Cayman Trough

Short description: Complex transform fault zone pull-apart basin on the floor of the western Caribbean Sea

False-color image of the Cayman Trough, created from digital databases of seafloor and land elevations. Mid-Cayman spreading centre as part of the trough, on the western edge of the Gonâve Microplate.

The Cayman Trough (also known as the Cayman Trench, Bartlett Deep and Bartlett Trough) is a complex transform fault zone pull-apart basin which contains a small spreading ridge, the Mid-Cayman Rise, on the floor of the western Caribbean Sea between Jamaica and the Cayman Islands.[1] It is the deepest point in the Caribbean Sea and forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. It extends from the Windward Passage, going south of the Sierra Maestra of Cuba toward Guatemala. The transform fault continues onshore as the Polochic-Motagua fault system, which consists of the Polochic and Motagua faults.[2] This system continues on until the Chiapas massif where it is part of the diffuse triple junction of the North American, Caribbean and Cocos plates.[3]

The relatively narrow trough trends east-northeast to west-southwest and has a maximum depth of 7,686 metres (25,217 ft). Within the trough is a slowly spreading north–south ridge which may be the result of an offset or gap of approximately 420 kilometres (260 mi) along the main fault trace. The Cayman spreading ridge shows a long-term opening rate of 11–12 mm/yr.[4] The eastern section of the trough has been named the Gonâve Microplate. The Gonâve plate extends from the spreading ridge east to the island of Hispaniola. It is bounded on the north by the Oriente and Septentrional fault zones. On the south the Gonâve is bounded by the Walton fault zone, the Jamaica restraining bend and the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone. The two bounding strike slip fault zones are left lateral. The motion relative to the North American Plate is 11 mm/yr to the east and the motion relative to the Caribbean Plate is 8 mm/yr.[4] The western section of the trough is bounded to its south by the Swan Islands Transform Fault.[5]

During the Eocene the trough was the site of a subduction zone which formed the volcanic arc of the Cayman Ridge and the Sierra Maestra volcanic terrain of Cuba to the north, as the northeastward-moving Caribbean Plate was subducted beneath the southwest-moving North American Plate, or as some researchers contend, beneath a plate fragment dubbed the East Cuban Microplate.[6][failed verification]

In 2010 a UK team from the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton (NOCS), equipped with an autonomously controlled robot submarine, began mapping the full extent of the trench and discovered black smokers on the ocean floor at a depth of 5 km (16,000 ft), the deepest yet found.[7][8][9] In January 2012, the researchers announced that water exits the vents at a temperature possibly exceeding 450 °C (842 °F), making them among the hottest known undersea vents. They also announced the discovery of new species, including an eyeless shrimp with a light-sensing organ on its back.[10]

## See also

* Oceanic trench

## References

1. ↑ Einsele, Gerhard (2000). Sedimentary Basins: Evolution, Facies, and Sediment Budget (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 630. ISBN 978-3-540-66193-1. https://archive.org/details/sedimentarybasin00eins.
2. ↑ Lyon-Caen, H.; Barrier, E.; Lasserre, C.; Fraco, A.; Arzu, I.; Chiquin, L.; Chiquin, M.; Duquesnoy, T. et al. (2006). "Kinematics of the North American-Caribbean-Cocos plates in Central America from new GPS measurements across the Polochic-Motagua fault system". Geophysical Research Letters 33 (L19309). doi:10.1029/2006GL027694. Bibcode: 2006GeoRL..3319309L. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2006GL027694.
3. ↑ Guzmán-Speziale, Marco (2010). "Beyond the Motagua and Polochic faults: Active strike-slip faulting along the Western North America-Caribbean plate boundary zone". Tectonophysics 496 (1–4): 17–27. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.10.002. Bibcode: 2010Tectp.496...17G. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040195110004245.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 DeMets, C.; Wiggins-Grandison, M. (2007). "Deformation of Jamaica and motion of the Gonâve microplate from GPS and seismic data". Geophys. J. Int. 168 (1): 375–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.03236.x. Bibcode: 2007GeoJI.168..362D.
5. ↑ Rosencrantz M.; Mann P. (1991). "SeaMARC II mapping of transform faults in the Cayman Trough, Caribbean Sea". Geology 19 (7): 690–691. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0690:SIMOTF>2.3.CO;2. Bibcode: 1991Geo....19..690R. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234047237.
6. ↑ Sigurdsson, H; S. Kelley; R.M. Leckie; S. Carey; T. Bralower; J. King (2000). "Chapter 20: History of circum-Caribbean explosive volcanism: 40Ar/39Ar dating of tephra layers". in Leckie, R.M.. Sci. Results. Proc. ODP. 165. College Station, Texas: Ocean Drilling Program. doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.165.2000.
7. ↑ Carpenter, Jennifer (August 9, 2008). "Sub to make deep Caribbean dive". BBC Science News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7547695.stm.
8. ↑ "World's deepest undersea vents discovered". LiveScience.com. April 11, 2010. http://www.livescience.com/environment/deepest-undersea-vent-volcano-100411.html.
9. ↑ "Latest news". RRS James Cook Voyage 44. http://www.thesearethevoyages.net/jc44/diary.html.
10. ↑ McGrath, Matt (January 12, 2012). "Cayman vents are world's hottest". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16493787.

## Further reading

* Goreau, P. D. E. 1983 Tectonic Evolution of the North Central Caribbean Plate Margin. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA.; Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge. Sponsor: National Science Foundation, Washington, DC. Sep 1983. 248p. Report: WHOI-83-34.
* Ten Brink, Uri S., et al., 2001, Asymmetric seafloor spreading: crustal thickness variations and transitional crust in Cayman Trough from gravity", GSA Meeting Abstract
* Roberts, H. H. 1994 Reefs and lagoons of Grand Cayman Monographiae biologicae (Brunt, MA; Davies, JE eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Ma The Hague. ISBN 0-7923-2462-5
* Ruellan, E. et al., 2003, Morphology and Tectonics of the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center, EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly, Abstract
* Scotese, Christopher R. 1999. Evolution of the Caribbean Sea (100 mya - Present) Collision of Cuba with Florida Platform and Opening of the Cayman Trough. PALEOMAP Project http://www.scotese.com/caribanim.htm

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Major seismically active faults of North America

North America
(crosses national borders)|

* Aleutian Trench (US-RU)
* Basin and Range Province (US-MX)
* Canadian Arctic Rift System (CA-GL)
* Cascadia subduction zone (US-CA)
* Clarendon-Linden fault system (US-CA)
* Denali Fault (US-CA)
* Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province (CA-US)
* Puget Sound faults (US-CA)
* Rio Grande rift (US-MX)
* San Andreas Fault (US-MX)
* Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone (US-CA)
* Tintina Fault (US-CA)

Canada|

* Charlevoix Seismic Zone
* Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone
* Leech River Fault
* Queen Charlotte Fault
* Saguenay Graben
* Saint Lawrence rift system
* Timiskaming Graben
* Western Quebec Seismic Zone

United States|

| Washington and Oregon|

* Brothers Fault Zone
* Olympic-Wallowa Lineament
* Puget Sound (Seattle Fault, Tacoma Fault)
* Walker Lane

|

California|

* Calaveras Fault
* Garlock Fault
* Hayward Fault Zone
* Mendocino Fracture Zone
* Newport–Inglewood Fault
* Puente Hills Fault
* Rose Canyon Fault
* San Jacinto Fault Zone (Elsinore Fault Zone)

Great Basin|

* Independence Valley fault system
* Moab Fault
* Teton Fault
* Wasatch Fault

Great Plains|

* Central Oklahoma Fault Zone
* Humboldt Fault
* Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system
* Meers Fault
* Nemaha Fault Zone
* Wilzetta Fault

Midwest|

* Marianna Fault
* New Madrid Seismic Zone
* Sandwich Fault Zone
* Wabash Valley Seismic Zone

Appalachian Mountains
and Atlantic Coast|

* Aiken-Augusta Fault
* Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone
* Middleton Place-Summerville Seismic Zone (Woodstock Fault)
* Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone
* Ramapo Fault
* Virginia Seismic Zone

Caribbean & Mexico|

* Cayman Trough
* Chixoy-Polochic Fault
* Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone (Cuba)
* Gulf of California Rift Zone
* Lesser Antilles subduction zone
* Middle America Trench (Central America)
* Motagua Fault (Central America)
* Pedro Miguel Fault
* Puerto Rico Trench

[ ⚑ ]  18°30′N 83°0′W﻿ / ﻿18.5°N 83°W﻿ / 18.5; -83

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