Gorilla

?Gorillas


 Hand of a Gorilla at San Diego Zoo
Eastern Lowland Gorilla


Scientific classification





Kingdom:
Animalia


Phylum:
Chordata


Class:
Mammalia


Order:
Primates


Family:
Hominidae


Genus:
Gorilla
I Geoffroy, 1853



Type species


Troglodytes gorilla
Savage, 1847


Species



Gorilla gorilla

Gorilla beringei




The gorilla, the largest of the living primates is a ground-dwelling herbivore that inhabits limited regions of forest in central Africa. The gorilla occurs in two species, the western gorilla and the eastern gorilla. Both species are endangered due to poaching, loss of habitat, and death caused by the ebola virus. Gorilla DNA is 98 percent identical to that of humans, making them the second closest living relative to humans, after the two chimpanzee species (Chen 2001).
Gorillas are apes in the superfamily Hominoidea and the family Hominidae known also as the "great apes" and comprising humans,[1] the gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans. All other apes belong to the family Hylobatidae and are known as the "lesser apes" (gibbons).

Contents

1 Physical characteristics
2 Classification
3 Name
4 Endangerment
5 Behavior
6 Studies
7 Intelligence
8 Notes
9 References
10 Credits


Physical characteristics
Gorillas move around by knuckle-walking. Adult males range in height from 165 to 175 centimeters (5 feet 5 inches to 5 feet 9 inches), and in weight from 140 to 165 kilograms (310 to 365 pounds). Females are about half the weight of males. Gorillas' facial structure is described as prognathous; that is, their mandible, or lower jaw, protrudes further out than the maxilla, upper jaw.
Gestation (the carrying of the embryo or fetus inside the female prior to birth) is eight and a half months. Infants stay with their mothers for three to four years, and females typically do not have more offspring during that time. Females mature when they are 10 to 12 years old (earlier in captivity); males mature between the ages of 11 and 13. Gorillas live to be 30 to 50 years old. The oldest gorilla on record is the Philadelphia Zoo's Massa, who lived to be 54.
Gorillas are mainly vegetarian, eating fruits, leaves, and shoots, but they also eat insects. Due to their diet of plant life, gorillas often have bloated stomachs.
Almost all gorillas share the same blood type, B, and have individual fingerprints, like humans.

Classification
Scientists for decades divided gorillas into three species: the Western Lowland Gorilla, the Eastern Lowland Gorilla, and the Mountain Gorilla. Primatologists now generally divide gorillas into two species, the Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and the Eastern Gorilla (Gorilla Beringei), with at least two subspecies for each. A third subspecies for one of the Eastern Gorilla is also claimed.

 Western lowland gorilla
Primatologists continue to explore the relationships between various gorilla populations (Groves 2002). The species and subspecies listed below are the ones most scientists agree upon (Groves 2005).

Genus Gorilla 
Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)
Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli)
Eastern Gorilla (Gorilla beringei)
Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Eastern Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri)
The proposed third subspecies of the Eastern Gorilla, Gorilla beringei, which has not received a full Latin designation, is the Bwindi population of the Mountain Gorilla, sometimes called Bwindi Gorilla.

Name
The American physician and missionary Thomas Staughton Savage first described the Western Gorilla (he called it Troglodytes gorilla) in 1847 from specimens obtained in Liberia. The name derived from the Gorillai, a "tribe of hairy women," described by Hanno the Navigator, a Carthaginian navigator and possible visitor (circa 480 B.C.E.) to the area that later became Sierra Leone (Müller 1979).

Endangerment
Both species of gorilla are endangered, and have been subject to intense poaching. Threats to gorilla survival include habitat destruction and the bushmeat trade. A population of several hundred gorillas in the Odzala National Park, Republic of Congo was essentially wiped out in 2004 by the Ebola virus (Caillaud 2006).

Behavior
 A silverback gorilla
A silverback is an adult male gorilla, typically more than 12 years old and named for the distinctive patch of silver hair on his back. Silverbacks have large canines that come with maturity. Blackbacks are sexually mature males of up to 11 years of age.
Silverbacks are the strong, dominant troop leaders. Each typically leads a troop of five to 30 gorillas and is the center of the troop's attention, making all the decisions, mediating conflicts, determining the movements of the group, leading the others to feeding sites, and taking responsibility for the safety and well-being of the troop.

 Gorilla at the Cincinnati Zoo
Males slowly begin to leave their original troop when they are about 11 years old, traveling alone or with a group of other males for two to five years before they attract females to form a new group and start breeding. While infant gorillas normally stay with their mother for three to four years, silverbacks will care for weaned young orphans, though never to the extent of carrying the little gorillas.
If challenged by a younger male or even by an outsider male, a silverback will scream, beat his chest, break branches, bare his teeth, then charge forward. Sometimes a younger male in the group can take over leadership from an old male. If the leader is killed by disease, accident, fighting, or poachers, the group will split up and individuals will look for a new protective male. Though extremely rare, a group might be taken over in its entirety by another male. In this case, the new leader may kill the infants of the dead silverback.

Studies
Nineteenth century. The first known study of gorillas was in 1867. The French researcher heading the project read legends about gorillas, then wrote tall tales. He portrayed them as dangerous animals that would raid villages and rape women.
Early twentieth century. The next known systematic study was not conducted until the 1920s, when Carl Akely of the American Museum of Natural History traveled to Africa to hunt for an animal to be shot and stuffed. On his first trip, he was accompanied by two friends, Mary Bradley, a famous mystery writer, and her husband. After their trip, Mary Bradley wrote On the Gorilla Trail. She later became an advocate for the conservation of gorillas and wrote several more books, mostly children’s books. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Robert Yerkes and his wife Ava helped further the study of gorillas when they sent Harold Bigham to Africa. Yerkes also wrote a book in 1929 about the great apes.
Mid-twentieth century. After World War II, George Schaller was one of the first researchers to go into the field and study primates. In 1959, he conducted a systematic study of the Mountain Gorilla in the wild and published his work. Years later, at the behest of Louis Leakey, Dian Fossey conducted a much longer and more comprehensive study of the Mountain Gorilla. It was not until she published her work that many misconceptions and myths about gorillas were finally disproved, including the myth that gorillas are violent.
Intelligence
Gorillas are closely related to humans and are considered to be highly intelligent. A few individuals in captivity, such as Koko, have been taught a subset of sign language.

 A female gorilla exhibiting tool use by using a tree trunk as a support while fishing.
In September 2005, Thomas Breuer, a conservation biologist with the Wildlife Conservation Society, led a team of researchers to Africa to observe gorillas. During the expedition they saw several examples of gorillas using tools in the wild. A female gorilla in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo was recorded using a stick as if to gauge the depth of water while crossing a swamp. A second female was seen using a tree stump as a bridge and also as a support while fishing in the swamp. Subsequent to these observations, researchers have concluded that all great apes are known to use tools (Breuer 2005).
In September 2005, a two and a half year old gorilla in the Republic of Congo was discovered using rocks to smash open palm nuts. While this was the first such observation for a gorilla, over 40 years previously chimpanzees had been seen using tools in the wild, famously “fishing” for termites. Other animals also use tools; sea otters, for example, place rocks on their chests to break sea urchins. Gorillas use sticks and rocks to thwart predators (Beck 1980). Great apes are endowed with a semi-precision grip, and have been able to use both simple tools and even weapons, by improvising a club from a convenient fallen branch.

Notes

↑ The issue of where to place humans taxonomically has been contentious in the past with many people not feeling comfortable to be categorized as an ape. At the level of academic biologists, however, the issue is settled. The fundamental issue is not about biology but about the presumption by many that a distinctive human spirit, thought process, and behavior set humans apart from the gorillas and chimpanzees. Shifting the academic foundations in relation to these presumptions would be prerequisite to resolving the categorization issue.


ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Beck, B. B. Animal Tool Behavior: The Use and Manufacture of Tools by Animals. New York: Garland Press, 1980.
Breuer, T., M. Ndoundou-Hockemba, and V. Fishlock. First Observation of Tool Use in Wild Gorillas. PLoS biology 3 (2005):380.
Caillaud, D., et al. Gorilla susceptibility to Ebola virus: the cost of sociality. Current Biology 16 (2006):R489–91.
Chen, F. C., and W. H. Li. Genomic divergences between humans and other hominoids and the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (2001): 444–56.
Groves, C. Mammal Species of the World, 3rd ed. Edited by D. E. Wilson, and D. M. Reeder. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005.
Groves, C. A history of gorilla taxonomy. In Gorilla Biology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Edited by A. B. Taylor and M. L. Goldsmith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Müller, C. Geographici Graeci Minores (1855–61). Edited by J. Blomqvist, 1979.
Primate Factsheets: Gorilla. Primate Info Net. Retrieved December 26, 2022.

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