route for engineering band gaps and carrier transport characteristics.[24][25]

#### Defect chemistry and antisite disorder

In real materials, perfect B-site ordering is rarely achieved. A common defect in double perovskites is antisite disorder, in which B and B′ cations exchange lattice positions. Antisite disorder disrupts the periodic potential associated with ideal ordering and can substantially modify magnetic, electronic, and transport properties. The extent of antisite disorder depends sensitively on synthesis conditions, cation similarity, and thermal history, making defect control a central challenge in double perovskite materials.[26]

#### Representative functional materials

The structural flexibility of double perovskites has enabled a broad range of functional materials. Oxide double perovskites have been explored for applications involving magnetism, ferroelectricity, catalysis, and energy conversion, where functional behavior is often closely linked to cation ordering and lattice distortions.[24] Related halide and lead-free double perovskites extend the same ordering principles to different bonding regimes, highlighting the generality of the double perovskite concept across oxide and halide chemistries.[27]

### Lower dimensional perovskites

Using the metal halide octahedral as a building block, perovskites are subcategorized into 3D, 2D, 1D, or 0D to describe the arrangement of the octahedral units.[28] 3D perovskites form when there is a smaller cation in the A site so BX
6 octahedra can be corner shared. 2D perovskites form when the A-site cation is larger so octahedra sheets are formed. In 1D perovskites, a chain of octahedra is formed[29] while in 0D perovskites, individual octahedra are separated from each other. Generally, as the dimensions of a crystal are reduced, a material's band gap and carrier confinement increase, while carrier transport worsens.[30] Both 1D and 0D perovskites lead to quantum confinement[28] and are investigated for lead-free perovskite solar cell materials.[30]

### Lead-free halide perovskites

In recent years, considerable attention has focused on lead-free halide perovskites, driven by concerns over the toxicity and environmental instability of Pb-based compounds. Candidate replacements for Pb2+ include Sn2+, Ge2+, Bi3+, Sb3+, and double perovskite combinations.[30] These alternatives aim to preserve the desirable optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskites, such as defect tolerance, long carrier lifetimes, and strong optical absorption, however they often display reduced stability and properties.

Structure of lead-free halide perovskite CsSnI3. Structure is similar to CaTiO3 and its space group is Pm3m. (Pink = Cs, silver = Sn, purple = I.)

### Chiral perovskites

Chiral perovskites exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields and tunable emission, making them suitable for application as light-emitting diodes (LEDs).[31] Their low trap densities lead to high efficiencies for solar cells.[32] In addition, the high mobilities of perovskites promote their usage as photodetectors.[33] Combining the properties together, chiral perovskites would have the properties of circular dichroism, circularly polarized photoluminescence, making them suitable for circularly polarized light (CPL) photodetectors and circularly polarized LEDs.[original research?]

The first chiral perovskite was a 1D chiral-perovskite single crystal found in 2003,[34] and the first 2D chiral-perovskite single crystal was found in 2006.[35] The chiroptical study has not been performed until 2017, where Ahn et al explored the circular dichroism performance of (R/S-MBA)PbI4.[36] After that, new kinds of chiral perovskites were found, such as chiral-perovskite nanocrystals, cogels, nanoplatelets, and low-dimensional chiral perovskites.

The chiral transfer mechanisms of chiral perovskites include ligand-induced chiral inorganic structure, chiral distortion of the inorganic surface, chiral patterning of the surface ligands, chiral field effect, and chirality through environments.[37] These different mechanisms lead to different designs of chiral perovskite synthesis. The idea of chirality through chiral ligands leads to the methods of direct synthesis using chiral ligands, post-synthetic chiral ligand exchange, chiral-ligand-assisted reprecipitation, and the chiral-ligand-assisted tip-sonication method. On the other hand, chirality can be introduced by the environment, via chiral solvents, strains, self-assembly on chiral templates.

## See also

* Perovskite nanocrystal
* Perovskite light-emitting diode
* Perovskite solar cell
* Post-perovskite
* Silicate perovskite

## References

1. ↑ "Prehnit (Prehnite)". https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Prehnite.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Perovskite". http://webmineral.com/data/Perovskite.shtml.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. et al., eds. Handbook of Mineralogy. Chantilly, Virginia: Mineralogical Society of America. http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/perovskite.pdf.
4. ↑ Inoue, Naoki; Zou, Yanhui (2006). "Physical properties of perovskite-type lithium ionic conductor". in Sakuma, Takashi; Takahashi, Haruyuki. Physics of Solid State Ionics. Research Signpost. pp. 247–269. ISBN 978-81-308-0070-7. http://www.trnres.com/ebook/uploads/sakuma/T_1231489278Sakuma 8.pdf.
5. ↑ Warr, L. N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine 85 (3): 291–320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. Bibcode: 2021MinM...85..291W.
6. ↑ Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; Bulakh, Andrei (2004). Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-521-52958-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIji8x-N1MC&pg=PA413.
7. ↑ Ruth, Anthony; Holland, Michael; Rockett, Angus; Sanehira, Erin; Irwin, Michael D.; Steirer, K. Xerxes (2022). "Charge Compensation by Iodine Covalent Bonding in Lead Iodide Perovskite Materials". Crystals 12 (1): 88. doi:10.3390/cryst12010088. Bibcode: 2022Cryst..12...88R.
8. ↑ Suzuki, Atsushi; Okada, Hiroshi; Oku, Takeo (2016). "Fabrication and Characterization of CH3NH3PbI3−x−yBrxCly Perovskite Solar Cells". Energies 9 (5): 376. doi:10.3390/en9050376.
9. ↑ Szuromi, Phillip; Grocholski, Brent (2017). "Natural and engineered perovskites". Science 358 (6364): 732–733. doi:10.1126/science.358.6364.732. PMID 29123058. Bibcode: 2017Sci...358..732S.
10. ↑ Golschmidt, V. M. (1926). "Die Gesetze der Krystallochemie". Die Naturwissenschaften 14 (21): 477–485. doi:10.1007/BF01507527. Bibcode: 1926NW.....14..477G.
11. ↑ Megaw, Helen (1945). "Crystal Structure of Barium Titanate". Nature 155 (3938): 484–485. doi:10.1038/155484b0. Bibcode: 1945Natur.155..484..
12. ↑ Chakhmouradian, Anton R.; Mitchell, Roger H. (1998). "Compositional variation of perovskite-group minerals from the Khibina Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia". The Canadian Mineralogist 36: 953–969. http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/cm/vol36/CM36_953.pdf.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Palache, Charles, Harry Berman and Clifford Frondel, 1944, Dana's System of Mineralogy Vol. 1, Wiley, 7th ed. p. 733
14. ↑ Veksler, I. V.; Teptelev, M. P. (1990). "Conditions for crystallization and concentration of perovskite-type minerals in alkaline magmas". Lithos 26 (1): 177–189. doi:10.1016/0024-4937(90)90047-5. Bibcode: 1990Litho..26..177V.
15. ↑ Deer, William Alexander; Howie, Robert Andrew; Zussman, J. (1992). An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. Longman Scientific Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30094-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=GmHgngEACAAJ.
16. ↑ Allard, France; Hauschildt, Peter H.; Alexander, David R.; Tamanai, Akemi; Schweitzer, Andreas (July 2001). "The Limiting Effects of Dust in Brown Dwarf Model Atmospheres" (in en). Astrophysical Journal 556 (1): 357–372. doi:10.1086/321547. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2001ApJ...556..357A.
17. ↑ Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Allard, France; Bida, Tom; Zuckerman, Ben; Becklin, E. E.; Chabrier, Gilles; Baraffe, Isabelle (July 1999). "An Improved Optical Spectrum and New Model FITS of the Likely Brown Dwarf GD 165B" (in en). Astrophysical Journal 519 (2): 834–843. doi:10.1086/307380. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1999ApJ...519..834K.
18. ↑ Buttner, R. H.; Maslen, E. N. (1992-10-01). "Electron difference density and structural parameters in CaTiO3" (in en). Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science 48 (5): 644–649. doi:10.1107/S0108768192004592. ISSN 0108-7681. Bibcode: 1992AcCrB..48..644B. http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S0108768192004592.
19. ↑ Peña, M. A.; Fierro, J. L. (2001). "Chemical structures and performance of perovskite oxides". Chemical Reviews 101 (7): 1981–2017. doi:10.1021/cr980129f. PMID 11710238. http://www.theeestory.com/files/Chemical_Structure_of_Perovskite_Oxides_Pen_a.pdf.
20. ↑ Filip, Marina; Giustino, Feliciano (2018). "The Geometric Blueprint of Perovskites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (21): 5397–5402. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719179115. PMID 29735683. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..115.5397F.
21. ↑ Luxová, Jana; Šulcová, Petra; Trojan, M. (2008). "Study of Perovskite". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 93 (3): 823–827. doi:10.1007/s10973-008-9329-z. http://www.akademiai.com/content/3640137983447pt3/fulltext.pdf.
22. ↑ Saha-Dasgupta, Tanusri (2020). "Double perovskites with 3d and 4d/5d transition metals: compounds with promises". Materials Research Express 7 (1): 014003. doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab6293. Bibcode: 2020MRE.....7a4003S.
23. ↑ Vasala, Sami; Karppinen, Maarit (2015-05-01). "A2B′B"O6 perovskites: A review". Progress in Solid State Chemistry 43 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2014.08.001. ISSN 0079-6786. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079678614000338.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Grimaud, Alexis; May, Kevin J.; Carlton, Christopher E.; Lee, Yueh-Lin; Risch, Marcel; Hong, Wesley T.; Zhou, Jigang; Shao-Horn, Yang (2013-09-17). "Double perovskites as a family of highly active catalysts for oxygen evolution in alkaline solution" (in en). Nature Communications 4 (1): 2439. doi:10.1038/ncomms3439. ISSN 2041-1723. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3439.
25. ↑ Basavarajappa, Manasa G.; Chakraborty, Sudip (2022-11-09). "Rationalization of Double Perovskite Oxides as Energy Materials: A Theoretical Insight from Electronic and Optical Properties". ACS Materials Au 2 (6): 655–664. doi:10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00031. PMID 36855547. PMC 9928412. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00031.
26. ↑ Liu, Xudong; Tu, Jie; Li, Hangren; Tian, Jianjun; Zhang, Linxing (2023-06-01). "Research progress of double perovskite ferroelectric thin films" (in en). Applied Physics Reviews 10 (2). doi:10.1063/5.0140507. ISSN 1931-9401. https://pubs.aip.org/apr/article/10/2/021315/2893961/Research-progress-of-double-perovskite.
27. ↑ Ghosh, Sukanya; Shankar, Hari; Kar, Prasenjit (2022-05-11). "Recent developments of lead-free halide double perovskites: a new superstar in the optoelectronic field" (in en). Materials Advances 3 (9): 3742–3765. doi:10.1039/D2MA00071G. ISSN 2633-5409. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/ma/d2ma00071g.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Zhang, Zhipeng (2021). "Metal Halide Perovskite/2D Material Heterostructures: Syntheses and Applications". Materials Research Express 5 (4). doi:10.1002/smtd.202000937. PMID 34927847.
29. ↑ Trifiletti, Vanira (2021). "Quasi-Zero dimensional Halide Perovskite Derivatives: Synthesis, Status, and Opportunity". Frontiers in Electronics 2. doi:10.3389/felec.2021.758603.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Gao, Yuting (2021). "Lead-free halide perovskites: a review of the structure–property relationship and applications in light emitting devices and radiation detectors". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9 (20): 11931–11943. doi:10.1039/d1ta01737c.
31. ↑ Yuan, M. (2016). "Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes". Nature Nanotechnology 11: 872–877.
32. ↑ Shi, D. (2015). "Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite single crystals". Science 347: 519–522.
33. ↑ Lin, Q.; Armin, A.; Burn, P. L.; Meredith, P. (2015). "Filterless narrowband visible photodetectors". Nature Photonics 9: 687–694.
34. ↑ Billing, D. G.; Lemmerer, A. (2003). "Bis[(S)-β-phenethylammonium] tribromoplumbate(II)". Acta Crystallographica Section E 59: m381–m383.
35. ↑ Billing, D. G.; Lemmerer, A. (2006). "Synthesis and crystal structures of inorganic–organic hybrids incorporating an aromatic amine with a chiral functional group". CrystEngComm 8: 686–695.
36. ↑ Ahn, J. (2017). "A new class of chiral semiconductors: chiral-organic-molecule-incorporating organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites". Materials Horizons 4: 851–856.
37. ↑ Long, G. et al. (2020). "Chiral-perovskite optoelectronics". Nature Reviews Materials 5: 423–439.

## External links

* v
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Titanium minerals

Oxide minerals|

| Simple|

* Anatase
* Brookite
* Geikielite
* Rutile

|

Mixed|

* Aeschynite-(Y)
* Armalcolite
* Betafite
* Euxenite
* Freudenbergite
* Haggertyite
* Ilmenite
* Keilhauite
* Latrappite
* Perovskite
* Polycrase
* Zimbabweite
* Zirconolite
* Zirkelite

Silicate minerals|

* Aenigmatite
* Grossmanite
* Keilhauite
* Lorenzenite
* Melanite
* Nenadkevichite
* Titanite
* Zircophyllite

Other|

* Sabinaite (carbonate mineral)
* Warwickite (borate mineral)

* v
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Titanium compounds

Titanium(II)|

* TiCl2
* TiH2
* TiO
* TiS
* TiSi2

| Organotitanium(II) compounds|

[(C5H5)2Ti(CO)2]

|

Titanium(III)|

* TiAl
* TiBr3
* TiCl3
* TiF3
* TiI3
* TiN
* TiP
* Ti2O3
* Ti2S3

| Organotitanium(III) compounds|

[(C5H5)2TiCl]2

|

Titanium(IV)|

* TiB2
* TiBr4
* TiC
* TiCl4
* Ti(ClO4)4
* TiF4
* H2TiF6
* TiH4
* TiI4
* Ti(NMe2)4
* Ti(NO3)4
* TiO2
* H4TiO4
* Ti4(OCH2CH3)16
* Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4
* Ti(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4
* KTiOPO4
* NiO*Sb2O3*20TiO2
* TiS2
* TiSe2
* TiSi2

| Titanate compounds|

* BaTiO3
* Ba2TiO4
* Bi4Ti3O12
* CaTiO3
* CaCu3Ti4O12
* CaZrTi2O7
* Cs2TiO3
* Dy2Ti2O7
* EuBaTiO4
* FeTiO3
* Ho2Ti2O7
* Li2TiO3
* MnTiO3
* Na2Ti3O7
* Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3
* NiTiO3
* PbTiO3
* Pb(Zr,Ti)O3
* SrTiO3
* ZnTiO3

|

Organotitanium(IV) compounds|

* [(C5H5)2TiCl2]
* [(C5H5)2Ti(CH3)2]
* [(C5H5)2TiS5]
* [(C5H5)2Ti(μ-Cl)(μ-CH2)Al(CH3)2]
* [(η5-C5H4-CH2C6H4OCH3)2TiCl2]

|

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Calcium compounds

* CaAl2O4
* CaB6
* CaBr2
* Ca(BrO3)2
* CaC2
* CaCN2
* Ca(CN)2
* CaCO3
* CaC2O4
* CaCl2
* Ca(ClO)2
* Ca(ClO3)2
* CaCrO4
* CaF2
* CaH2
* Ca(HCO3)2
* CaH2S2O6
* CaI2
* Ca(IO3)2
* Ca(MnO4)2
* CaN6
* Ca(NO3)2
* CaO
* CaO2
* Ca(OH)2
* CaP
* CaS
* CaSO3
* CaSO4
* CaSe
* CaSi
* CaSi2
* CaTiO3
* Ca2P2O7
* Ca2SiO4
* Ca3Al2O6
* Ca3(AsO4)2
* Ca3(BO3)2
* Ca3(C6H5O7)2
* Ca3N2
* Ca3P2
* Ca4(PO4)2O
* Ca3(PO4)2
* Ca(H2PO4)2
* CaHPO4
* C36H70CaO4

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