Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit

Short description: Guided articulated bus system

Autonomous rapid transit (ART)
智能轨道快运系统 (智轨)[1]

Manufacturer| CRRC
Family name| Guided bus
Bi-articulated bus
Constructed| 2017
Entered service| Inauguration date: 2018[2][3]
Specifications
Car body construction| Space frame with bolted-on panels
Train length| 3 sections: 31.64 m
(103 ft 9 5⁄8 in)
Width| 2.65 m (8 ft 8 3⁄8 in)[4]
Height| 3.4 m (11 ft 1 7⁄8 in)[4]
Low-floor| Yes
Maximum speed| 70 km/h (43 mph)[5]
Power supply| 600 kWh Lithium–titanate batteries[6]
Electric system(s)| 10 kV
Wheels driven| Rubber wheels on a plastic core[7]
Bogies| Multi-axle steering system,[6] Active suspension
Minimum turning radius| 15 m (49.2 ft)
Passengers|

* 170-307 in 3 sections[8]

* 278-500 in 5 sections

|

Max. distance at full charge| 40 km (25 miles) (standard model)[2]
80 km (50 miles) (UAE model)
Charging time|

* 30 sec for 3 to 5 km
(1.9 to 3.1 miles):[9]

* 10 min for 25 km
(16 miles)[7]

Min. width of lane| 3.5 m (11.5 ft)[10]
Life expectancy| 25+ years for body structure (manufacturer claimed)
Autonomous rail rapid transit

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Autonomous rapid transit (ART) is a lidar (light detection and ranging) guided bi-articulated bus system intended for urban passenger transport. Developed by CRRC through CRRC Zhuzhou Institute Co Ltd, it was first unveiled in Zhuzhou, China, on 2 June 2017.[2][3][11] Though marketed with terms such as Lingang digital rail rapid transit and electric road, its core design consists of a multi-section articulated vehicle guided by optical sensors rather than rails. The body is composed of fixed compartments joined by articulated gangways, giving it a superficial resemblance to a rubber-tyred tram or translohr.

The marketing of ART as "rail" or "rapid transit" technology has been met with skepticism, with critics describing the system as a gadgetbahn. Despite the English branding as "autonomous", all ART vehicles in operation are manually speed-controlled with optical guidance assistance and are not capable of fully independent navigation.[12] More significantly, the absence of any physical rail infrastructure undercuts its association with rail-based systems. While the aesthetic and branding attempt to align ART with trams or light rail, the operational mechanics remain those of a bus, relying entirely on public roads and lacking grade separation.

Ultimately, ART falls within the category of bus or trolleybus technology, closely mirroring the function and form of bus rapid transit (BRT). Vehicles operating under ART are subject to the same regulations as conventional road traffic and must display license plates accordingly. Although the system is promoted as a modern solution to urban transit, the use of terms like "train" and "rail" may overstate its capabilities. In practice, ART functions as a guided articulated bus system, and critics argue that its key differences from traditional BRT are more cosmetic than substantive.[13]

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 2 Description
* 3 Sensors and batteries
* 4 Benefits and limitations
* 5 List of commercially operating lines
* 6 List of systems under construction
* 7 Proposed systems
* 8 Cancelled projects
* 9 See also
* 10 References

## Background

Before the announcement by CRRC, optical guided buses have been in use in a number of cities in Europe and North America, including in Rouen as part of Transport Est-Ouest Rouennais, in Las Vegas as a segment of Metropolitan Area Express BRT service (now discontinued), and in Castellón de la Plana as Line 1 (TRAM de Castellón). The guidance system technology used on these systems was called Visée under their original developer Matra, and is now named Optiguide after being acquired by Siemens.[14]

## Description

See also: Engineering:Articulated bus and Bi-articulated bus

An ART vehicle with three carriages is approximately 30 m (98 ft 5 in) long.[6] It can travel at a speed of 70 km/h (43 mph) and can carry up to 300 passengers.[5] A five-carriage ART vehicle provides space for 500 passengers.[2][5] A four carriage model was introduced in 2021 which can carry 400 passengers.[15] Two vehicles can closely follow each other without being mechanically connected, similarly to multiple unit train control.[10] The entire ART has a low-floor design from a space frame with bolted-on panels to support the weight of passengers.[9] It is built as a bi-directional vehicle, with driver's cabs at either end, allowing it to travel in either direction at full speed.

The 6.5 km (4.0 miles) long ART lane was built through downtown Zhuzhou and inaugurated in 2018.[2]

## Sensors and batteries

See also: Engineering:Battery electric bus and Sensor

The ART is equipped with various optical and other types of sensors to allow the vehicle to automatically follow a route defined by a virtual track of markings on the roadway.[2] A steering wheel also allows the driver to manually guide the vehicle, including around detours.[8][10] A Lane Departure Warning System helps to keep the vehicle in its lane and automatically warns, if it drifts away from the lane. A Collision Warning System supports the driver on keeping a safe distance with other vehicles on the road and if the proximity reduces below a given level, it alerts the driver by a warning sign. The Route Change Authorization is a navigation device, which analyzes the traffic conditions on the chosen route and can recommend a detour to avoid traffic congestion. The Electronic Rearview Mirrors work with remotely adjustable cameras and provide a clearer view than conventional mirrors, including an auto dimming device to reduce the glare.[6]

The ART is powered by lithium–titanate batteries and can travel a distance of 40 km (25 miles) per full charge. The batteries can be recharged via current collectors at stations.[4] The recharging time for a 3 to 5 km (1.9 to 3.1 mi) trip is 30 seconds[9] and for a 25 km (16 mi) trip, 10 minutes.[16]

## Benefits and limitations

A 2018 article by a sustainability academic argued trackless trams could replace both light-rail and bus rapid transit due to low cost, quick installation and low emissions.[17] Others have disputed the claims about cost and quick installations, and argued that ART is a proprietary technology with little deployment worldwide.[18][19] Other experts have argued the technology is overhyped, that optical guidance technology is not new, and that current proposals largely represent a repackaging of the bus as a rail-replacement technology.[20] As of 2022 there are no systems outside of China and few proposals. That may be because:

* The system is not fully autonomous
* The system is not rail-based and so has the ride qualities of a bus[13]
* The vehicles can get stuck in road traffic when not operated in dedicated rights of way
* The required vehicles cannot be bought through competitive tender

Proponents have argued the lack of rails means cheaper construction costs.[6] Multi-axle hydraulic steering technology and bogie-like wheel arrangement could allow lower swept path in turns, thus requiring less side clearance.[21] The minimum turning radius of 15 m (49 ft 3 in) is similar to buses.

Yibin ART Line T1

However, because the ART is a guided system, ruts and depressions could be worn into the road by the alignment of the large number of wheels, so reinforcement of the roadway to prevent those problems may be as disruptive as the installation of rails in a light rail system. Researchers in 2021 found evidence of significant road wear due to trackless tram vehicles, which undermined claims of quick construction, with the researchers finding significant road strengthening was required by the technology.[22] The suitability of the system for winter climates with ice and snow has not yet been proven. The higher rolling resistance of rubber tires requires more energy for propulsion than the steel wheels of a light rail vehicle.

A few abandoned proposals for light-rail lines have been revived as ART proposals because of the lower projected costs. However, a different report, by the Australian Railways Association, which supports light rail, said there were reliability questions with ART installations, implying the initial suggested capital cost savings were illusory.[23] A November 2020 proposal for a trackless tram system in the City of Wyndham, near Melbourne, posited a cost of $AU23.53M per km for roadworks, vehicles, recharge point and depots.[24] Recently completed light rail systems in Australia have had costs of between $AU80M and $AU150M per km.[25][26]

The Government of New South Wales considered the system as an alternative to light rail for a line to connect Sydney Olympic Park to Parramatta. However, concerns were raised that there was only one supplier of the technology,[27] and that the development of "long articulated buses" was "too much in its preliminary phase" to meet the project deadlines. Instead, the plan was to build a light-rail line which would connect to another light-rail route already under construction, so passengers would not have to change vehicles.[28]

The Auckland Light Rail Group, in its studies of trackless trams for the City Centre to Māngere line, found that trackless trams would have a lower capacity than claimed. The official specifications for the ARRT assume a standing density of eight passengers per square meter, whereas many transit systems have more typical standing densities of four passengers per square meter. Based on that, the 32-metre (105 ft 0 in) long ARRT would more realistically have a capacity of 170 passengers, rather than the claimed 307.[29] This would be only a slight increase over the typical capacity of conventional bi-articulated buses at the same passenger density (~150 passengers), and less than a typical 33 m (108 ft 3 in) long LRV (~210-225 passengers).

## List of commercially operating lines

List of lines in commercial operation  Line  | System  | Locale  | Country  | Length  | Stations  | Opened

|
|
|
|
|
|

Line A1
(Chinese: 智能轨道快运A1线)  | Zhuzhou ART[30] | Zhuzhou  |  People's Republic of China  | 3.6 km (2.2 mi)  | 4  | May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Line A2
(Chinese: 智能轨道快运A2线)  | 7.1 km (4.4 mi)  | 8  | March 30, 2021 (2021-03-30)[31]
Line T1
(Chinese: 智轨T1线)  | Yibin ART[32] | Yibin  | 17.7 km (11.0 mi)[1] | 16  | December 5, 2019 (2019-12-05)
Line 1
(Chinese: 临港中运量1号线)  | Lingang DRT | Shanghai | 47.95 km (29.79 mi)  | 26  | June 30, 2021 (2021-06-30)
Line 2
(Chinese: 临港中运量2号线)  | November 28, 2022 (2022-11-28)
Line 3
(Chinese: 临港中运量3号线)  | July 5, 2023 (2023-07-05)
Line 1  | Campeche Light Train | Campeche  |  Mexico  | 14.6 km (9.1 mi)  | 14  | July 20, 2025 (2025-07-20)[33]
List of lines in trial operation  Line  | System  | Locale  | Country  | Length  | Stations  | Opened

|
|
|
|
|
|

SRT Line 1  | Yancheng SRT (zh) | Yancheng  |  People's Republic of China  | 13 km (8.1 mi)  | 17[34][15] | April 16, 2021 (2021-04-16)
TBA  | Yongxiu ART[35] | Yongxiu  | 5 km (3.1 mi)
(total planned 16 km (9.9 mi))  | 4[36] | March 20, 2019 (2019-03-20)[37]

## List of systems under construction

Line  | System  | Locale  | Country  | Length  | Stations  | Planned opening

|
|
|
|
|
|

Blue Line  | Kuching Urban Transportation System | Kuching  |  Malaysia  | 27.6 km (17.1 mi)  | 14  | 2026
Red Line  | 12.3 km (7.6 mi)  | 8  | 2027
Green Line  | 30 km (18.6 mi)  | 14  | 2028
Line 5  | Metrorrey Line 5 | Monterrey  |  Mexico  | 10.6 km (6.6 mi)  | 15  | 2027[38]

## Proposed systems

ART bus under testing in Putrajaya, Malaysia

Proposals, including vehicle testing, have been made in several countries.

* China, Changsha. Changsha Meixi Lake to Changsha Municipal Government line, reported to start construction in 2021 for completion in 2022[35][needs update]
* China, Harbin. In May 2021 testing of a vehicle was underway with plans for an 18.2 km (11.3 mi) route with 11 stations.[39] There are reports that stations have been constructed in January 2021[40] and trial operations will commence in August 2021.[41][needs update]
* China, Tongli. As of February 2021[update] testing was underway with the service expected to open to passengers by the end of 2021.[42][needs update]
* China, Xi'an. Two routes. One with 18 stations over 29.7 km (18.5 mi) and second with 9 stations over 10.6 km (6.6 mi).[43]
* Malaysia. Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit in Johor. ART is one technology under consideration for the corridor. A three-month test of an ART vehicle, along with eight other bus types, began in April 2021.[44][45] In May 2024, the planned three line IMBRT was shelved due to unable to handle the traffic flow and affect the efficiency of the service. The traffic flow condition were projected to be much worse when the now under-construction RTS Link train line were expected to be completed by end 2026.[46] The Johor government then propose the construction of Elevated Autonomous Rapid Transit (E-ART) system, a hybrid system utilising LRT infrastructure (without the LRT track) and ART system to replaced the now cancelled IMBRT.[47][48]
* Australia. Perth In March 2021, the Government of Australia provided $2 million to produce a business case to investigate a trackless tram on Scarborough Beach Road between the Stirling and the Perth CBD.[49] In September 2023, an ART vehicle was delivered to the City of Stirling to begin trials for a proposed route between Glendalough railway station and Scarborough Beach.[50]
* New Zealand. In June 2024, Auckland Transport indicated it was interested in trialling a trackless tram on the Northern Busway.[51]
* Brazil. ART technology is being considered by Curitiba's Rede Integrada de Transporte. In July 2025, it was announced tests with the CRRC compositions passing through their current corridors — which were one of the pioneers in the BRT system — in replacement of their current buses ones.[52]
* Pakistan, Lahore, Super Autonomous Rapid Transit (SART) - will soon be expanded to Faisalabad and Gujranwala, following a successful public road test in Lahore on 2025.[53]
* United Kingdom: Hertfordshire Essex Rapid Transit (HERT), a proposed transit system across the county of Hertfordshire. Trackless tram vehicles are being considered, but the transit mode remains unconfirmed.[54][55]

## Cancelled projects

ART bus in Nusantara, Indonesia

* Malaysia. On 1 February 2024, a pilot project for a Putrajaya-based ART system was launched by Putrajaya Corporation (PjC), with projected trial runs lasting throughout the year.[56] In February 2026, PjC revealed that it would no longer proceed with the ART proposal due to high implementation costs.[57]
* Indonesia. The system was considered for use in Nusantara, the future capital city. The bus has been delivered in July 2024, was showcased in August 2024 at the time of the Independence Day, and tested 12 September to 22 October 2024.[58][59] It was decided to stop the project and return the bus to China because it cannot operate autonomously. Based on the results of the trial or Proof of Concept (PoC), the tram made by CRRC Qingdao Sifang requires manual intervention because the automatic control system is not yet functioning optimally. In addition, there are three reasons from the assessment team, namely the inability of the tram to operate fully autonomously, the system performance that has not been fully tested, and the autonomous braking system that is not yet optimal.[60]

## See also

* Automatic train operation
* Automated guideway transit
* Articulated bus
* Bi-articulated bus
* Battery electric bus
* Capacitor electric vehicle
* Charging station
* Electric road
* Electric bus
* Fuel cell bus
* Gadgetbahn
* Guided bus
* Guide rail
* Personal rapid transit
* Rubber-tyred metro
* Rubber-tyred tram
* Translohr
* Trolleybus
* Trackless train
* Transit Elevated Bus (TEB)
* In-motion charging electric bus
* Wright StreetCar

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "宜宾：全球首条智能轨道快运系统运营线开通". 2019-12-05. https://cbgc.scol.com.cn/news/202642.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "First railless train unveiled in CRRC Zhuzhou". 6 June 2017. http://www.crrcgc.cc/en/g7389/s13996/t286142.aspx.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Xiang Bo: Chinese rail maker develops smart bus. Xinhua, 2 June 2017 20:26. Downloaded on 4. August 2017.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 World's first train running on virtual tracks released. New China TV, 2 June 2017. Downloaded on 22 July 2017.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Newman, Peter (September 25, 2018). "Why Trackless Trams Are Ready to Replace Light Rail". The Conversation US. https://theconversation.com/why-trackless-trams-are-ready-to-replace-light-rail-103690.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Rastogi, Neha. "China Unwraps World's first Driverless Rail Transit System with Autonomous Technology". Engineers Garage. https://www.engineersgarage.com/blogs/china-unwraps-world-first-driverless-rail-transit-system-autonomous-technology.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Amazing World: Track-less train : The transit system uses rubber wheels on a plastic core : Trains without track. 3 June 2017. Downloaded on 22 July 2017.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vocativ: This Train Runs On Virtual Tracks. China Central Television (CCTV), 6 June 2017. Downloaded on 22 July 2017.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Quick charge! Supercapacitor tram unveiled in China. New China TV, 2 June 2017. Downloaded on 22 July 2017.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Ken Huang: ART 宣传视频2017. 5 April 2017. Downloaded on 22 July 2017.
11. ↑ Spiegel TV.
12. ↑ Chamberlain, Lisa (2020-12-23). "Trackless trams may be the best alternative to light rail" (in en-US). https://citymonitor.ai/transport/trackless-trams-may-be-the-best-alternative-to-light-rail.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Debunking the myths around the optically-guided bus (trackless trams)". The University of Sydney Business School. 21 January 2019. https://www.sydney.edu.au/business/news-and-events/news/2019/01/21/debunking-the-myths-around-optically-guided-bus--trackless-trams.html.
14. ↑ "Debunking the myths around optically-guided bus (trackless trams)". https://www.sydney.edu.au/business/news-and-events/news/2019/01/21/debunking-the-myths-around-optically-guided-bus--trackless-trams.html.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "全国首条超级虚拟轨道列车来啦！盐城市区SRT一号线16日开通试运行". XHBY. 15 April 2021. http://news.xhby.net/yc/yw/202104/t20210415_7049392.shtml.
16. ↑ (in en) Track-less train : The transit system uses rubber wheels on a plastic core : Trains without track, 3 June 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krI_5vl76TI, retrieved 2022-11-04
17. ↑ "Why trackless trams are ready to replace light rail". The Conversation. 25 September 2018. https://theconversation.com/why-trackless-trams-are-ready-to-replace-light-rail-103690.
18. ↑ "Are trackless trams really ready to replace light rail?" (in en-AU). 2021-11-14. https://ptcbr.org/2021/11/14/are-trackless-trams-really-ready-to-replace-light-rail/.
19. ↑ Shepherd, April (2021-06-09). "ARA cautions against trackless trams, praises light rail" (in en-US). https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2021/06/09/ara-cautions-against-trackless-trams-praises-light-rail/.
20. ↑ Wong, Yale Z. (5 December 2018). "Looking past the hype about 'trackless trams'" (in en). http://theconversation.com/looking-past-the-hype-about-trackless-trams-107092.
21. ↑ "Looking past the hype about 'trackless trams'". The Conversation. 6 December 2018. https://theconversation.com/looking-past-the-hype-about-trackless-trams-107092.
22. ↑ Reynolds, James; Pham, David; Currie, Graham (2021). "Do Trackless Trams need stronger roads? – the "weight" of evidence". Australasian Transport Research Forum. http://publictransportresearchgroup.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Reynolds-Pham-and-Currie-2021-Trackless-Trams-and-road-pavement-impacts.pdf.
23. ↑ "ARA cautions against trackless trams, praises light rail". Intrastructure Magazine. 9 June 2021. https://infrastructuremagazine.com.au/2021/06/09/ara-cautions-against-trackless-trams-praises-light-rail/.
24. ↑ "Developing a Transit Activated Corridor – the Wyndham Case Study". https://sbenrc.com.au/app/uploads/2020/12/1.62-Trackless-Trams-Draft-Wyndham-City-Case-Study-Report-mm-301120.pdf.
25. ↑ "Why trackless trams are ready to replace light rail". The Conversation. 26 September 2018. https://theconversation.com/why-trackless-trams-are-ready-to-replace-light-rail-103690.
26. ↑ "Why cities planning to spend billions on light rail should look again at what buses can do". The Conversation. 6 April 2021. https://theconversation.com/why-cities-planning-to-spend-billions-on-light-rail-should-look-again-at-what-buses-can-do-156844.
27. ↑ "Longer commute, inconvenient, not competitive: Internal report raises trackless tram concerns". Sydney Morning Herald. 30 December 2020. https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/longer-commute-inconvenient-not-competitive-internal-report-raises-trackless-tram-concerns-20201224-p56pzw.html.
28. ↑ "Missing link in Sydney's light rail back on track". Sydney Morning Herald. 14 June 2021. https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/missing-link-in-sydney-s-light-rail-back-on-track-20210614-p580y6.html.
29. ↑ "ALR trackless tram tech notes". https://www.greaterauckland.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/ALR-trackless-tram-tech-note-Sept-21.pdf.
30. ↑ https://www.crrcgc.cc/en/g7389/s13996/t292853.aspx The world's first ART demonstration line runs today!
31. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1uK4y1N7yZ.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1uK4y1N7yZ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Engineering:Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit">
32. ↑ https://www.intelligentliving.co/china-art-t1-train-virtual-painted-tracks/ China's New ART T1 Train Runs On Virtual Painted Tracks
33. ↑ Yerbes, Juliana (July 20, 2025). "Tren Ligero de Campeche inició operaciones este domingo en su periodo gratuito" (in es-MX). https://www.poresto.com/campeche/2025/7/20/tren-ligero-de-campeche-inicio-operaciones-este-domingo-en-su-periodo-gratuito-.html.
34. ↑ "国内首条超级虚拟轨道交通线在盐城"热身"测试". people.cn. 20 March 2021. http://js.people.com.cn/n2/2021/0320/c360303-34631960.html.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "智轨被纳入行业团体标准晋升"国字号"". 18 July 2021. http://finance.eastmoney.com/a/202107182002468148.html.
36. ↑ "[China Bus Virtual rail train Yongxiu Jiangxi China"]. 13 June 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MS6vN98xxKk.
37. ↑ "我国首条县域ART智轨电车在江西永修启动试乘". Sohu. 21 March 2019. https://www.sohu.com/a/302864810_763498.
38. ↑ "Nuevo León presenta tren eléctrico autónomo para Línea 5 del Metro con vía digital". Milenio. 29 October 2023. https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/presentan-tren-electrico-para-linea-5-del-metro-monterrey.
39. ↑ "预计年运输乘客400万人次 智轨电车7月开跑". 28 May 2021. https://m.dbw.cn/heilongjiang/system/2021/05/28/058652430.shtml.
40. ↑ "哈尔滨新区智轨1号线7座站台主体建设完工". people.cn. 20 January 2021. http://hlj.people.com.cn/n2/2021/0120/c220027-34537521.html.
41. ↑ "Intelligent Rail 1 to begin pilot operations by August". e.my399.com. 1 June 2020. http://e.my399.com/travel/transport/2021-06-01/5603.html.
42. ↑ "长三角首列智轨列车苏州上路试跑，预计下半年正式载客". Finance Sina. 14 February 2021. https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-02-14/doc-ikftpnny6788414.shtml.
43. ↑ "【工程】"八线共建""首条智轨"……西安2021年城市基建重点项目名单！". 5 February 2021. https://www.cehome.com/news/20210205/262613.shtml.
44. ↑ "Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit (IMBRT)". Land Transport Guru. 7 April 2021. https://landtransportguru.net/iskandar-malaysia-bus-rapid-transit/.
45. ↑ "A Trip on the Mobilus ART during the IMBRT Pilot Testing Programme (4K 60fps HDR)". 14 April 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0-2Jhexqi0.
46. ↑ "Iskandar Malaysia transit bus can't tackle traffic, shelved" (in en). 17 May 2024. https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2024/05/17/iskandar-malaysia-transit-bus-cant-tackle-traffic-shelved.
47. ↑ "Official: Johor preparing autonomous transit proposal for Putrajaya" (in en). 7 May 2024. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/05/07/official-johor-preparing-autonomous-transit-proposal-for-putrajaya/132899.
48. ↑ "From LRT to ART: Johor switches gear to autonomous rapid transit system to ease congestion, spur development" (in en). https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/johor-art-multi-tiered-elevated-rail-rts-hsr-4291196.
49. ↑ "Trackless Tram and Road Infrastructure (Scarborough Beach Road) Business Case". https://investment.infrastructure.gov.au/projects/ProjectDetails.aspx?Project_id=108596-20WA-UCO=.
50. ↑ "Australia's first trackless tram arrives in Perth before potential trial along Scarborough Beach Road". 27 September 2023. https://www.perthnow.com.au/local-news/australias-first-trackless-tram-arrives-in-perth-before-potential-trial-along-scarborough-beach-road-c-12030209.
51. ↑ "Auckland transport: Trackless trams to be trialled before the end of the year – Simon Wilson". 9 July 2024. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/auckland-transport-trackless-trams-to-be-trialled-before-the-end-of-the-year-simon-wilson/KFMGZJE7UJC7LA5H43VOOU7W7Y/.
52. ↑ "Curitiba vai testar bonde sem trilhos". 30 July 2025. https://www.mobilize.org.br/noticias/14395/curitiba-vai-testar-bonde-sem-trilhos.html.
53. ↑ "Pakistan: Trackless electric trams set to launch in two more cities". 11 August 2025. https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-trackless-electric-trams-set-to-launch-in-two-more-cities-of-punjab-1.500229603.
54. ↑ "Improving passenger transport - Hertfordshire Essex Rapid Transit". Hertfordshire County Council. https://www.hertfordshire.gov.uk/services/highways-roads-and-pavements/roadworks-and-road-closures/major-roadwork-projects/hert.aspx.
55. ↑ McGuinness, Fintan (28 January 2026). "'Reopen West Watford' petition backed but 'trackless trams' could be more likely" (in en). https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/25803901.reopen-west-watford-station-petition
trackless-trams-investigated/.
56. ↑ Chapree, Chief (2024-01-24). "You can take a free ride on the Putrajaya Autonomous Rapid Transit this February" (in en). https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2024/01/25/you-can-take-a-free-ride-on-the-putrajaya-autonomous-rapid-transit-this-february/114485.
57. ↑ "Putrajaya Corp Will Not Proceed With Proposed ART System" (in en). 2026-02-09. https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php?id=2521785.
58. ↑ "Trem Otonom Buatan Tiongkok Bakal Meluncur di IKN, Tanpa Rel dan Ramah Lingkungan" (in id). https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2024/07/13/trem-otonom-buatan-tiongkok-bakal-meluncur-di-ikn-tanpa-rel-dan-ramah-lingkungan.
59. ↑ Pitoko, Ridwan Aji (14 June 2024). "ART di IKN Berjalan Tanpa Rel, Lebih Canggih dari Trem Biasa" (in id). https://www.idntimes.com/business/economy/ridwan-aji-pitoko-1/art-di-ikn-berjalan-tanpa-rel-lebih-canggih-dari-trem-biasa.
60. ↑ "Autonomous Rail Transit (ART) di IKN Akan Dikembalikan ke China". Kompas.com. 2024-11-14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfpbKkjy2eg. (Video on YouTube)

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Public transport

Bus service|

* Bus
* driver
* list
* Bus rapid transit
* Charabanc
* Express bus
* Guided bus
* Intercity bus
* driver
* Open top bus
* Public light bus
* Rail replacement bus
* Shuttle bus
* Transit bus
* Trolleybus

Rail|

* Cable car
* Commuter rail
* Elevated railway
* Funicular
* Heavy rail
* Heritage railway
* Heritage streetcar
* High-speed rail
* Higher-speed rail
* Horsecar
* Inter-city rail
* Interurban
* Light rail
* Maglev Train
* Medium-capacity rail system
* Monorail
* Narrow-gauge railway
* People mover
* Railbus
* Rapid transit
* Regional rail
* Rubber-tyred metro
* Street running
* Suspension railway
* Tram
* Tram-train
* Vactrain

Vehicles
for hire|

* Auto rickshaw
* Boda boda
* Combination bus
* Cycle rickshaw
* Dollar van
* Dolmuş
* Gondola
* Hackney carriage
* Jeepney
* Limousine
* Motorcycle taxi
* Marshrutka
* Nanny van
* Paratransit
* Personal rapid transit
* Pesero
* Public light bus
* Pulled rickshaw
* Share taxi
* Songthaew
* Taxicab
* Tuk tuk

Carpooling|

* Car jockey
* Flexible carpooling
* Real-time ridesharing
* Slugging
* Vanpool

Ship|

* Cable ferry
* Ferry
* Hovercraft
* Hydrofoil
* Ocean liner
* Water taxi

Other
transport|

* Aerial tramway
* Airline
* Airliner
* Carsharing
* Elevator
* Escalator
* Gondola lift
* Horse-drawn vehicle
* Hyperloop
* Micromobility
* Bicycle-sharing
* Scooter-sharing
* Moving walkway
* Trackless train

Locations|

* Airport
* Bus bulb
* Bus garage (bus depot)
* Bus lane
* Bus stand
* Bus station
* Bus stop
* Bus terminus
* Bus turnout (bus bay)
* Dry dock
* Ferry terminal
* Hangar
* Harbor
* Interchange station
* Kassel kerb
* Layover
* Metro station
* Park and ride
* Port
* Queue jump
* Taxicab stand
* Train station
* Tram stop
* Transit mall
* Transport hub

Ticketing
and fares|

* Automated fare collection
* Bus advertising
* Contract of carriage
* Dead mileage
* Exit fare
* Fare avoidance
* Fare evasion
* Farebox recovery ratio
* Free public transport
* Free travel pass
* Integrated ticketing
* Manual fare collection
* Money train
* Paid area
* Proof-of-payment
* Reduced fare program
* Smart cards
* Ticket machine
* Transfer
* Transit pass

Routing|

* Circle route
* Cross-city route
* Network length
* Non-revenue track
* Radial route
* Transport network

Facilities|

* Checked baggage
* First class
* Sleeper
* Standing passenger
* Travel class

Scheduling|

* Bus bunching
* Clock-face scheduling
* Headway
* On-time performance
* Public transport timetable
* Short turn

Politics|

* Airport security
* Rail subsidies
* Security
* Transit district
* Transit police
* Transit-oriented development (TOD)
* Transportation authority

Other topics|

* Boarding
* Bus rapid transit creep
* Crush load
* Destination sign
* Dwell time
* Hail and ride
* Prohibited activities
* Request stop
* Passenger load factor
* Transit map

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