Civil and political rights

Short description: Rights preventing the infringement of personal freedom by other social actors

"Civil rights" redirects here. For other uses, see Civil rights (disambiguation).

Rights

Theoretical distinctions

* Claim rights and liberty rights
* Individual and group rights
* Natural rights and legal rights
* Negative and positive rights

Human rights

* Civil and political
* Economic, social and cultural
* Three generations

Rights by beneficiary

* Accused
* Animals
* Children
* Consumers
* Creditors
* Deaf
* Disabled persons
* Elders
* Farmers
* Humans
* Natives
* Intersex
* Kings
* LGBT
* Men
* Minorities
* Parents (Mothers, Fathers)
* Patients
* Peasants
* Plants
* Prisoners
* States
* Students
* Victims
* Women
* Workers
* Youth

Other groups of rights

* Civil liberties
* Digital
* Food
* Free migration
* Housing
* Linguistic
* Property
* Reproductive
* Rest and leisure
* Self defense
* Self-determination of people
* Sexuality
* Water and sanitation

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Liberalism

History

* Age of Enlightenment
* List of liberal theorists (contributions to liberal theory)

Ideas

* Civil and political rights
* Cultural liberalism
* Democracy
* Democratic capitalism
* Economic freedom
* Economic liberalism
* Egalitarianism
* Free market
* Free trade
* Freedom of the press
* Freedom of religion
* Freedom of speech
* Gender equality
* Harm principle
* Internationalism
* Laissez-faire
* Liberty
* Market economy
* Natural and legal rights
* Negative/positive liberty
* Non-aggression Principle
* Open society
* Permissive society
* Private property
* Rule of law
* Secularism
* Separation of church and state
* Social contract
* Welfare state

Schools of thought

* Anarcho-capitalism
* Classical liberalism
* Radical liberalism
* Left-libertarianism
* Geolibertarianism
* Right-libertarianism
* Conservative liberalism
* Democratic liberalism
* Green liberalism
* Liberal autocracy
* Liberal Catholicism
* Liberal conservatism
* Liberal feminism
* Equity feminism
* Liberal internationalism
* Liberal nationalism
* Liberal socialism
* Social democracy
* Muscular liberalism
* Neoliberalism
* National liberalism
* Ordoliberalism
* Radical centrism
* Religious liberalism
* Christian
* Islamic
* Jewish
* Secular liberalism
* Social liberalism
* Technoliberalism
* Third Way
* Whiggism

People

* Acton
* Alain
* Alberdi
* Alembert
* Arnold
* Aron
* Barante
* Bastiat
* Bentham
* Berlin
* Beveridge
* Bobbio
* Brentano
* Bright
* Broglie
* Burke
* Čapek
* Cassirer
* Chicherin
* Chu
* Chydenius
* Cobden
* Collingdood
* Condorcet
* Constant
* Croce
* Cuoco
* Dahrendorf
* Decy
* Dewey
* Dickens
* Diderot
* Dongsun
* Dunoyer
* Dworkin
* Emerson
* Eötvös
* Flach
* Friedman
* Galbraith
* Garrison
* George
* Gladstone
* Gobetti
* Gomes
* Gray
* Green
* Gu
* Guizot
* Hayek
* Herbert
* Hobbes
* Hobhouse
* Hobson
* Holbach
* Hu
* Humboldt
* Jefferson
* Jubani
* Kant
* Kelsen
* Kemal
* Keynes
* Korais
* Korwin-Mikke
* Kymplcka
* Lamartine
* Larra
* Lecky
* Li
* Locke
* Lufti
* Macaulay
* Madariaga
* Madison
* Martineau
* Masani
* Michelet
* Mill (father)
* Mill (son)
* Milton
* Mises
* Molteno
* Mommsen
* Money
* Montalembert
* Montesquieu
* Mora
* Mouffe
* Naoroji
* Naumann
* Nozick
* Nussbaum
* Ohlin
* Ortega
* Paine
* Paton
* Popper
* Price
* Priestley
* Prieto
* Quesnay
* Qin
* Ramírez
* Rathenau
* Rawls
* Raz
* Renan
* Renouvier
* Ricardo
* Röpke
* Rorthy
* Rosmini
* Rosselli
* Rousseau
* Ruggiero
* Sarmiento
* Say
* Sen
* Earl of Shaftesbury
* Shklar
* Sidney
* Sieyès
* Şinasi
* Sismondi
* Smith
* Soto Polar
* Spencer
* Spinoza
* Staël
* Sumner
* Tahtawi
* Tao
* Thierry
* Thorbecke
* Thoreau
* Tocqueville
* Tracy
* Troeltsch
* Turgot
* Villemain
* Voltaire
* Ward
* Weber
* Wollstonecraft
* Zambrano

Organizations

* Africa Liberal Network
* Alliance of Liberals
and Democrats for Europe
* Alliance of Liberals
and Democrats for Europe Party
* Arab Liberal Federation
* Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
* European Democratic Party
* European Liberal Youth
* European Party for Individual Liberty
* International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
* International Federation of Liberal Youth
* Liberal International
* Liberal Network for Latin America
* Liberal parties
* Liberal South East European Network

Regional variants

* Europe
* Latin America
* Albania
* Armenia
* Australia
* Austria
* Belgium
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* China
* Chile
* Colombia
* Croatia
* Cuba
* Cyprus
* Czech lands
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* Ecuador
* Egypt
* Estonia
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* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Honduras
* Hong Kong
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* Iceland
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* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Latvia
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* Macedonia
* Mexico
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* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Nicaragua
* Nigeria
* Norway
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Senegal
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Classical
* Modern
* Uruguay
* Venezuela
* Zimbabwe

Related topics

* Bias in academia
* Bias in the media

*   *

* v
* t
* e

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state.

Civil rights generally include ensuring peoples' physical and mental integrity, life, and safety, protection from discrimination, the right to privacy, the freedom of thought, speech, religion, press, assembly, and movement.

Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote. These rights also must follow the legal norm as in they must have the force of law and fit into the system of administrative justice. A key feature in modern society is that the more a state can guarantee political rights of citizens the better the states relations are with its citizens.[1]

Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights.[2] They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with economic, social, and cultural rights comprising the second portion). The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be "first-generation rights", and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Protection of rights
* 3 Other rights
* 4 Social movements for civil rights
* 5 Problems and analysis
* 6 First-generation rights
* 7 Civil and political rights organizations
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## History

The phrase "civil rights" is a translation of Latin jus civis (right of the citizen). Roman citizens could be either free (libertas) or servile (servitus), but they all had rights in law.[3] After the Edict of Milan in 313, these rights included the freedom of religion; however, in 380, the Edict of Thessalonica required all subjects of the Roman Empire to profess Nicene Christianity.[4] Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of universal rights could still be made based on Christian doctrine. According to the leaders of Kett's Rebellion (1549), "all bond men may be made free, for God made all free with his precious blood-shedding."[5]

In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights. The Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. It was one of the influences drawn on by George Mason and James Madison when drafting the Virginia Declaration of Rights in 1776. The Virginia declaration heavily influenced the U.S. Bill of Rights (1789).[6]

The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a "civil disability". In early 19th century Britain, the phrase "civil rights" most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons, support for civil rights was divided, with many politicians agreeing with the existing civil disabilities of Catholics. The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 restored their civil rights.[7]

In the United States, the term civil rights has been associated with the civil rights movement (1954–1968), which fought against racism.[8] The movement also fought segregation and Jim Crow laws and this fight took place in the streets, in public places, in government, and in the courts including the Supreme Court.[9] The civil rights movement was also not the only movement fighting for civil rights as The Black Panthers were also a group focused on fighting racism and Jim Crow.

Other things that civil rights have been associated with are not just race but also rights of Transgender and other LGBTQ individuals. These have been fights over sexuality instead of race and focused around whether these individuals may access certain spaces like bathrooms according to their sexual identity or biological sex. Gavin Grimm's fight in Virginia over whether he could use the bathroom of his choice is a well known case in these civil right fights.[10]

Another issue in civil rights has been the issue with police brutality in certain communities especially minority communities. This has been seen as another way for minority groups to be oppressed and their rights infringed upon. Outrage has also been a massive result of incidents caught on tape of police abusing and in some cases causing the deaths of people from minority groups such as African Americans. That is why to address the issue has been accountability to police engaging in such conduct as a way to deter other officers from committing similar actions.[11]

## Protection of rights

T. H. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights and still later by social rights. In many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in a bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in international human rights instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected. However, most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil and political rights. Civil rights are considered to be natural rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America that "a free people [claim] their rights as derived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate."

The question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. Although in many countries citizens are considered to have greater protections against infringement of rights than non-citizens, civil and political rights are generally considered to be universal rights that apply to all persons. One thing to mention is that if individuals have fewer political rights than are they more likely to commit political violence such as in countries where individual rights are highly restricted.[12] That is why it is important for countries to protect the political rights of all citizens including minority groups. This extends to racial, ethnic, tribal, and religious groups. By granting them the same rights it helps reduce the risk of political violence breaking out.[13]

According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr., analyzing the causes of and lack of protection from human rights abuses in the Global South should be focusing on the interactions of domestic and international factors—an important perspective that has usually been systematically neglected in the social science literature.[14]

## Other rights

Custom also plays a role. Implied or unenumerated rights are rights that courts may find to exist even though not expressly guaranteed by written law or custom; one example is the right to privacy in the United States, and the Ninth Amendment explicitly shows that other rights are also protected.

The United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness". It is considered by some that the sole purpose of government is the protection of life, liberty, and property.[15]

Some thinkers have argued that the concepts of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats,[16][17] the medicine one takes,[18][19][20] and the habit one indulges.[21][22][23]

## Social movements for civil rights

Savka Dabčević-Kučar, Croatian Spring participant; Europe's first female prime minister

Civil rights guarantee equal protection under the law. When civil and political rights are not guaranteed to all as part of equal protection of laws, or when such guarantees exist on paper but are not respected in practice, opposition, legal action and even social unrest may ensue.

Civil rights movements in the United States gathered steam by 1848 with such documents as the Declaration of Sentiment.[24] Consciously modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments became the founding document of the American women's movement, and it was adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention, July 19 and 20, 1848.[25]{{Full citation needed|date=March 2014} Worldwide, several political movements for equality before the law occurred between approximately 1950 and 1980. These movements had a legal and constitutional aspect, and resulted in much law-making at both national and international levels. They also had an activist side, particularly in situations where violations of rights were widespread. Movements with the proclaimed aim of securing observance of civil and political rights included:

* the civil rights movement in the United States, where rights of black citizens had been violated;
* the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, formed in 1967 following failures in this province of the United Kingdom to respect the Roman Catholic minority's rights; and
* movements in many Communist countries, such as the Prague Spring and Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia and the uprisings in Hungary.

Most civil rights movements relied on the technique of civil resistance, using nonviolent methods to achieve their aims.[26] In some countries, struggles for civil rights were accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and even armed rebellion. While civil rights movements over the last sixty years have resulted in an extension of civil and political rights, the process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not achieve or fully achieve their objectives.

## Problems and analysis

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Questions about civil and political rights have frequently emerged. For example, to what extent should the government intervene to protect individuals from infringement on their rights by other individuals, or from corporations—e.g., in what way should employment discrimination in the private sector be dealt with?

Political theory deals with civil and political rights. Robert Nozick and John Rawls expressed competing visions in Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia and Rawls' A Theory of Justice. Other influential authors in the area include Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, and Jean Edward Smith.

## First-generation rights

First-generation rights, often called "blue" rights, deal essentially with liberty and participation in political life. They are fundamentally civil and political in nature, as well as strongly individualistic: They serve negatively to protect the individual from excesses of the state. First-generation rights include, among other things, freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, (in some countries) the right to keep and bear arms, freedom of religion, freedom from discrimination, and voting rights. They were pioneered in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century during the Age of Enlightenment. Political theories associated with the English, American, and French revolutions were codified in the English Bill of Rights in 1689 (a restatement of Rights of Englishmen, some dating back to Magna Carta in 1215) and more fully in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 and the United States Bill of Rights in 1791.[27][28]

They were enshrined at the global level and given status in international law first by Articles 3 to 21 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and later in the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In Europe, they were enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights in 1953.

## Civil and political rights organizations

The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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There are current organizations that exist to protect people's civil and political rights in case they are infringed upon. The ACLU, founded in 1920, is a well-known non-profit organization that helps to preserve freedom of speech and works to change policy.[29] Another organization is the NAACP, founded in 1909, which focuses on protecting the civil rights of minorities. The NRA is a civil rights group founded in 1871 that primarily focuses on protecting the right to bear arms. These organizations serve a variety of causes, one being the AFL–CIO, which is America's union that represent the working-class people nationwide.[30]

## See also

* Civics
* Civil liberties
* Discrimination
* List of civil rights leaders
* Political equality
* Repression

## References

1. ↑ Fokina, Anastasiia O.; Yushchyk, Oleksii O.; Kunenko, Iryna S.; Ryndiuk, Vira I.; Machuska, Iryna B. (2023-12-30). "Normative determination of guarantees of political rights in the sphere of administrative justice" (in en). Revista Amazonia Investiga 12 (72): 246–253. doi:10.34069/AI/2023.72.12.22. ISSN 2322-6307. https://amazoniainvestiga.info/check/72/22-246-253.pdf.
2. ↑ A useful survey is Paul Sieghart, The Lawful Rights of Mankind: An Introduction to the International Legal Code of Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 1985.
3. ↑ Mears, T. Lambert, Analysis of M. Ortolan's Institutes of Justinian, Including the History and, p. 75.
4. ↑ Fahlbusch, Erwin and Geoffrey William Bromiley, The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4, p. 703.
5. ↑ "Human Rights: 1500–1760 – Background". Nationalarchives.gov.uk. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/humanrights/1500-1760/.
6. ↑ "Bill of Rights: The 1st Ten Amendments". Bill of Rights Institute. https://billofrightsinstitute.org/primary-sources/bill-of-rights.
7. ↑ "The Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829". https://www.princeton.edu/~graphicarts/2011/03/the_mountain_in_labour.html.
8. ↑ "Civil Rights Movement: Timeline, Key Events & Leaders" (in en). 2024-01-22. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement.
9. ↑ "A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States: The Black Panther Party This guide focuses on the civil rights that various groups have fought for within the United States.". https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory.
10. ↑ Rand, Erin J. (2024-01-02). ""The Rosa Parks of the trans bathroom debate": Gavin Grimm and the racialization of transgender civil rights" (in en). Quarterly Journal of Speech 110 (1): 51–73. doi:10.1080/00335630.2023.2259963. ISSN 0033-5630. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00335630.2023.2259963.
11. ↑ Clifton, Michael-James, ed (2024). Building Bridges in European and Human Rights Law: Essays in Honour and Memory of Paul Heim CMG (1 ed.). Hart Publishing. doi:10.5040/9781509952618.0015. ISBN 978-1-5099-5261-8. https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/monograph?docid=b-9781509952618.
12. ↑ Piazza, James (2024-04-02). "Intolerance of non-Muslim political rights and engagement in political violence: a study of public opinion in 11 Arab countries" (in en). Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 16 (2): 212–226. doi:10.1080/19434472.2022.2061570. ISSN 1943-4472. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19434472.2022.2061570.
13. ↑ Mustafa, Dr. Ghulam; Ahmad, Tooba; Arslan, Muhammad (2021-09-27). "An Analysis of Family Laws of Religious Minorities in Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of International Affairs 4 (3). doi:10.52337/pjia.v4i3.239. ISSN 2664-360X. https://pjia.com.pk/index.php/pjia/article/view/239.
14. ↑ Regilme, Salvador Santino F. Jr. (3 October 2014). "The Social Science of Human Rights: The Need for a 'Second Image Reversed'?". Third World Quarterly 35 (8): 1390–1405. doi:10.1080/01436597.2014.946255.
15. ↑ House Bill 4
16. ↑ Robert Book (March 23, 2012). "The Real Broccoli Mandate". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/aroy/2012/03/23/the-real-broccoli-mandate/.
17. ↑ Meredith Bragg & Nick Gillspie (June 21, 2013). "Cheese Lovers Fight Idiotic FDA Ban on Mimolette Cheese!". Reason. http://reason.com/reasontv/2013/06/21/cheese-lovers-fight-idiotic-fda-ban-on-m.
18. ↑ Jessica Flanigan (July 26, 2012). "Three arguments against prescription requirements". Journal of Medical Ethics 38 (10): 579–586. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100240. PMID 22844026. http://jme.bmj.com/content/38/10/579.full.pdf+html. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
19. ↑ Kerry Howley (August 1, 2005). "Self-Medicating in Burma: Pharmaceutical freedom in an outpost of tyranny". Reason. http://reason.com/archives/2005/08/01/self-medicating-in-burma.
20. ↑ Daniel Schorn (February 11, 2009). "Prisoner Of Pain". 60 Minutes. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/prisoner-of-pain/.
21. ↑ Emily Dufton (Mar 28, 2012). "The War on Drugs: Should It Be Your Right to Use Narcotics?". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/03/the-war-on-drugs-should-it-be-your-right-to-use-narcotics/254317/.
22. ↑ Doug Bandow (2012). "From Fighting the Drug War to Protecting the Right to Use Drugs – Recognizing a Forgotten Liberty". Towards a Worldwide Index of Human Freedom. Chapter 10. Fraser Institute. pp. 253–280. http://www.freetheworld.com/2012/freedomIndex/Towards-Worldwide-Index-10-Bandow.pdf.
23. ↑ Thomas Szasz (1992). Our Right to Drugs: The Case for a Free Market. Praeger. ISBN 9780815603337. https://books.google.com/books?id=2gEPHslMsKgC.
24. ↑ "Signatures to the Seneca Falls Convention 'Declaration of Sentiments'". American History Online, Facts On File, Inc.
25. ↑ Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn. "Declaration of Rights and Sentiments". Encyclopedia of Women's History in America, 2nd ed. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2000. American History Online. [ISBN missing]
26. ↑ Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present , Oxford University Press, 2009. Includes chapters by specialists on the various movements.
27. ↑ Domaradzki, Spasimir; Khvostova, Margaryta; Pupovac, David (2019-12-01). "Karel Vasak's Generations of Rights and the Contemporary Human Rights Discourse" (in en). Human Rights Review 20 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1007/s12142-019-00565-x. ISSN 1874-6306.
28. ↑ "Types and Generations of Human Rights". https://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/slatta/hi216/hrtypes.htm.
29. ↑ "About the ACLU" (in en). https://www.aclu.org/about-aclu.
30. ↑ "Civil Rights Organizations". https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/resources/civil-rights-organizations.

## External links

Library resources about
Civil and political rights

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Altman, Andrew. "Civil Rights". in Zalta, Edward N.. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/civil-rights/.
* Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle ~ an online multimedia encyclopedia presented by the King Institute at Stanford University, includes information on over 1000 civil rights movement figures, events and organizations
* Encyclopædia Britannica: Article on Civil Rights Movement
* The History Channel: Civil Rights Movement
* Civil Rights: Beyond Black & White – slideshow by Life magazine
* Civil rights during the Eisenhower Administration, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
* Arnold, Eric K. "The BLM Effect: Hashtags, History and Race." Race, Poverty & the Environment, vol. 21, no. 2, 2017, pp. 8–15. JSTOR, The BLM Effect: Hashtags, History and Race. Accessed 11 Apr. 2023.
* Estes, Carroll L. "Women's Rights, Women's Status, Women's Resistance in the Age of Trump." Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, vol. 41, no. 4, 2017, pp. 36–44. JSTOR, Women's Rights, Women's Status, Women's Resistance in the Age of Trump. Accessed 11 Apr. 2023.
* Reckoning with 1898 in a 21st Century Civil Rights Movement
* Be Nice. Project

* v
* t
* e

Human rights

* Humans'
* Children's
* Intersex
* Women's

Fundamental concepts
and philosophies

* Natural law
* Positive law
* Sovereignty
* Universal jurisdiction

Distinctions|

* Claim rights and liberty rights
* Individual and group rights
* Natural and legal rights
* Negative and positive rights

Aspects|

* Corporal punishment

Organizations|

* List of human rights organisations
* National human rights institutions

By continent|

* Africa
*   * Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Oceania
* South America

Related|

* History of human rights
* List of human rights articles by country
* List of human rights awards
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights

* v
* t
* e

Substantive human rights

Please note: What is considered a human right is controversial and not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

Civil and political|

* Cannabis rights
* Equality before the law
* Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
* Freedom of assembly
* Freedom of association
* Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
* Freedom from discrimination
* Freedom from exile
* Freedom of information
* Freedom of movement
* Freedom of religion
* Freedom from slavery
* Freedom of speech
* Freedom of thought
* Freedom from torture
* Legal aid
* Liberty
* LGBT rights
* Nationality
* Personhood
* Presumption of innocence
* Right of asylum
* Right to die
* Right to a fair trial
* Right to family life
* Right to keep and bear arms
* Right to life
* Right to petition
* Right to privacy
* Right to protest
* Right to refuse medical treatment
* Right of self-defense
* Security of person
* Universal suffrage

Economic, social
and cultural

* Digital rights
* Equal pay for equal work
* Fair remuneration
* Labor rights
* Right to an adequate standard of living
* Right to clothing
* Right to development
* Right to education
* Right to food
* Right to health
* Right to housing
* Right to Internet access
* Right to property
* Right to public participation
* Right of reply
* Right of return
* Right to science and culture
* Right to social security
* Right to water
* Right to work
* Trade union membership

Sexual and
reproductive|

* Abortion
* Family planning
* Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
* Intersex human rights
* LGBT rights
* Reproductive health
* Right to sexuality

Violations|

* Corporal punishment

War and conflict|

* Civilian
* Combatant
* Freedom from genocide
* Prisoner of war
* Wartime sexual violence

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