Computer-mediated communication

Short description: Human communication that occurs through the use of two or more electronic devices

For other uses, see CMC (disambiguation).

For the technical aspects, see Data transmission.

Computer-mediated communication  (CMC) is defined as any human communication that occurs through the use of two or more electronic devices.[1] Computer-mediated communication is relevant to linguistics[2] as it shows how digital environments influence grammar and pragmatic[3] meaning. While the term has traditionally referred to those communications that occur via computer-mediated formats (e.g., instant messaging, email, chat rooms, online forums, social network services), it has also been applied to other forms of text-based interaction such as text messaging.Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag Synchronous computer-mediated communication refers to communication that occurs in real-time. All parties are engaged in the communication simultaneously; however, they are not necessarily all in the same location.[4] Examples of synchronous communication are video chats and audio calls. On the other hand, asynchronous computer-mediated communication refers to communication that takes place when the parties engaged are not communicating in unison. In other words, the sender does not receive an immediate response from the receiver. Most forms of computer-mediated technology are asynchronous.[4] Examples of asynchronous communication are text messages and emails.

## Contents

* 1 Scope
* 2 Characteristics
* 3 Language learning
* 4 Benefits
* 5 Disadvantages
* 6 Linguistics and Digital Communication
* 7 Crime
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

## Scope

Example of emoticon use, a paralinguistic aspect of computer-mediated communication.

Scholars from a variety of fields study phenomena that can be described under the umbrella term of computer-mediated communication (CMC) (see also Internet studies). For example, many take a sociopsychological approach to CMC by examining how humans use "computers" (or digital media) to manage interpersonal interaction, form impressions and maintain relationships.[5][6] These studies have often focused on the differences between online and offline interactions, though contemporary research is moving towards the view that CMC should be studied as embedded in everyday life.[7] Another branch of CMC research examines the use of paralinguistic features such as emoticons,[8] pragmatic rules such as turn-taking[9] and the sequential analysis and organization of talk,[10] and the various sociolects, styles, registers or sets of terminology specific to these environments (see Leet). The study of language in these contexts is typically based on text-based forms of CMC, and is sometimes referred to as "computer-mediated discourse analysis".[11] In linguistics, CMC is used to examine digital discussions and features like emojis.

The way humans communicate in professional, social, and educational settings varies widely, depending upon not only the environment but also the method of communication in which the communication occurs, which in this case is through computers or other information and communication technologies (ICTs). The study of communication to achieve collaboration--common work products--is termed computer-supported collaboration and includes only some of the concerns of other forms of CMC research.

Popular forms of CMC include e-mail, video, audio or text chat (text conferencing including "instant messaging"), bulletin board systems, list-servs, and MMOs. These settings are changing rapidly with the development of new technologies. Weblogs (blogs) have also become popular, and the exchange of RSS data has better enabled users to each "become their own publisher".

## Characteristics

Communication occurring within a computer-mediated format has an effect on many different aspects of an interaction. Some of those that have received attention in the scholarly literature include impression formation, deception, group dynamics, disclosure reciprocity, disinhibition and especially relationship formation.

CMC is examined and compared to other communication media through a number of aspects thought to be universal to all forms of communication, including (but not limited to) synchronicity, persistence or "recordability", and anonymity. The association of these aspects with different forms of communication varies widely. For example, instant messaging is intrinsically synchronous but not persistent, since one loses all the content when one closes the dialog box unless one has a message log set up or has manually copy-pasted the conversation.[contradictory] E-mail and message boards, on the other hand, are low in synchronicity since response time varies, but high in persistence since messages sent and received are saved. Properties that separate CMC from other media also include transience, its multimodal nature, and its relative lack of governing codes of conduct.[12] CMC is able to overcome physical and social limitations of other forms of communication and therefore allow the interaction of people who are not physically sharing the same space.

Technology would be a powerful tool when defining communication as a learning process that needs a sender and receiver.[4] According to Nicholas Jankowski in his book The Contours of Multimedia, a third party, like software, acts in the middle between a sender and receiver. The sender is interacting with this third party to send. The receiver interacts with it as well, creating an additional interaction with the medium itself along with the initially intended one between sender and receiver.[4]

The medium in which people choose to communicate influences the extent to which people disclose personal information. CMC is marked by higher levels of self-disclosure in conversation as opposed to face-to-face interactions.[13] Self disclosure is any verbal communication of personally relevant information, thought, and feeling which establishes and maintains interpersonal relationships.[13] This is due in part to visual anonymity and the absence of nonverbal cues which reduce concern for losing positive face. According to Walther’s (1996) hyperpersonal communication model, computer-mediated communication is valuable in providing a better communication and better first impressions.[5] Moreover, Ramirez and Zhang (2007) indicate that computer-mediated communication allows more closeness and attraction between two individuals than a face-to-face communication.[14] Online impression management, self-disclosure, attentiveness, expressivity, composure and other skills contribute to competence in computer mediated communication.[15] In fact, there is a considerable correspondence of skills in computer-mediated and face-to-face interaction[16] even though there is great diversity of online communication tools.

Anonymity and in part privacy and security depends more on the context and particular program being used or web page being visited. However, most researchers in the field acknowledge the importance of considering the psychological and social implications of these factors alongside the technical "limitations".

## Language learning

CMC is widely discussed in language learning because CMC provides opportunities for language learners to practice their language.[17] For example, Warschauer[18] conducted several case studies on using email or discussion boards in different language classes. Warschauer[19]

## Benefits

The nature of CMC means that it is easy for individuals to engage in communication with others regardless of time, location, or other spatial constraints to communication.[20] In that CMC allows for individuals to collaborate on projects that would otherwise be impossible due to such factors as geography,[21] it has enhanced social interaction not only between individuals but also in working life.[22] In addition, CMC can also be useful for allowing individuals who might be intimidated due to factors like character or disabilities to participate in communication. By allowing an individual to communicate in a location of their choosing, a CMC call allows a person to engage in communication with minimal stress.[23] Making an individual comfortable through CMC also plays a role in self-disclosure, which allows a communicative partner to open up more easily and be more expressive. When communicating through an electronic medium, individuals are less likely to engage in stereotyping and are less self-conscious about physical characteristics. The role that anonymity plays in online communication can also encourage some users to be less defensive and form relationships with others more rapidly.[24]

## Disadvantages

While computer-mediated communication can be beneficial, technological mediation can also inhibit the communication process.[25][self-published source?] Unlike face-to-face communication, nonverbal cues such as tone and physical gestures, which assist in conveying the message, are lost through computer-mediated communication.[25] As a result, the message being communicated is more vulnerable to being misunderstood due to a wrong interpretation of tone or word meaning. Moreover, according to Dr. Sobel-Lojeski of Stony Brook University and Professor Westwell of Flinders University, the virtual distance that is fundamental to computer-mediated communication can create a psychological and emotional sense of detachment, which can contribute to sentiments of societal isolation.[26]

## Linguistics and Digital Communication

Emojis are a form of Computer-Mediated Communication

Computer-mediated communication[2] (CMC) is an important topic within Internet Linguistics,[3] which studies how language adapts to online platforms. These studies help contribute to discussions of language change in digital language contexts. Linguists study CMC to understand how platform achitecture affect linguistics behavior. Scholars also examine the use of paralinguistic features like emojis and hashtags. These features may have different interpretations across cultures and speech communities.[2] CMC gives insight into language variation. Linguistic forms that emerge in computer mediated contexts can contribute to the process of language change.

## Crime

Cybersex trafficking[27][28][29] and other cyber crimes involve computer-mediated communication. Cybercriminals can carry out the crimes in any location where they have a computer or tablet with a webcam or a smartphone with an internet connection.[29] They also rely on social media networks, videoconferences, pornographic video sharing websites, dating pages, online chat rooms, apps, dark web sites,[30] and other platforms.[31] They use online payment systems[30][32][33] and cryptocurrencies to hide their identities.[34] Millions of reports of these crimes are sent to authorities annually.[35] New laws and police procedures are needed to combat crimes involving CMC.[36]

## See also

* Emotions in virtual communication
* Internet relationship
* Discourse community

## References

1. ↑ McQuail, Denis (2005). McQuail's Mass Communication Theory. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-0372-1.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Carr, Caleb T (2020-03-23). "CMC Is Dead, Long Live CMC!: Situating Computer-Mediated Communication Scholarship Beyond the Digital Age" (in en). Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 25 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmz018. ISSN 1083-6101. https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/25/1/9/5627760.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yao, Mike Z; Ling, Rich (2020-03-23). "“What Is Computer-Mediated Communication?”—An Introduction to the Special Issue" (in en). Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 25 (1): 4–8. doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmz027. ISSN 1083-6101. https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/25/1/4/5736586.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Malone, Erin; Gulati, Harjeet S.. "Designing Social Interfaces". http://designingsocialinterfaces.com/patterns/Synchronous_vs._Asynchronous.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Walther, Joseph B. (1 February 1996). "Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction". Communication Research 23 (1): 3–43. doi:10.1177/009365096023001001.
6. ↑ Walther, Joseph B.; Burgoon, Judee K. (1992). "Relational Communication in Computer-Mediated Interaction". Human Communication Research 19 (1): 50–88. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00295.x.
7. ↑ Haythornthwaite, Caroline; Wellman, Barry (2008). "The Internet in everyday life: An introduction". in Wellman, Barry; Haythornthwaite, Caroline. The Internet in Everyday Life. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3–41. ISBN 978-0-470-77738-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=v-UR_2QRFpwC&pg=PA3.
8. ↑ Skovholt, Karianne; Grønning, Anette; Kankaanranta, Anne (1 July 2014). "The Communicative Functions of Emoticons in Workplace E-Mails: :-)". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19 (4): 780–797. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12063.
9. ↑ Garcia, Angela Cora; Jacobs, Jennifer Baker (1 October 1999). "The Eyes of the Beholder: Understanding the Turn-Taking System in Quasi-Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication". Research on Language and Social Interaction 32 (4): 337–367. doi:10.1207/S15327973rls3204_2.
10. ↑ Herring, Susan (1 June 1999). "Interactional Coherence in CMC". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4 (4). doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1999.tb00106.x.
11. ↑ Herring, S.C. (1999). "Interactional coherence in CMC". Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences. 1999. HICSS-32. Abstracts and CD-ROM of Full Papers. p. 13. doi:10.1109/HICSS.1999.772674. ISBN 0-7695-0001-3.
12. ↑ McQuail, Denis (2005). McQuail's Mass Communication Theory. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-0372-1.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Jiang, L. Crystal; Bazarova, Natalya N.; Hancock, Jeffrey T. (1 February 2013). "From Perception to Behavior: Disclosure Reciprocity and the Intensification of Intimacy in Computer-Mediated Communication". Communication Research 40 (1): 125–143. doi:10.1177/0093650211405313.
14. ↑ Dunn, Robert Andrew (2012). "Identity Theories and Technology". in Rocci, Luppicini. Handbook of Research on Technoself: Identity in a Technological Society: Identity in a Technological Society. IGI Global. pp. 26–44. ISBN 978-1-4666-2212-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=wutGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26.
15. ↑ Spitzberg, Brian H. (1 January 2006). "Preliminary Development of a Model and Measure of Computer-Mediated Communication (Cmc) Competence". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11 (2): 629–666. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00030.x.
16. ↑ Bubaš, Goran; Spitzberg, Brian (2008). "The relations of communication skills in face-to-face and computer-mediated communication". Proceedings of the European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA) 2nd European Communication Conference. Communication Policies and Culture in Europe. ISBN 978-84-490-2569-3. https://www.bib.irb.hr/375532?rad=375532.
17. ↑ Abrams, Zsuzsana I. (2006). "From theory to practice: Intracultural CMC in the L2 classroom". in Ducate, Lara; Arnold, Nike. Calling on CALL: From Theory and Research to New Directions in Foreign Language Teaching. Computer Assisted Language Instruction Consortium. ISBN 978-0-9891208-1-4.
18. ↑ Warschauer, Mark (1998). Electronic Literacies: Language, Culture, and Power in Online Education. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-67348-2.
19. ↑ Warschauer, Mark (2006). Laptops and Literacy: Learning in the Wireless Classroom. Teachers College Press. ISBN 978-0-8077-4726-1.
20. ↑ Martin-Rubió, Xavier (2018-09-30) (in en). Contextualising English as a Lingua Franca: From Data to Insights. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-1696-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=SupwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9.
21. ↑ Crum, "Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer-Mediated Communication"
22. ↑ Katz, James E.; Aakhus, Mark (2002-03-21) (in en). Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00266-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt5AsHEgUh0C&dq=mobile+communication+studies&pg=PR9.
23. ↑ Lane, "Computer-Mediated Communication in the Classroom: Asset or Liability?"
24. ↑ Schouten, Alexander P.; Valkenburg, Patti M.; Peter, Jochen (1 November 2009). "An Experimental Test of Processes Underlying Self-Disclosure in Computer-Mediated Communication". Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 3 (2). https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4227.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Fenell, Zachary. "Disadvantage for Communication in Computer Technology". Techwalla. https://www.techwalla.com/articles/disadvantage-for-communication-in-computer-technology.
26. ↑ Sobel-Lojeski, Karen; Westwell, Martin (May 27, 2016). "Virtual distance: technology is rewriting the rulebook for human interaction". https://theconversation.com/virtual-distance-technology-is-rewriting-the-rulebook-for-human-interaction-38693.
27. ↑ "Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge". July 18, 2013. https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/17/world/asia/philippines-cybersex-trafficking/index.html.
28. ↑ "IJM Seeks to End Cybersex Trafficking of Children and #RestartFreedom this Cyber Monday and Giving Tuesday". November 28, 2016. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ijm-seeks-to-end-cybersex-trafficking-of-children-and-restartfreedom-this-cyber-monday-and-giving-tuesday-300368744.html.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Cybersex Trafficking". 2020. https://www.ijmuk.org/our-work/cybersex-trafficking.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking". June 30, 2018. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking-n886886.
31. ↑ "Senate to probe rise in child cybersex trafficking". November 11, 2019. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/11/11/1967750/senate-probe-rise-child-cybersex-trafficking.
32. ↑ "Global taskforce tackles cybersex child trafficking in the Philippines". April 15, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/global-taskforce-tackles-cybersex-child-trafficking-in-the-philippines-idUSKCN1RR1D1.
33. ↑ "Webcam slavery: tech turns Filipino families into cybersex child traffickers". June 17, 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-technology/webcam-slavery-tech-turns-filipino-families-into-cybersex-child-traffickers-idUSKBN1JE00X.
34. ↑ "How the internet fuels sexual exploitation and forced labour in Asia". May 2, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3008403/how-internet-fuels-sexual-exploitation-and-forced-labour.
35. ↑ "Philippines Makes More Child Cybersex Crime Arrests, Rescues". May 12, 2017. https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/philippines-makes-more-child-cybersex-crime-arrests-rescues.
36. ↑ "Cybersex trafficking spreads across Southeast Asia, fuelled by internet boom. And the law lags behind". September 11, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3026664/how-cambodias-outdated-laws-make-it-harder-tackle-cybersex.

## Further reading

* Ahern, Terence C.; Peck, Kyle; Laycock, Mary (1 August 1992). "The Effects of Teacher Discourse in Computer-Mediated Discussion". Journal of Educational Computing Research 8 (3): 291–309. doi:10.2190/HFPW-JYR3-YMBE-0J7D.
* Angeli, Charoula; Valanides, Nicos; Bonk, Curtis J. (2003). "Communication in a web-based conferencing system: the quality of computer-mediated interactions". British Journal of Educational Technology 34 (1): 31–43. doi:10.1111/1467-8535.d01-4.
* Bannan-Ritland, Brenda (2002). "Computer-Mediated Communication, eLearning, and Interactivity: A Review of the Research". Quarterly Review of Distance Education 3 (2): 161–79. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/95271/.
* Baym, N. K. (1995). "The emergence of community in computer-mediated communication". in Jones, Steve. CyberSociety. SAGE. pp. 138–163. ISBN 978-0-8039-5677-3.
* Bosso, Rino (2018). "First Steps in Exploring Computer-Mediated English as a Lingua Franca". in Martin-Rubió, Xavier. Contextualising English as a Lingua Franca: From Data to Insights. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 10–35. ISBN 978-1-5275-1696-0.
* Christopher, Mary M.; Thomas, Julie A.; Tallent-Runnels, Mary K. (1 March 2004). "Raising the bar: Encouraging high level thinking in online discussion forums". Roeper Review 26 (3): 166–171. doi:10.1080/02783190409554262. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1267&context=teachlearnfacpub.
* Cooper, Marilyn M.; Selfe, Cynthia L. (1990). "Computer Conferences and Learning: Authority, Resistance, and Internally Persuasive Discourse". College English 52 (8): 847–869. doi:10.2307/377388. ProQuest 236917432.
* Derks, Daantje; Fischer, Agneta H.; Bos, Arjan E.R. (May 2008). "The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review". Computers in Human Behavior 24 (3): 766–785. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.04.004.
* Forman, Ellice Ann (2000). "Knowledge Building in Discourse Communities". Human Development 43 (6): 364–368. doi:10.1159/000022697.
* Gabriel, Martha (1 June 2004). "Learning Together: Exploring Group Interactions Online". International Journal of e-Learning & Distance Education / Revue internationale du e-learning et la formation à distance 19 (1). ERIC EJ807839 ProQuest 214487867. https://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde/article/view/105.
* Garcia, Angela Cora; Standlee, Alecea I.; Bechkoff, Jennifer; Cui, Yan (1 February 2009). "Ethnographic Approaches to the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 38 (1): 52–84. doi:10.1177/0891241607310839.
* Gerrand, Peter (2007). "Estimating Linguistic Diversity on the Internet: A Taxonomy to Avoid Pitfalls and Paradoxes". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (4): 1298–1321. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00374.x.
* Gilbert, Patricia K.; Dabbagh, Nada (2005). "How to structure online discussions for meaningful discourse: a case study". British Journal of Educational Technology 36 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2005.00434.x.
* Gunawardena, Charlotte N.; Nolla, Ana C.; Wilson, Penne L.; Lopez-Islas, Jose R.; Ramirez-Angel, Noemi; Megchun-Alpizar, Rosa M. (1 January 2001). "A cross-cultural study of group process and development in online conferences". Distance Education 22 (1): 85–121. doi:10.1080/0158791010220106.
* Hancock, Jefrey T.; Dunham, Philip J. (1 June 2001). "Impression Formation in Computer-Mediated Communication Revisited: An Analysis of the Breadth and Intensity of Impressions". Communication Research 28 (3): 325–347. doi:10.1177/009365001028003004.
* Hara, Noriko; Bonk, Curtis Jay; Angeli, Charoula (1 March 2000). "Content analysis of online discussion in an applied educational psychology course". Instructional Science 28 (2): 115–152. doi:10.1023/A:1003764722829.
* Herring, Susan C. (1996). Computer-mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social, and Cross-cultural Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-5051-3.
* Herring, Susan; Stein, Dieter; Virtanen, Tuija, eds (2013). Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-021446-8.
* Hewitt, James (2001). "Beyond Threaded Discourse". International Journal of Educational Telecommunications 7 (3): 207–221. Gale A81390509. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/9215/.
* Hewitt, Jim (1 January 2003). "How Habitual Online Practices Affect the Development of Asynchronous Discussion Threads". Journal of Educational Computing Research 28 (1): 31–45. doi:10.2190/PMG8-A05J-CUH1-DK14.
* Järvelä, Sanna; Bonk, Curtis Jay; Lehtinen, Erno; Lehti, Sirpa (1 October 1999). "A Theoretical Analysis of Social Interactions in Computer-Based Learning Environments: Evidence for Reciprocal Understandings". Journal of Educational Computing Research 21 (3): 363–388. doi:10.2190/1JB6-FC8W-YEFW-NT9D.
* Jones, Graham M.; Schieffelin, Bambi B. (January 2009). "Enquoting voices, accomplishing talk: Uses of be+like in Instant Messaging". Language & Communication 29 (1): 77–113. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2007.09.003.
* Jones, Graham M.; Schieffelin, Bambi B. (2009). "Talking Text and Talking Back: 'My BFF Jill' from Boob Tube to YouTube". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14 (4): 1050–1079. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01481.x.
* Kalman, Yoram M.; Rafaeli, Sheizaf (1 February 2011). "Online Pauses and Silence: Chronemic Expectancy Violations in Written Computer-Mediated Communication". Communication Research 38 (1): 54–69. doi:10.1177/0093650210378229.
* Lapadat, Judith C. (1 April 2003). "Teachers in an Online Seminar Talking About Talk: Classroom Discourse and School Change". Language and Education 17 (1): 21–41. doi:10.1080/09500780308666836.
* Leinonen, Piritta; Järvelä, Sanna (2003). "Individual Students' Interpretations of Their Contribution to the Computer-Mediated Discussions". Journal of Interactive Learning Research 14 (1): 99–122. ProQuest 1468384767. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/17799/.
* Lin, Lin (2008). "An Online Learning Model to Facilitate Learners' Rights to Education". Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks 12 (1): 127–143. ERIC EJ837473. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/104080/.
* Lin, Lin; Cranton, Patricia; Bridglall, Beatrice (2005). "Psychological Type and Asynchronous Written Dialogue in Adult Learning". Teachers College Record 107 (8): 1788–1813. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9620.2005.00542.x. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/98392/.
* MacKnight, Carol (2000). "Teaching Critical Thinking through Online Discussions". Educase Quarterly 4: 38–41. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2000/1/teaching-critical-thinking-through-online-discussions.
* Poole, Dawn M. (1 December 2000). "Student Participation in a Discussion-Oriented Online Course". Journal of Research on Computing in Education 33 (2): 162–177. doi:10.1080/08886504.2000.10782307.
* Schrire, Sarah (2003). "A Model for Evaluating the Process of Learning in Asynchronous Computer Conferencing". Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems 17 (1): 6–12. ERIC EJ673405.
* Tidwell, Lisa Collins; Walther, Joseph B. (2002). "Computer-Mediated Communication Effects on Disclosure, Impressions, and Interpersonal Evaluations: Getting to Know One Another a Bit at a Time". Human Communication Research 28 (3): 317–348. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00811.x.
* Vonderwell, Selma (1 January 2003). "An examination of asynchronous communication experiences and perspectives of students in an online course: a case study". The Internet and Higher Education 6 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1016/S1096-7516(02)00164-1.
* Vozgova, Zinaida; Afanasyeva, Olga (2018). "Computer-mediated discourse analysis: an overview of leading vocabulary teaching strategies". Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social, Economic and Academic Leadership (ICSEAL 2018). pp. 256–264. doi:10.2991/icseal-18.2018.36. ISBN 978-94-6252-592-4.
* Wade, Suzanne E.; Fauske, Janice R. (2004). "Dialogue online: Prospective teachers' discourse strategies in computer-mediated discussions". Reading Research Quarterly 39 (2): 134–160. doi:10.1598/RRQ.39.2.1.
* Walther, Joseph B. (September 2007). "Selective self-presentation in computer-mediated communication: Hyperpersonal dimensions of technology, language, and cognition". Computers in Human Behavior 23 (5): 2538–2557. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.05.002.
* Wu, Dezhi; Hiltz, Starr Roxanne (19 March 2019). "Predicting learning from asynchronous online discussions". Online Learning 8 (2). doi:10.24059/olj.v8i2.1832.
* Ess, Charles; Sudweeks, Fay (1 November 2005). "Culture and Computer-Mediated Communication: Toward New Understandings" (in en). Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11 (1): 179–191. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.tb00309.x. ISSN 1083-6101. https://academic.oup.com/jcmc/article/11/1/179-191/4616662.

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* Rogers
* Schramm
* Tankard
* Tannen
* Wertheimer

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Evolutionary psychology

* History

Processes|

* Altruism
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* Kin selection
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* Sexual selection
* Social selection

Areas|

* Psychological development
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* Educational psychology
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* Music
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Biologists/
Neuroscientists|

* John Crook
* Charles Darwin
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* Jared Diamond
* W. D. Hamilton
* Peter Kropotkin
* Gordon Orians
* Jaak Panksepp
* Margie Profet
* Giacomo Rizzolatti
* Randy Thornhill
* Robert Trivers
* Carel van Schaik
* Claus Wedekind
* Wolfgang Wickler
* David Sloan Wilson
* E. O. Wilson
* George C. Williams
* Richard Wrangham

Anthropologists|

* Jerome H. Barkow
* Robert Boyd
* Napoleon Chagnon
* Gregory Cochran
* Robin Dunbar
* Daniel Fessler
* Mark Flinn
* Henry Harpending
* John D. Hawks
* Joseph Henrich
* Ruth Mace
* Daniel Nettle
* Stephen Shennan
* Donald Symons
* John Tooby
* Pierre van den Berghe

Behavioral economists/
Political scientists|

* Samuel Bowles
* Ernst Fehr
* Herbert Gintis
* Dominic D. P. Johnson
* Gad Saad

Literary theory/
Aesthetics|

* Joseph Carroll
* Denis Dutton

Psychologists/
Cognitive scientists|

* Simon Baron-Cohen
* Justin L. Barrett
* Jay Belsky
* David F. Bjorklund
* Paul Bloom
* Pascal Boyer
* Joseph Bulbulia
* David Buss
* Josep Call
* Anne Campbell
* Peter Carruthers
* Leda Cosmides
* Martin Daly
* Daniel Dennett
* Paul Ekman
* Anne Fernald
* Aurelio José Figueredo
* David C. Geary
* Gerd Gigerenzer
* Jonathan Haidt
* Judith Rich Harris
* Stephen Kaplan
* Douglas T. Kenrick
* Simon M. Kirby
* Robert Kurzban
* Michael T. McGuire
* Geoffrey Miller
* Darcia Narvaez
* Randolph M. Nesse
* Steven Neuberg
* David Perrett
* Steven Pinker
* Paul Rozin
* Mark Schaller
* David P. Schmitt
* Todd K. Shackelford
* Roger Shepard
* Peter K. Smith
* Dan Sperber
* Anthony Stevens
* Frank Sulloway
* Michael Tomasello
* Mark van Vugt
* Andrew Whiten
* Glenn Wilson
* Margo Wilson

Research centers/
organizations|

* Center for Evolutionary Psychology
* Human Behavior and Evolution Society
* Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
* Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
* New England Complex Systems Institute

Related subjects
and articles|

* The Adapted Mind
* The Evolution of Human Sexuality
* Evolutionary Psychology
* Evolution and Human Behavior
* Biosocial criminology
* Criticism of evolutionary psychology
* Evolutionary anthropology
* Evolutionary medicine
* Evolutionary linguistics
* Evolutionary neuroscience
* Evolutionary psychology and culture
* Group selection
* Human evolution
* Memetics
* Primatology
* Sociobiology
* Sociocultural evolution

Lists|

* Evolutionary psychologists
* Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers
* Bibliography of evolution and human behavior

* Evolutionary psychology
* Psychology portal
* Evolutionary biology portal

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