Freight transport

Short description: Physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo

"Shipping" redirects here. For the fandom concept, see Shipping (fandom). For other uses, see Shipping (disambiguation).

This map of shipping routes illustrates the relative density of commercial shipping in the world's oceans.

Freight transport, also referred to as freight forwarding, is the physical process of transporting commercial products and merchandise goods and cargo.[1] The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Prehistoric era
* 1.2 Classical era
* 1.2.1 Romans
* 1.2.2 Silk Road
* 1.3 Medieval period
* 1.4 Modern period
* 1.4.1 Industrial Revolution
* 1.4.2 Aviation
* 1.4.3 Autonomous transportation
* 2 Modes of shipment
* 2.1 Grounds
* 2.2 Ship
* 2.3 Air
* 2.4 Space
* 2.5 Multimodal
* 2.6 Intermodal
* 3 Terms of shipment
* 4 Door-to-door shipping
* 5 Digitalization and logistics marketplaces
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Citations
* 9 External links

## History

### Prehistoric era

Initial human civilization relied heavily on domesticated animals, such as horses, camels, and donkeys, to transport their goods. The invention of the wheel in Mesopotamia in 5000 B.C.E improved this efficiency by allowing for carts and carriages to be created, which animals could pull.[2]

### Classical era

#### Romans

The Romans built a vast network of roads, which facilitated trade across the numerous cities in its empire.[3]

#### Silk Road

Transport along the silk road, a land-based route, was generally done through caravans, equipped with camels that would carry goods. It was uncommon for traders to traverse the entirety of the silk road - they would pass on their goods to other traders along different legs of the journey.[4]

### Medieval period

### Modern period

#### Industrial Revolution

Freight transport in the UK was shaped significantly by the Industrial Revolution. The midlands of England saw a sophisticated canal system, which allowed freight to be transported easily through long distances. Additionally, railway systems were popularized, initially consisting of horse-drawn carts, but switched to steam powered trains later on.[5]

#### Aviation

After the invention of the plane by the Wright Brothers, the first air freight shipment was delivered in 1910. While the industry and demand for air freight delivery remained low throughout much of the 20th century, the creation of FedEx in 1973 revolutionised the industry by introducing specialised cargo flights, rather than aggregating passenger and cargo flights in one trip.[6]

#### Autonomous transportation

Presently, autonomous vehicles have been trialled by many companies as a method of transportation, intending to reduce labour costs.[7] Additionally, robots designed to automate the 'last-mile delivery' stage have also been considered by businesses.[8]

## Modes of shipment

Global freight volumes according to mode of transport in trillions of tonne-kilometres in 2010

In 2015, 108 trillion tonne-kilometers were transported worldwide (anticipated to grow by 3.4% per year until 2050 (128 Trillion in 2020)): 70% by sea, 18% by road, 9% by rail, 2% by inland waterways and less than 0.25% by air.[9]

### Grounds

Land or "ground" shipping can be made by train or by truck (British English: lorry). Ground transport is typically more affordable than air, but more expensive than sea, especially in developing countries, where inland infrastructure may not be efficient. In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its place of origin to the airport or seaport and then to its destination because it is not always possible to establish a production facility near ports due to the limited coastlines of countries.

### Ship

Harbour cranes unload cargo from a container ship at the Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Navi Mumbai, India.

Much freight transport is done by cargo ships. An individual nation's fleet and the people that crew it are referred to as its merchant navy or merchant marine. According to a 2018 report from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), merchant shipping (or seaborne trade) carries 80–90% of international trade and 60–70% by value.[10]: 4 On rivers and canals, barges are often used to carry bulk cargo.

### Air

Cargo is commonly transported by air in specialized cargo aircraft and in the luggage compartments of passenger aircraft, while sometimes helicopters and drones become the alternative air transportations. Air freight is typically the fastest mode for long-distance freight transport, but it is also the most expensive.

### Space

Main article: Engineering:Space logistics

### Multimodal

Main article: Engineering:Multimodal transport

Cargo is exchanged between different modes of transportation via transport hubs, also known as transport interchanges or Nodes (e.g. train stations, airports, etc.). Cargo is shipped under a single contract but performed using at least two different modes of transport (e.g. ground and air). Cargo may not be containerized.

### Intermodal

Main article: Engineering:Intermodal freight transport

Multimodal transport featuring containerized cargo (or intermodal container) that is easily transferred between ship, rail, plane and truck.

For example, a shipper works together with both ground and air transportation to ship an item overseas. Intermodal freight transport is used to plan the route and carry out the shipping service from the manufacturer to the door of the recipient.[11][12]

## Terms of shipment

Admiralty law

History

* Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
* Amalfian Laws
* Hanseatic League

Features

* Shipping

Freight rate
* General average
* Marine insurance
* Marine salvage
* Maritime lien
* Maritime transport
* Ship mortgage
* Ship registration
* International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea

Contracts of affreightment

* Bill of lading
* Charter-party

Types of charter-party

* Bareboat
* Demise
* Time
* Voyage

Parties

* Carrier
* Charterer
* Consignee
* Consignor
* Shipbroker
* Ship-manager
* Shipping agent
* Ship-owner
* Shipper
* Stevedore

Judiciary

* Admiralty court
* Vice admiralty court

International conventions

* Hague-Visby Rules
* Hamburg Rules
* Rotterdam Rules
* Maritime Labour Convention
* International Convention on Salvage
* United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

* SOLAS Convention
* Ballast Water Management Convention

International organisations

* International Maritime Organization
* London Maritime Arbitrators Association

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* e

The Incoterms (or International Commercial Terms) published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) are accepted by governments, legal authorities, and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of the most commonly used terms in international trade. Common terms include:

* Free on Board (FOB)
* Cost and Freight (CFR, C&F, CNF)
* Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF)

The term "best way" generally implies that the shipper will choose the carrier that offers the lowest rate (to the shipper) for the shipment. In some cases, however, other factors, such as better insurance or faster transit time, will cause the shipper to choose an option other than the lowest bidder.

## Door-to-door shipping

Door-to-door (DTD or D2D) shipping refers to the domestic or international shipment of cargo from the point of origin (POI) to the destination while generally remaining on the same piece of equipment and avoiding multiple transactions, trans-loading, and cross-docking without interim storage.

International DTD is a service provided by many international shipping companies and may feature intermodal freight transport using containerized cargo. The quoted price of this service includes all shipping, handling, import and customs duties, making it a hassle-free option for customers to import goods from one jurisdiction to another. This is compared to standard shipping, the price of which typically includes only the expenses incurred by the shipping company in transferring the object from one place to another. Customs fees, import taxes and other tariffs may contribute substantially to this base price before the item ever arrives.[13]

## Digitalization and logistics marketplaces

The freight transport industry has witnessed a substantial change with the rise of integrated digital marketplaces. International freight transport is a traditionally fragmented industry; however, with the rise of global digital marketplaces, the industry is witnessing a move towards a centralized platform. Such a move is enabling the integration of maritime, air, and land freight into a single marketplace. This is enabling small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to access international supply chains through Less than Container Load (LCL) and multimodal solutions traditionally adopted by industrial shippers.[14][15]

Significantly, the move towards a digital logistics industry is the automation of Incoterms and other documents. Such a move is enabling the electronic exchange of the Bill of Lading and other customs documents. For example, the Alibaba Logistics Marketplace is a global digital marketplace that enables a standardized approach to the discovery of rates and the tracking of cargo.[16] Such a move is bridging the gap between data and physical logistics; hence, the industry is witnessing a move towards more accurate "Just-in-Time" (JIT) delivery.[17]

## See also

* Affreightment
* Automatic identification system
* Mid-stream operation
* Outline of transport
* Ship transport
* Rail transport
* Transshipment
* Greek shipping
* Chinese shipping
* Environmental issues with shipping
* List of cargo types
* Right of way (shipping)
* Shipping markets
* Full container load (FCL)
* Less than container load (LCL)

## References

1. ↑ McLeod, Sam; Curtis, Carey (2020-03-14). "Understanding and Planning for Freight Movement in Cities: Practices and Challenges" (in en). Planning Practice & Research 35 (2): 201–219. doi:10.1080/02697459.2020.1732660. ISSN 0269-7459. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02697459.2020.1732660.
2. ↑ "Navigation and Transportation in the Ancient World | EBSCO Research Starters" (in en). https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/navigation-and-transportation-ancient-world.
3. ↑ "The Roman Empire, c125 CE | The Geography of Transport Systems" (in en-US). 2017-10-31. https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter1/emergence-of-mechanized-transportation-systems/roman-empire-c125ce/.
4. ↑ "Transportation Along The Silk Road -Silk Road China Tours". https://www.silkroadtourcn.com/blog/160.html?.
5. ↑ "The impact of the railways" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z88jmbk.
6. ↑ "Air Transportation: History of Commercial Air Freight". https://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Commercial_Aviation/AirFreight/Tran10.htm.
7. ↑ potenzaglobalsolutions.com; Transportation, T. C. I. (2023-11-15). "The Future of Autonomous Vehicles in Freight Transportation" (in en-US). https://tcitransportation.com/blog/the-future-of-autonomous-vehicles-in-freight-transportation/.
8. ↑ Alverhed, Elin; Hellgren, Simon; Isaksson, Hanna; Olsson, Lisa; Palmqvist, Hanna; Flodén, Jonas (2024-01-08). "Autonomous last-mile delivery robots: a literature review". European Transport Research Review 16 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s12544-023-00629-7. ISSN 1866-8887. Bibcode: 2024ETRR...16....4A.
9. ↑ "Global Freight Demand to Triple by 2050". The Maritime Executive. May 27, 2019. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/global-freight-demand-to-triple-by-2050.
10. ↑ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). "50 Years of Review of Maritime Transport, 1968-2018: Reflecting on the past, exploring the future". https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/dtl2018d1_en.pdf.
11. ↑ Ltd., Core Management Logistics. "Freight Forwarding - CML". http://www.cmlplc.com/freight-forwarding.
12. ↑ Ltd., Mach 1 Global Logistics (16 January 2018). "Freight Shipping Services". http://www.mach1global.com/what-are-freight-shipping-services/.
13. ↑ "Delta Cargo, Roadie partner to offer door-to-door parcel delivery service in US". Stat Trade Times. October 31, 2019. https://www.stattimes.com/news/delta-cargo-roadie-partner-to-offer-doortodoor-parcel-delivery-service-in-us-air-cargo/.
14. ↑ "Connecting to Compete: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy". The World Bank. https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/global.
15. ↑ Digital platforms (2020). "Digital platforms for managing transport and logistics systems". ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346419780_Digital_platforms_for_managing_transport_and_logistics_systems.
16. ↑ "Alibaba partners with Maersk to offer logistics services". Digital Commerce 360. 2017-01-05. https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/2017/01/05/alibaba-partners-maersk-offer-logistics-services/.
17. ↑ "The digitalisation of freight transport: challenges and solutions". Upply. https://www.upply.com/en/blog/the-digitalisation-of-freight-transport-challenges-and-solutions.

## Citations

* "Review of Maritime Transport 2014". United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2014. http://shipbrokers.co/pdf/UNMartimeReport2014_en.pdf.
* "Special Chapter: Asia". Review Maritime Transport 2010 Flyer. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2010. http://www.unctad.org/Templates/webflyer.asp?docid=14218&intItemID=5746&lang=1&mode=downloads.

## External links

* Schreiber, Zvi 2016: The Year Freight Goes Online . December 2015
* Bloomberg.com First Cryptocurrency Freight Deal Takes Russian Wheat to Turkey. January 2018

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Container shipping companies

Current companies|

* ACL
* APL
* CMA CGM
* COSCO
* Evergreen
* Hamburg Süd
* Hapag-Lloyd
* Hyundai
* Maersk
* MSC
* Nippon Yusen
* Ocean Network Express
* OOCL
* Pacific International Lines
* Textainer
* Wan Hai
* Yang Ming
* ZIM

Defunct|

* Hanjin Shipping

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Rail transport freight rolling stock

Enclosed equipment|

* Autorack
* Boxcar (US)
* British Railway Milk Tank Wagon
* Cattle wagon
* Coil car
* Container
* Covered goods wagon
* Covered hopper
* Livestock wagon
* Milk car
* Refrigerator car (US)
* Refrigerated van (EU)
* Roadrailer
* Stock car
* Tank car
* Wagon with opening roof

Open equipment|

* Bogie bolster wagon
* Chauldron wagon
* Class U special wagon
* Conflat
* Double-stack car
* Flatcar (US)
* Flat wagon (EU)
* Gondola (US)
* Hopper car
* Mine car
* Minecart
* Mineral wagon
* Modalohr
* Open wagon (EU)
* Quarry tub
* Rollbock
* Rotary car dumper
* Schnabel car
* Slate waggon
* Specialized flatcars
* Transporter wagon

Non-revenue equipment|

* Ballast cleaner
* Brake van (EU)
* Caboose (US)
* Clearance car
* Crane
* Crew car
* Rotary snowplow
* Scale test car
* Stoneblower
* Tamping machine
* Track geometry car
* Work trains

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Intermodal containers

Overview|

* Containerization
* Intermodal freight transport
* Bureau International des Containers
* ISO 6346 (BIC code)
* Twenty-foot equivalent unit

Transport|

* Container ship
* Double-stack
* Flatcar
* Well car

Handling|

* Container port
* Container crane
* Reach stacker
* Rubber tyred gantry crane
* Sidelifter
* Straddle carrier
* Twistlock
* Container spreader

Types|

* Refrigerated container
* SECU
* Tank container

Other|

* The Box
* BBC Box
* Container (board game)
* Container Shipping Information Service
* Shipping container architecture
* Sun Modular Datacenter

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Modern merchant ships

Dry cargo|

* Barge
* Bulk carrier
* Car float
* Chain boat
* Coaster
* Collier
* Container ship
* Heavy-lift ship
* Hopper barge
* Lake freighter
* Lighter aboard ship
* Livestock carrier
* Reefer ship
* RORO ship
* Submarine Cargo Vessel
* Train ferry

Tankers|

* Chemical tanker
* FPSO unit
* Gas carrier
* LNG carrier
* Oil tanker

Passenger|

* Cable ferry
* Cargo liner
* Cruise ship
* Cruiseferry
* Ferry
* Narrowboat
* Ocean liner
* RORO ship
* Train ferry

Support|

* Anchor handling tug supply vessel
* Diving support vessel
* Emergency tow vessel
* Fireboat
* Platform supply vessel
* Pusher
* Salvage tug
* Tender
* Tugboat

Other|

* Floating restaurant
* Cable layer
* Crane vessel
* Dredger
* Drillship
* Fishing vessel
* Icebreaker
* Merchant submarine
* Narco-submarine
* Pipe-laying ship
* Research vessel
* Riverboat
* Semi-submersible
* Snagboat

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