Chaoite

Short description: Carbon mineral whose existence is disputed

Chaoite

General
Category| Native element mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)| C
Strunz classification| 1.CB.05b
Crystal system| Hexagonal
Crystal class| Dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm)
H-M symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m)
Space group| P6/mmm
Unit cell| a = 8.948 Å, c = 14.078 Å; Z = 168
Identification
Colour| Black
Crystal habit| Thin 3-15 μm intergrowth lamallae with graphite
Mohs scale hardness| 1 - 2
Submetallic|re|er}}| Submetallic
Diaphaneity| Opaque
Specific gravity| 3.43 (calculated)
References| [1][2][3]

Chaoite, or white carbon, is a mineral described as an allotrope of carbon whose existence is disputed. It was discovered in shock-fused graphite gneiss from the Ries crater in Bavaria. It has been described as slightly harder than graphite, with a reflection colour of grey to white.[5] From its electron diffraction pattern, the mineral has been considered to have a carbyne structure,[6] the linear acetylenic carbon allotrope of carbon. A later report has called this identification, and the very existence of carbyne phases, into question, arguing that the new reflections in the diffraction pattern are due to clay impurities.[7]

## Contents

* 1 Synthetic material
* 2 Occurrence and discovery
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading

## Synthetic material

It has been claimed that an identical form can be prepared from graphite by sublimation at 2700-3000 K or by irradiating it with a laser in high vacuum. This substance has been termed ceraphite.[8]

A review cautions that "in spite of these seemingly definitive reports … several other groups have tried unsuccessfully to reproduce these experiments. Independent confirmatory work is obviously needed … and at the present time white graphite appears to be the carbon analog of polywater".[9]

## Occurrence and discovery

Chaoite was first described from Möttingen, Ries Crater, Nördlingen, Bavaria, Germany and approved by the IMA in 1969.[2] The mineral was named for USGS petrologist Edward C. T. Chao (1919-2008).[2] At the type locality in Bavaria chaoite occurs in graphite bearing gneiss that has undergone shock metamorphism.[1] It has also been reported from meteorites including the Goalpara meteorite in Assam, the Dyalpur meteorite in Uttar Pradesh in India and the Popigai impact structure in the Anabarskii massif of Eastern Siberia.[1][2] Minerals associated with chaoite include: graphite, zircon, rutile, pseudobrookite, magnetite, nickeliferous pyrrhotite and baddeleyite.[1]

## See also

* Glossary of meteoritics

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Handbook of Mineralogy
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Chaoite on Mindat.org
3. ↑ Chaoite on Webmineral
4. ↑ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine 85 (3): 291–320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. Bibcode: 2021MinM...85..291W.
5. ↑ A. El Goresy, G. Donnay, A new allotriomorphic form of carbon from the Ries Crater, Science, 1969, 161, 363–364
6. ↑ A.G. Whittaker, P.L. Kintner, Carbon: observation on the new allotropic form, Science 1969, 165, 589
7. ↑ P.P.K. Smith, P.R. Buseck, Carbyne forms of carbon: do they exist? Science, 1982, 216, 984–986
8. ↑ C. Nakayama, M. Okawa, H. Nagashima, Carbon 1977, 15, 434; D.J. Johnson, D. Crawford, C. Oates, 1971, 10th Carbon Conf, Bethlehem, PA, FC-18
9. ↑ D.W. McKee, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1973, 3, 195

## Further reading

Frans J. M. Rietmeijer and Alessandra Rotundi, Chapter 16. Natural Carbynes, Including Chaoite, on Earth, in Meteorites, Comets, Circumstellar and Interstellar Dust, in Polyynes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, Edited by Franco Cataldo, CRC Press 2005, Pages 339–370, Print ISBN 978-1-57444-512-1 eBook ISBN 978-1-4200-2758-7 Contents link

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Allotropes of carbon

sp3 forms|

* Diamond (cubic)
* Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)

sp2 forms|

* Graphite
* Graphene
* Fullerenes, including C60 (buckminsterfullerene), C70, Fullerene whiskers, Nanotubes, Nanobuds, Nanoscrolls)
* Glassy carbon

sp forms|

* Linear acetylenic carbon
* C18 (cyclo[18]carbon)

mixed sp3/sp2 forms|

* Amorphous carbon
* Carbon nanofoam
* Carbide-derived carbon
* Q-carbon

other forms|

* C1 (atomic carbon)
* C2 (diatomic carbon)
* C3 (tricarbon)

hypothetical forms|

* C3 (cyclopropatriene)
* C6 (benzotriyne)
* C6 (prismane C8)
* Chaoite
* Haeckelites
* Cubic carbon
* Metallic carbon
* Penta-graphene

related|

* Activated carbon
* Carbon black
* Charcoal
* Carbon fiber
* Aggregated diamond nanorod

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