Space advocacy

Short description: Advocacy for exploration and/or colonization of space

NASA's artistic poster about the human exploration of Mars: "Mars explorers wanted"

Space advocacy is supporting or advocating human activity in outer space. The advocated purposes range from orbital flight, space exploration, commercialization of space and space settlement, to outright space colonization.

There are many different individuals and organizations dedicated to space advocacy. They are usually active in educating the public[1] on space-related subjects, lobbying governments[2][3] for increased funding in space-related activities or supporting private space activities.

They also recruit members, fund projects, and provide information for their membership and interested visitors. They are sub-divided into three categories depending on their primary work: practice, advocacy, and theory.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Space movement
* 3 Decolonizing space
* 4 List of organizations
* 4.1 Actively involved
* 4.2 Lobbying
* 4.3 Educating and publicizing
* 4.4 Theorizing
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## History

The idea that space flight was possible and necessary was introduced by groups of thinkers, primarily members of the Russian,[4] American, British, and German[5][6] science communities, who formed in the 1920s the first advocacy groups.[7] Starting in the 1930s, these groups began to share their plans for a future in space to their respective governments and the public.[8]

Influential books and other media began to emerge which included works containing illustrations by Chesley Bonestell (based on Wernher von Braun's designs) such as The Conquest of Space (1949) and magazine articles including the "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" series of article in Colliers magazine between 1952 and 1954. Television shows included Walt Disney's "Man in Space" and "Man and the Moon" in 1955, and "Mars and Beyond" in 1957.

## Space movement

In 2004 most of the leading US non-profit space organizations joined together to form the Space Exploration Alliance. The Alliance was formed to "advocate for the exploration and development of outer space" to members of Congress. The Alliance organizes the annual Legislative Blitz to lobby members of Congress for space exploration, and every space enthusiast is encouraged to participate in the Legislative Blitz by calling, emailing, or personally visiting their Congressperson's office.[9]

An analysis of space advocacy in Dark Skies: Space Expansionism, Planetary Geopolitics, and the Ends of Humanity by Daniel Deudney has identified two different paradigms: the Braun-Tsiolkovsky paradigm (VTP), focusing on migration and militarization of space, and the Clarke-Sagan paradigm (CSP), focusing on space exploration.[10]

According to Mark Hopkins from the National Space Society, each space organization has a different priority and short-term objective, but all organizations share the ultimate goal of building space settlements.[11]

## Decolonizing space

See also: Physics:Space ethics, Decolonization of knowledge, Women in space, Ethics of terraforming, Surfacism, Planetary chauvinism, and Human presence in space

To reach a more inclusive spaceflight and space science some organizations like the JustSpace Alliance[12] (see Lucianne Walkowicz) and IAU featured Inclusive Astronomy[13] have been formed in recent years. Holding events like the unconference Decolonizing Mars in 2018.[14] Advocates of this issue see the need for inclusive[15] and democratic participation and implementation of any space exploration, infrastructure or habitation.[16] Questioning the decision making of and reasons for any colonial space policy, labour[17] and land exploitation with postcolonial critique. Private[18] and state funded advocacy for space colonization, specifically the rationales and politico-legal regimes[19] behind space exploration, like the "New Frontier" slogan, have been criticized for applying settler colonialism and the manifest destiny ideology, perpetuating imperialism and the narrative of colonial exploration as fundamental to the assumed human nature.[20][21][22]

Participation and representation of humanity in space is an issue of human access to and presence in space ever since the beginning of spaceflight.[12] Even though some rights of non-spacefaring countries to partake in spaceflight have been secured through international space law, declaring space the "province of all mankind", understanding spaceflight as its resource, sharing of outer space for all humanity has been criticized as still imperialist and lacking.[12] For example arguments for space as a solution to global problems like pollution and related narratives of survival are considered imperialist by Joon Yun.[18] Having a considerate policy towards space is seen as an imperative to allow a thoroughly sustainable human society also on Earth.[23]

## List of organizations

### Actively involved

Organizations that are directly involved in space exploration, having their own active projects.

Organisation  | Founded  | Purpose and goals  | Pursuits  | Website

|
|
|
|

SETI Institute | 1984, United States  | to search for extraterrestrial intelligent life  | Runs SETI  | Official website
The Planetary Society | 1980, United States  | to explore the Solar System, search for near-Earth objects, and search for extraterrestrial life  | Launched Cosmos 1 | Official website
Artemis Project |  | was a private venture to establish a permanent, self-supporting base on the Moon by 2002  |  | Official website
Space Studies Institute | 1977, United States  | (2012:) to organize and implement The Great Enterprise Initiative, a road map outlining the technologies and capabilities necessary for space settlement. Current projects include "G-Lab, a space-based variable or partial gravity laboratory [and] E-Lab, a terrestrial 'systems-of-systems' integration lab that will bring together promising closed environment life support technologies into a comprehensive life support solution for space settlement."[24] | Runs Space Manufacturing conferences  | Official website
British Interplanetary Society | 1933, United Kingdom  | to inspire people about space so that humanity builds a future beyond the Earth. It is devoted to initiating, promoting and disseminating new concepts and technical information about space flight and astronautics. It has been running technical studies since the 1930s.

It is an international membership society and a UK-registered charity.

| 1930s Moon mission, 1970s interstellar probe Daedalus  | Official website

### Lobbying

Organizations that focus mainly on lobbying government agencies and businesses to step up their efforts.

Organisation  | Founded  | Purpose and goals  | Website

|
|
|

Air & Space Forces Association  | 1946, United States  | Promotes dominant U.S. Air & Space Forces  | Official website
American Astronautical Society  | 1954, United States  | dedicated to the advancement of space science and exploration  | Official website
National Space Institute | 1974–1987, United States  | to help maintain public support for the US space program (later became the National Space Society)  |
L5 Society | 1975–1987, United States  | to promote the space colony ideas of Gerard K. O'Neill (later became the National Space Society)  |
Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy | 1980, United States  | was a group of prominent American citizens concerned with US space policy  |
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space  | 1980, United States  | to promote space exploration and development through educational and engineering projects  | Official website
Space Force Association  | 2019, United States  | Achieve superior national space power by shaping a Space Force that provides credible deterrence in competition, dominant capability in combat, and professional services for all partners.  | Official website
Space Frontier Foundation | 1988, United States  | to promote large-scale settlement of the inner Solar System, under strong free market capitalism  | Official website
Mars Society | 1998, International  | to encouraging the exploration and settlement of Mars  | Official website
Moon Society | 2000, International  | to encouraging the exploration, economic development, and settlement of the Moon  | Official website
California Space Authority | 2001, United States  | "to foster the development of specified activities in California related to space flight."  | Official website
Space Exploration Alliance | 2004, United States  | An alliance of major non-profit space organizations.  | Official website
Coalition for Deep Space Exploration | United States  | "aerospace industry companies that are collaborating to advance the cause of space exploration."  | Official website
Penny4NASA | 2012, United States  | to advocate for the increase of the NASA budget to 1% of the federal budget, or one penny of every tax dollar  | Official website
SpacePAC  | 2014, United States  | Political action committee committed to electing pro-space candidates to office.  | Official website
Alliance for Space Development | 2015, United States  | An alliance of major non-profit space organizations.  | Official website

### Educating and publicizing

Organisations involved in educating the public, to boost their understanding and enthusiasm about space.

Organisation  | Founded  | Purpose and goals  | Website

|
|
|

Canadian Space Society  | 1983, Canada  | to sponsor, promote and engage in activities designed to promote increased knowledge of space  | Official website
National Space Society | 1987, United States  | an organization with the vision of "people living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth," from the merger of L5 Society and National Space Institute | Official website
International Space University  | 1987, France  | a university dedicated to the discovery, research and development of outer space exploration for peaceful purposes  | Official website
TMRO  | 2008, United States  | a multimedia, internet based broadcaster dedicated to getting"...the planet excited about living among the stars."  | Official website
Space Foundation | 1983, United States  | to advance space-related endeavors to inspire, enable and propel humanity.  | Official website
Tau Zero Foundation  | 2004, United States  | to work together toward practical interstellar flight and to use this quest to teach about science, technology, and our place in the universe  | Official website
Initiative for Interstellar Studies | 2012, United Kingdom  | Conducts activities and research relating to the challenges of achieving robotic and human interstellar flight.  | Official website
Space for Humanity  | 2018, United States  | An education-oriented non-profit organization expanding access to space, training the leaders of tomorrow, and cultivating a movement towards a more harmonious world.  | Official website
Space Studies Institute | 1977, United States  | "open the energy and material resources of space for human benefit within our lifetime"  | Official website
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS)  | 1980, United States  | Worldwide student space advocacy.  | Official website
The Space Court Foundation  | United States  | a 501(c)(3) educational nonprofit corporation that promotes and supports space law and policy education and the rule of law.  | Official website
The Secure World Foundation  | United States  | promotes cooperative solutions for space sustainability and the peaceful uses of outer space, for the benefit of all countries.  | Official website

### Theorizing

Organisations that focus on advocating theoretical work.

Organisation  | Founded  | Purpose and goals  | Website

|
|
|

Alliance to Rescue Civilization |  | devoted to the establishment of an off-Earth "backup" of human civilization  | Official website
Living Universe Foundation  |  | has a detailed plan in which the entire galaxy is colonized.  | Official website
The Mars Foundation  |  | through its Mars Homestead Project, is developing a unified plan for building the first habitat on Mars by exploiting local materials.  | Official website
Build the Enterprise  |  | theorises the possibility of building a spaceship similar in appearance to the USS Enterprise from Star Trek using current technology within the next two decades.  | Official website

## See also

* Chinese exclusion policy of NASA
* Russian cosmism
* NewSpace
* Politics of the International Space Station
* Science-fiction
* Space art
* Space law
* Space Race
* Space policy
* Politics of outer space

## References

1. ↑ "Solar System Ambassadors Program". http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/ambassador/. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
2. ↑ "Testimony of Dr. Robert Zubrin to the Senate Commerce Committee, Oct 29, 2003". 2003-10-29. http://chapters.marssociety.org/usa/dc/pdfSRC/MarsSociTest2003.pdf. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
3. ↑ "Technical Societies Call for Increase to NASA Budget – re> RESTON, Va., June 28". Prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2016-02-27.
4. ↑ "Korolev". http://www.astronautix.com/astros/korolev.htm.
5. ↑ "Biography of Wernher Von Braun". http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/bio.html. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
6. ↑ "German Civilian Rocketry". http://www.astronautix.com/lvfam/gerketry.htm.
7. ↑ Alvarez, Tamara (Jan 1, 2020). The Eighth Continent: An Ethnography of Twenty-First Century Euro-American Plans to Settle the Moon (Thesis). p. 130\. Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved Nov 1, 2021.
8. ↑ "Space Activism – History". HobbySpace. http://www.hobbyspace.com/Active/history.html#Burrows. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
9. ↑ "Space Exploration Alliance". Space Exploration Alliance. http://www.spaceexplorationalliance.org/. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
10. ↑ "The Case Against Mars". 2022-11-14. https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/byron-williston-taking-space-back-space-cadets/.
11. ↑ "The Space Movement". 2013-03-30. http://www.nss.org/spacemovement/movement.html. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Haris Durrani (19 July 2019). "Is Spaceflight Colonialism?". The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/apollo-space-lunar-rockets-colonialism/. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
13. ↑ "IAU100:Inclusive Astronomy". 2019. https://www.inclusiveastronomy.org/. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
14. ↑ "Decolonizing Mars". 2018. https://www.decolonizemars.org/. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
15. ↑ Zuleyka Zevallos (26 March 2015). "Rethinking the Narrative of Mars Colonisation" (in en). https://othersociologist.com/2015/03/26/rethinking-the-narrative-of-mars-colonisation/.
16. ↑ Keith A. Spencer (2 May 2017). "Keep the Red Planet Red" (in en). https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/02/mars-elon-musk-space-exploration-nasa-colonization.
17. ↑ Keith A. Spencer (8 October 2017). "Against Mars-a-Lago: Why SpaceX's Mars colonization plan should terrify you" (in en). https://www.salon.com/2017/10/08/against-mars-a-lago-why-spacexs-mars-colonization-plan-should-terrify-you/.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Joon Yun (January 2, 2020). "The Problem With Today's Ideas About Space Exploration.". https://www.worth.com/is-space-the-next-frontier-for-the-same-old-story-of-imperialism/. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
19. ↑ Alan Marshall (February 1995). "Development and imperialism in space". Space Policy 11 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1016/0265-9646(95)93233-B. Bibcode: 1995SpPol..11...41M. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222641231. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
20. ↑ Caroline Haskins (14 August 2018). "The racist language of space exploration" (in en). https://theoutline.com/post/5809/the-racist-language-of-space-exploration. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
21. ↑ DNLee (26 March 2015). "When discussing Humanity's next move to space, the language we use matters." (in en). https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/when-discussing-humanity-8217-s-next-move-to-space-the-language-we-use-matters/. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
22. ↑ Drake, Nadia (2018-11-09). "We need to change the way we talk about space exploration". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/we-need-to-change-way-we-talk-about-space-exploration-mars/.
23. ↑ Tavares, Frank; Buckner, Denise; Burton, Dana; McKaig, Jordan; Prem, Parvathy; Ravanis, Eleni; Trevino, Natalie; Venkatesan, Aparna; Vance, Steven D.; Vidaurri, Monica; Walkowicz, Lucianne; Wilhelm, Mary Beth (October 15, 2020). "Ethical Exploration and the Role of Planetary Protection in Disrupting Colonial Practices". arXiv:2010.08344v2 [astro-ph.IM].
24. ↑ "The Great Enterprise Initiative". Space Studies Institute. http://ssi.org/2012/04/ssi-update-april-2012-introduction-to-g-lab/.

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War Space Race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

First Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* NSIL
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* INCOSPAR
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space advocacy. Read more

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