Hard systems

Hard systems is a problem-solving approach in systems science. It is opposing soft systems. Although soft systems thinking treats all problems as ill-defined or not easily quantified, hard systems approaches (systems analysis (structured methods), operations research and so on) assume that the problems associated with such systems are well-defined, they have a single, optimum solution, a scientific approach to problem-solving will work well, and that technical factors will tend to predominate.[1][2]

## Developments in hard systems thinking

Hard systems began to emerge as a distinct philosophy in the 1950s.[citation needed]

## See also

* Systems engineering
* Systems analysis
* Systems dynamics

## References

1. ↑ Michael C. Jackson (1991). Systems methodology for the management sciences. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
2. ↑ Michael C. Jackson (2003). Systems thinking: Creative holism for managers. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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