List of unclassified languages of South America

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The following purported languages of South America are listed as unclassified in either Campbell (2024), Loukotka (1968), Ethnologue, or Glottolog. Nearly all are extinct. It is likely that many of them were not actually distinct languages, only ethnic or regional names.

## Contents

* 1 Campbell (2024)
* 2 Loukotka (1968)
* 2.1 Southern South America and Chacos Region
* 2.2 Central Brazil
* 2.3 Northeast Brazil
* 2.4 North Central South America
* 2.5 South Central South America
* 2.6 Central South America
* 2.7 Northeast South America
* 2.8 Northern Andes
* 2.9 Former Inca Empire region
* 3 Ethnologue
* 4 Glottolog
* 5 Other
* 6 See also
* 7 Further reading
* 8 References

## Campbell (2024)

Campbell (2024) lists the following languages of South America as unclassified. Most are extinct.[1] Many were drawn from Loukotka (1968)[2] and Adelaar & Muysken (2004).[3] The majority are not listed in Ethnologue. The list is arranged in alphabetical order.

* Aarufi – Colombia
* Aburuñe – Bolivia; spoken near Pantanal
* Acarapi – Brazil
* Aconipa (Tabancale, Tabancara) – Ecuador; only 5 words known, which are dissimilar to other languages
* Aguano (Awano, Ahuano, Uguano, Aguanu, Santa Crucino) – Peru; completely unattested but thought to be Arawakan
* Alarua – Brazil
* Alon – Peru; along the Huallaga River[4]
* Amasifuin – Peru; along the Huallaga River[4]
* Amikoana (Amikuân, Amicuan) – Brazil; appears to be nonexistent and is certainly extinct now,[5] classified by Loukotka (1968) as a Cariban language related to Wayana, Arakajú and Apalaí
* Amoeca – Brazil
* Amuimo – Brazil
* Anetine – Bolivia
* Angara – Peru
* Anicum – Brazil
* ~~Anserma~~ (including Caramanta, Cartama) – Colombia, is considered Chocoan
* Aperea – Argentina
* Apitupá – Brazil
* Apiyipán – Bolivia
* Aracadaini – Brazil
* Arae – Brazil
* Aramayu – Brazil
* Aramurú – Brazil
* Arapoá – Brazil
* Ararau – Brazil
* Arda – Peru, Colombia (a purported language isolate called "Arda" has no relation, but was a misidentified vocabulary and texts of the West African language Popo (Gen))
* Arma (Arma-Pozo) – Colombia; known from one word only[3]
* Aroásene – Brazil
* Artane – Bolivia; spoken near Pantanal
* Atavila – Peru
* Aticum (Araticum, Uamué) – Brazil; data from Meader (1978) likely to be faked[6]
* Atunceta (Tunceta, Atunseta) – Colombia, unclassifiable for lack of data[3]
* Aueiko – Brazil
* Avis – Brazil
* Ayacore – Peru
* Baenan (Baenã) – Brazil; only 9 words known
* Bagua – Peru; only 3 words known, thought to be Cariban[3] and incorrectly conflated with likely related Patagón
* Baixóta – Brazil
* Bakurönchichi – Brazil
* Barbacoas (Barbácoa, Colima) – Colombia; ISO 639 code retired in 2020 for being nonexistent[7]
* Bauá – Brazil
* Bikutiakap – Brazil
* Bixarenren – Brazil
* Boimé (Poyme) – Brazil
* Bolona – Ecuador; linked with Chicham and Cañari
* Bracamoro (Papamuru) – Peru
* Buritiguara – Brazil
* Caapina – Brazil
* Cabixi (Kabixi) - Mato Grosso, Brazil; a short word-list.[8] The name 'Kabixí' is a generic name for any hostile group, and has been used for a number of unattested and already known languages. It may be tonal.[9]
* Cachipuna – Peru
* Cafuana – Brazil
* Cagua – Colombia; ISO 639 code retired as spurious[10]
* Caguan (Kaguan) – Argentina
* Cahan – Brazil
* Caimbé (Kaimbé, Caimbe) – Brazil; extinct, known from 7 words
* Cajamarca – Peru
* Cajatambo – Peru
* Camana (Maje) – Peru
* Camaraxo – Brazil
* Camaré – Brazil
* Campaces – Ecuador; possibly Barbacoan, with Tsafiki, but unconfirmed
* ~~Canelo (Penday)~~ – Ecuador; synonym of Shiwiar
* Cañacure – Bolivia
* Capua – Brazil
* Capueni – Brazil
* Cara (Scyri, Caranqui, Otavalo) – Ecuador; thought to be Barbacoan[3]
* Caraguata – Brazil
* ~~Carapacho~~ – Peru; synonym of Kashibo
* Carára – Brazil
* Carari – Brazil, Amazonas; a short word-list recorded by Johann Natterer which shows no resemblance to known languages, but considered Arawakan
* Cararú (Cajurú) – Brazil
* Caripó (Curupeche) – Brazil
* Cascoasoa – Peru
* Casigara – Brazil
* Casota – Argentina
* Catuquinaru – Brazil; known only from a short wordlist.[11]
* Cauacaua (Kawakawa) – Brazil
* Cauauri – Brazil
* Cauca – Colombia; retired from ISO 639 for being nonexistent or synonymous with Quimbaya[12]
* Caucahue – southern Chile; retired from ISO 639 for being nonexistent[13]
* Cauni – Brazil
* Caupuna – Brazil
* Cavana (Maje) – Peru
* Caxago – Brazil
* Cayú – Brazil
* Ceococe – Brazil
* Chachapoya (Chacha) – Peru; known entirely from toponyms and family names, linked with Cahuapanan, Hibito–Cholon, Copallén and the hypothetical -cat language of Cajamarca Department
* Chancay – Brazil
* ~~Chechehet~~ ("Pampa") – Argentina; Loukotka (1968) gives the words chivil 'two', chu 'earth', and hati 'great'. Is the same as Gününa Küne.[14]
* Chedua – Peru
* Chicha – Bolivia
* Chincha – Peru
* Chinchipe – Peru
* Chipiajes – Colombia; retired from ISO 639 in 2016[15]
* Chitarero – Colombia; classified as Chibchan by Loukotka (1968), unclassifiable for lack of data according to Adelaar (2004)
* Cholto – Peru
* Chongo – Peru
* Chono – Ecuador; synonym of Tsafiki according to Loukotka (1968)
* Chumbivilca – Peru; possibly a variety of Puquina; might be Aymaran[6]
* Chunanawa – Peru; possibly Panoan based on suffix -nawa in Fleck (2013)
* Churima – Bolivia
* Chusco – Peru
* Ciaman – Colombia; classified as Chocoan by Loukotka (1968) unclassifiable for lack of data according to Adelaar (2004)
* Cognomona – Peru; along the Huallaga river[4]
* Colima[16] – Colombia; possibly Cariban, linked with Pijao
* Colima – Ecuador; classified as Barbacoan by Loukotka (1968) and distinct from the possibly Cariban Colima above
* Comanahua – Peru; along the Huallaga river[4]
* Comaní – Brazil
* Comechingón – near Córdoba, Argentina; possibly Huarpean, very few words known
* Copallén (Copallín) – Peru; only 4 words known
* Coritananhó – Brazil
* ~~Coxima~~ (Koxima) – Colombia; retired from ISO 639 in 2016 for having no evidence of its existence[17]
* Culaycha – Argentina
* Cumayari – Brazil
* ~~Cumeral~~ – Colombia; purportedly Arawakan but retired from ISO 639 in 2016[18]
* Cumbazá (Belsano) – Peru
* Curanave – Brazil
* Curi – Brazil
* Curiane – northeastern South America; precise location unknown
* Curierano – Brazil
* Curizeta – Peru
* Curubianan – Brazil
* Curumiá – Brazil
* Curuzirari – Brazil
* Cutaguá – Brazil
* Cutría – Brazil
* Cuximiraíba – Brazil
* Cuxiuára – Brazil
* Damanivá – Brazil
* Demacuri – Brazil
* Diaguita (Cacan, Kakán) – northwest Argentina; subdivisions are Calchaquí, Capayán, Catamarcano, Hualfín, Paccioca [Pazioca], Pular, Quilme, Yacampis
* ~~Divihet~~ – Argentina; considered a synonym of Gününa Küne[6]
* Dokoro – Brazil
* Duri – Brazil
* Egualo – Argentina
* Eimi – Peru
* Emischata – Argentina
* ~~Emok~~ – Paraguay; retired in 2014 for being nonexistent, is not the name of any language[19]
* Envuelto – Colombia; 8 words known[20]
* Erema – Brazil
* Ewarhuyana – Brazil; 12 Ewarhuyana people in Pará State,[21] who now speak Tiriyó
* Foklása – Brazil; the ethnic group speaks Fulniô according to the Fulni-ô ethnic group[6]
* Gadio – Brazil
* Galache (Galaxe) – Brazil
* Gambéla – Brazil
* Gamela (Gamela of Viana, Curinsi, Acobu, Gamella) – Maranhão, Brazil, 19 words known[22]
* Garañun – Brazil; listed by Louktka (1968) as a Xukuruan language but undocumented
* Gorgotoqui – Bolivia; all documentation lost, possibly Bororoan
* Goyana – Brazil
* Guaca – Colombia; known from only one word, being guaca 'devil'[23]
* Guacará – Argentina
* Guadaxo – Brazil
* Guaimute – Brazil
* Guajarapo (Guasaroca) – Bolivia
* Guanaca – Colombia; possibly a relative of Guambiano (Barbacoan)
* Guane – Colombia; possibly Chibchan but no documentation
* Guanarú – Brazil
* Guanavena – Brazil
* Guarino – Brazil
* Guenta – Colombia
* Guyarabe – Brazil
* Hacaritama – Colombia; supposed wordlist shown to be from Wayuu
* Harritiahan – Brazil
* Hiauahim (Javaim) – Brazil
* Himarimã – Brazil; uncontacted group, apparently Arawan based on a lost wordlist
* Huancavilca – Ecuador; extinct, only 4 words known
* Huamachi – Peru
* Humahuaca (Omaguaca) – Argentina; known from only proper names, apparent subdivisions are Fiscara, Jujuy, Ocloya, Osa, Purmamarca, Tiliar; Mason (1950:302) proposed an "Ataguitan" grouping that includes Humahuaca, Diaguita, and Atacameño
* Huambuco (Wámpuku) – Peru; alternative name for the Aguaruna people
* Huayana – Peru
* Huayla – Peru
* ~~Iapama~~ – Brazil; retired in 2016 from ISO 639 due to absence of evidence of existence[24]
* Ibabi Aniji – Peru[25]
* Idabaez[26] – Colombia; only 1 word (tubete 'medicine man')[27] and a chief's name (Hijuoba) are known; Pacific coast, Bahía Solano to Cape Marzo in Colombia (Loukotka 1968)
* Imaré – Brazil
* Ina – Brazil
* Iñajurupé – Brazil
* Irra – Colombia; unclassifiable for lack of data, listed as Chocoan by Loukotka (1968)
* Iruri – Brazil
* Isolados do Massaco (?) – Brazil; possibly identified with Sirionó or Papiamän[6]
* Isolados do Tanarú (?) – Brazil[28] (Man of the Hole)
* Itipuna – Brazil
* Itucá (Cuacá) – Brazil
* Jacariá – Brazil
* Jaguanai – Brazil
* Jaguanan – Brazil
* Jamundi – Colombia; may be Yurumangui, but no data
* Jeticó (Jiripancó) – Brazil; the Jiripancó are descendants of the Pankararú
* Jitirijiti (Jitirigiti) – Colombia; may be Chocóan, but no data
* Jurema – Brazil
* Juruena – Brazil
* Jururu – Brazil
* ~~Kamba~~ (Camba) – Brazil; retired as spurious from ISO 639; either Eastern Bolivian Guaraní or duplicate of Chiquitano[29]
* Kambiwá (Cambiuá, Cambioá) – Brazil; extinct and known from only a few words[30]
* ~~Kantaruré~~ [31] – Brazil; the Kantaruré are descendants of the Pankararú but their linguistic identification is impossible[32]
* Kapinawá – Brazil; extinct, possibly descended from the Paratió
* ~~Karahawyana~~ (Karapawyana, Karafawyana) – Brazil; now classified as a dialect of the Waiwai language
* Katembri (Kariri de Mirandela) – Brazil
* Kiapüre (Quiapyre) – Brazil
* ~~Kohoroxitari~~ – supposedly possibly Tucanoan; is actually the name of a Sanöma-speaking village
* Kokakôre – Brazil
* Komokare – Brazil
* ~~Korubo~~ (Caceteiros) – Brazil; known to be Panoan[6]
* Koshurái – Brazil
* Kurumro (Curumro) – Paraguay; identified by Loukotka (1931) as related to an Enlhet-Enenlhet-speaking group
* Kururu – Brazil
* Lache – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data
* Lambi – Brazil
* Lili – Colombia; may be Yurumangui, but no data
* Llamish – Peru
* Macamasu – Brazil
* Macarú – Brazil
* Macuani – Brazil
* Macuarê – Brazil
* Macuja – Brazil
* Macuruné – Brazil
* Mairajiqui – Brazil
* Malaba – Ecuador; may be Barbacoa (Chibchan), but no data
* Malibú – Colombia; formerly considered Chibchan
* Malquesi – Argentina
* Manesono (Mopeseano) – Bolivia
* Manta (Manabi) – Ecuador; possibly Chimú, but only a few patronyms are known
* Maracano – Brazil
* Marapaña – Brazil
* Maricoxi – Brazil
* Maricupi – Brazil
* Maripá – Brazil
* Maruquevene – Brazil
* Masa – Argentina
* Masarari – Brazil
* Masaya – Colombia
* Mashco – Peru; uncontacted, possibly related to Piro (Arawakan), or "Preandine" (Arawakan), known from 24 words
* Matará – Argentina; may be related to Tonocoté[33]
* ~~Maynas~~ (Mayna, Maina, Rimachu) – Peru; a Cahuapanan language, past attempts to link it to Jivaroan, Zaparoan, and Candoshi
* Maxiena (Ticomeri) – Bolivia; completely unknown
* Mayu – Brazil; possibly the same as Mayo (Panoan) or Morike (Arawakan); mayu is the Quechuan word for 'river, water'
* Menejou – Brazil
* Minhahá – Brazil
* Mocana – Brazil; may be related to Malibú, but only 2 words known
* Mocoa – Colombia; may be related to Kamëntšá
* Miarrã – Brazil; retired from ISO 639 for being unattested
* Moheyana – Brazil
* Morcote – Colombia; may be Chibchan, but no data
* Moriquito – Brazil
* Morua – Brazil
* Moyobamba (Moyo-Pampa) – Peru
* Muriva – Brazil
* Mure – Bolivia; apparently not Chapacuran as previously thought
* Muzapa – Peru
* Muzo[34] – Colombia; may be Pijao (Cariban)
* Nacai – Brazil
* Nambu – Bolivia
* ~~Natagaimas~~ – Colombia; retired from ISO 639 as a synonym of Pijao[35]
* Natú – Brazil; known from 18 words, unclassified
* Nauna – Brazil
* Nindaso – Peru
* Nocadeth – Brazil
* Nomona – Peru
* Nori – Colombia; unclassifiable for lack of data
* Ñumasiara – Brazil
* Ocro – Peru
* Ocren – Brazil
* Ohoma – Argentina; may be the same as Hohoma or Mahoma
* Oivaneca – Brazil
* Olmos – Peru; possibly connected with Sechura
* ~~Omejes~~ – Colombia; retired in 2016 from ISO 639 for being nonexistent[36]
* Onicoré – Brazil
* Onoyóro – Brazil
* Orí – Brazil
* Ortue (Ortu, Urtue) – Bolivia
* Otecua – Peru
* Otegua – Colombia
* Otí (Eochavante, Chavante) – Brazil; Greenberg classifies it as Macro-Gê, though this is unlikely according to Ribeiro (2006:422), otherwise considered isolate, only 110 words known
* Pacabuey – Colombia; may be Malibú, but no data
* Pacarará (Pakarara) – Brazil
* Pacimonari – Venezuela
* Paguara – Brazil
* Panatagua (Panatahua, Panatawa) – Peru; extinct, possibly Arawakan, presumed Panoan based on ethnonym by Fleck (2013)
* Panche – Colombia; possibly Cariban
* Pankararé (Pankaré) – Bahía, Brazil; extinct and unattested, can only be assumed to be a dialect of Pankararú
* Pankararú – Brazil; too poorly known to be classified but sometimes considered an isolate
* Pantágora (Palenque) – Colombia
* Pao – Venezuela
* Papamiän – Brazil; may be the same as the "Isolados do Massaco"
* Papana – Brazil
* ~~Papavô~~ – Brazil; uncontacted, may be Arawakan or Panoan (?), according to Glottolog, refers to groups of Harákmbut, Kulina, Amawaka and Yawanawa[37]
* Paragoaru – Brazil
* Paraparixana – Brazil
* Parapicó – Brazil
* ~~Patagón~~ – Peru; Cariban, only 4 known words
* Patiti – Brazil
* Payacú – Brazil
* Payanso – Peru; along the Huallaga river[4]
* Pehuenche (Peguenche) – Argentina; distinct from Pehuenche dialect of Mapudungun
* Peria (Poria) – Brazil
* Perovosan – Bolivia
* Piapia – Brazil
* Pijao (Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) – Colombia; sometimes grouped with Cariban
* Pipipan people (pt) (Pipipã) – Brazil
* Pocoana – Brazil
* ~~Ponares~~ – Colombia; retired from ISO 639 in 2016[38]
* Porcá – Brazil
* Porú (Procáze) – Brazil
* Pubenza (Popayan) – Colombia; linked with Coconucan languages[39]
* Puná (Lapuná) – Ecuador
* Puscajae (Pile) – Colombia; classified as Yurumanguí by Loukotka (1968)
* Quelosi – Argentina
* Querandí (Carendie)[40] – Argentina, near Buenos Aires; may be related to Gününa Küne.[41] Loukotka (1968) gives the words zobá 'moon' and afia 'bow'
* Quiquidcana (Quidquidcana, Kikidkana) – Peru
* Quijo (Kijo) – Ecuador; may be Barbácoan, but only 3 words are known
* Quillacinga (Quillasinga)[42] – Ecuador; may be Sebondoy; Fabre (1998:676) reports that the Kamsa (Camsá, speakers of a language isolate) are descended, at least in part, from the Quillasinga
* Quimbaya – Colombia; may be Chocó, but only 8 words are known
* Quiambioá – Brazil; likely synonym for Kambiwá
* Quindío (Quindio) – Colombia
* Quingnam – Peru; extinct, possibly the same as and geographcally related to Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora of colonial sources; according to Quilter et al. (2010), a list of numbers was recently found
* Qurigmã [sic] (Quirigmã) – Brazil
* Rabona – Ecuador; possibly Candoshi (Murato), but there are similarities with Aguaruna (Jivaroan)
* Ramanos – Bolivia; known from 8 words
* Roramí (Oramí) – Brazil
* Sácata (Sacata, Zácata, Chillao) – Peru; extinct; may be Candoshi or Arawakan, but only 3 words known
* Sacosi – Bolivia
* Sacracrinha (Sequaquirihen) – Brazil
* Sanavirón – Argentina, near Córdova. Loukotka classified it as an isolate, but there is insufficient data (only 6 or 7 words) to justify this.[6]
* Sapeiné – Peru
* Seden
* Shinabo – Bolivia; unattested but apparently related to Chácobo
* Siberi – Bolivia
* Sinú (Zenú) – Colombia; may be Chocó, but no data
* Sintó (Assek, Upsuksinta, Dawainomol, Axata Darpa) – Paraguay. 6 words recorded.[43]
* Sipisipi – Peru
* Socorino – Bolivia
* Stanatevogyet (Upsucksinta, Moianek)? – Paraguay; possibly "remnant of the Enimaga-Guentuse"[44]
* Supeselo – Argentina
* Surucosi – Bolivia
* ~~Suruim~~ – Brazil; apparently synonymous with Surui (Paiter)
* Tacunbiacu – Bolivia
* Taguaylen – Argentina
* Tacarúba (Tacarua) – Brazil
* ~~Taluhet~~ – Argentina; see Chechehet
* Tamacosi – Bolivia
* Tamaní – Colombia
* Tamaquéu – Brazil
* Tamararé – Brazil
* Tambaruré – Brazil
* Taminani – Brazil
* Tanquihua – Peru
* Tapacurá – Brazil; not to be confused with Chapacura language[6]
* ~~Tapeba~~ – Brazil; the Tapeba have a mixed origin and do not have any specific ancestral language[45]
* Tapuisú – Brazil
* Tarairiú (Tarairiu, Ochucuyana) – Brazil
* Tarimoxi – Brazil
* Taripio – Brazil, Suriname
* Tavúri – Brazil
* Tchagoyána – Brazil
* Tchicoyna – Brazil
* Tegua (Tecua) – Colombia; grouped with Caquetío by Loukotka (1968)
* Tepqui – Peru; along the Huallaga river[4]
* Tevircacap – Brazil
* Tiboi – Bolivia
* Timaná (Timane) – Colombia; may be Andaquí (isolate) but no data
* Tingán – Peru
* Tingui-Boto – Brazil; extinct; also known as Tingui, Tingui-Botó, Carapató, Karapató, Tingui-Botó people were also called Wakoná,[46] their ancestral language is Dzubukuá[47]
* Tobachana – Brazil
* Tohazana – Venezuela
* Tomata – Bolivia
* ~~Tomedes~~ – Colombia; retired from ISO 639 in 2016[48]
* Tomina – Bolivia
* Tonocoté – Argentina, Chaco region; known from one sentence
* Tororí – Brazil
* Truká – Brazil; unattested
* Tremembé (Teremembé, Taramembé) – Brazil; unattested
* Tubichaminí – Argentina; grouped by Loukotka with Querandí and Chechehet; is apparently a name for certain regional groups of Querandí[6]
* Tucumanduba – Brazil
* Tulumayo – Peru
* Tupijó – Brazil
* Tupiokón – Brazil
* Tutura – Bolivia
* Tuxá – Brazil; wordlists are inconsistent
* Uairua – Brazil
* Uauarate – Brazil
* Unainuman (Vuainuman)[49] \- Içá River basin, short word list, Adelaar & Brijnen 2014[50]
* Uranaju – Brazil
* Urucuai – Brazil
* Uruma – Brazil
* Uru-Pa-In – Brazil; possibly Tupian language of isolated group
* Urupuca – Brazil
* Ururi – Brazil, Mato Grosso
* Vanherei – Brazil
* Vouve (Vouvê) – Brazil
* Waitaká (Guaitacá, Goyatacá, Goytacaz) – Brazil; subdivisions are Mopi, Yacorito, Wasu, Miri, possibly Purian
* Wakoná (Wacona, Acona) – Brazil; unattested
* Walêcoxô – Brazil
* Wamoé – Brazil; wordlists likely to be faked
* Wasu (Waçu, Wassu) – Brazil; unattested
* Wau – Peru
* Xaquese (Xaquete)[4] – Bolivia
* ~~Xaray (Xaraye)~~ – Bolivia; synonymous with Saraveca, an Arawakan language[51]
* Xibata – Brazil
* Xipará – Brazil
* Xipináwa – Brazil; claimed to be Panoan but unattested
* Xiroa – Ecuador; mentioned in early sources, and may be a variant spelling of Jívaro
* Xokó (Chocó, Shoco, Shokó, Chocaz) – Brazil; only a few words known
* Yalcón – Colombia; may be Andaquí (isolate), but no data
* Yamesí – Colombia; may be Antioquian (Chibchan), but only 1 word known
* Yampará – Bolivia
* Yaperú (Naperú, Apirú) – Paraguay
* ~~Yarí~~ – Colombia; supposedly either a Carijona (Cariban) dialect, West Tucanoan, or Witotoan, retired from ISO 639 in 2016[52]
* Yariguí (Yarigüí) – Colombia; may be related to Opone (Karaib), but no data (Yarigui people)
* Yauei – Brazil
* Yenmu – Colombia
* Yoemanai – Brazil
* Yufiua – Brazil
* Yumbo – Ecuador; may be Barbácoa (Barbacoan) or Panzaleo, but no data
* Yurimagua (Zurimagua, Jurimagua) – Peru
* Zapazo – Peru
* Zuana – Brazil
* Zurina – Brazil

## Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following languages of South America as unclassified. They are extinct unless otherwise noted.

### Southern South America and Chacos Region

Divisions A (South) and B (Chaco) (Loukotka 1968: 63):

* Aperea – unknown language of the old mission of Santiago Sánchez in the province of Corrientes, Argentina.
* Axata Darpa – unknown language of an unknown tribe of the Gran Chaco of Paraguay.
* Casota – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina.
* Culaycha – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina.
* Dawainomol – unknown language from the Gran Chaco of Paraguay.
* Divihet – Colorado River and Sauce Chico River, province of La Pampa, Argentina.
* Egualo – unknown language of the old mission of Santiago Sánchez, province of Corrientes, Argentina.
* Emischata – unknown language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes, Argentina.
* Jaguanan – Iguape, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
* Kaguan – mission of Santiago Sánchez, Corrientes, Argentina.
* Kurumro – language of an unknown tribe of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco.
* Malquesi – western shore of Laguna Porongos, province of Córdoba, Argentina.
* Masa – unknown language of the old mission of Santiago Sánchez.
* Ohoma – extinct and unknown language near the old mission of Homa or Ohoma, province of Corrientes, Argentina.
* Peguenche non-araucano – a lost language of the Neuquén province, Argentina.
* Quelosi – unknown language east of the Mar Chiquita, province of Córdoba, Argentina.
* Sintó or Assek or Upsuksinta – language of an unknown tribe in the interior of the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, north of the Choroti tribe.
* Stanatevogyet – unknown language of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco.
* Supeselo – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province.
* Taguaylen – lost language of the old mission of Santa Lucía, Corrientes province.

### Central Brazil

Division C (Central Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 86–87):

* Arae – unknown language left bank of the Araguaia River south of Bananal Island.
* Buritiguara – unknown language state of Mato Grosso near the confluence of the Araguaia River and Manso River.
* Cahan – Iguatimí River (Iguatemi River) and Espocil River, state of Mato Grosso.
* Curumiá – sources of the Brilhante River, Mato Grosso.
* Cutaguá – state of Mato Grosso on the Dourados River.
* Gaelio – state of Espirito Santo, exact locality unknown.
* Guadaxo – upper course of the Anhandui River, Mato Grosso.
* Guaimute – near the falls of Salto Grande, Espirito Santo.
* Guariteré – Mato Grosso, exact locality unknown.
* Imaré – Taquari River, state of Mato Grosso.
* Ina – unknown language, Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
* Iñajurupé – lost language of the old mission of Gracioso, Goiás state.
* Jurema – unknown language of Piauí state, exact locality unknown.
* Kokakôre – Mato Grosso state along the Tocantins River.
* Komokare – unknown language of Goiás state, exact locality unknown.
* Koróge – Pogúbe River (Poguba River), Mato Grosso.
* Kururu – state of Mato Grosso on the Carinhanha River.
* Macuruné – Mucunis River (Mucuri River ?), state of Minas Gerais.
* Papana – between the Doce River and Jequitinhonha River, Minas Gerais.
* Urupuca – Urupuca River (Urupaça River), Minas Gerais.
* Ururi – state of Mato Grosso, exact location unknown.
* Vanherei – sources of the Piquiri River, state of Mato Grosso.
* Yaperú or Naperú or Apirú – Paraguay near Asunción.

### Northeast Brazil

Division D (Northeast Brazil) (Loukotka 1968: 92–95):

* Aconan or Wakoná – originally spoken around Lagoa Comprida and in Penedo; now survivors of the original tribe who speak only Portuguese are found in the city of Porto Real do Colégio.
* Anicun – source of the Uruhu River (Uru River) and Dos Bois River.
* Apitupá – unknown language, Aquitipi River, Bahia state.
* Aramurú – state of Sergipe on the São Francisco River.
* Arapoá – around Jaboatão in the state of Pernambuco.
* Arariú – unknown language near Meruoca on the Acatajú River, state of Ceará.
* Aticum or Araticum – Pernambuco, near Carnaubeira. The survivors now speak only Portuguese.
* Avis – unknown language of the state of Pernambuco, valley of the Pajeú River.
* Baixóta – now speak Portuguese in the Serra Catolé, Pernambuco.
* Boime or Poyme – state of Sergipe near Aracajú on the São Francisco River.
* Caimbé – village of Masacara near Mirandela, state of Bahia. The survivors now speak only Portuguese.
* Camaraxo – between Ilhéus and Serra dos Aimorés, state of Bahia.
* Cambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco state.
* Cararú or Cajurú – Soroabé Island in the São Francisco River, Pernambuco state.
* Caripó or Curupehe – São Francisco River near Boa Vista, Pernambuco.
* Caxago – state of Sergipe on the São Francisco River.
* Ceococe – São Pedro, Pernambuco and Serra Pão de Açúcar, Pernambuco.
* Foklása – state of Pernambuco in the Serra dos Cavalos.
* Galache – near Macaubas, state of Bahia.
* Gambéla – unknown language near Ourém and São José, Maranhão state.
* Guarino – middle course of the Tijuco River, Mato Grosso.
* Itucá or Cuacá – originally spoken in the Serra Negra, Pernambuco state. The last survivors now speak only Portuguese.
* Jeriticó or Jiripancó – village of Pindaé near Brejo dos Padres in Tacaratu, Pernambuco. Survivors now speak only Portuguese.
* Jururu – state of Ceará, but exact location is unknown.
* Macamasu – the exact location of which is unknown.
* Macarú – village of Brejo dos Padres, Tacaratu. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese.
* Mairajiqui – Bahia de Todos os Santos, state of Bahia.
* Moriquito – Alagoas state on the lower course of the São Francisco River.
* Nacai – Aquitipi River, Bahia.
* Ocren – Bahia on the São Francisco River near Salitre.
* Orí – Bahia, between the Itapicuru River and Vaza-Barris River.
* Pacarará – state of Pernambuco in the Serra Cacaréa and Serra Arapuá.
* Parapicó – Serra Comonati, Pernambuco.
* Peria or Poria – village of Rodelas, Bahia. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese.
* Pipipan – lower course of the Moxotó River, Pernambuco.
* Porcá – on Várgea Island in the São Francisco River, Pernambuco.
* Porú or Procáze – originally spoken in the Serra Nhumarana and Serra Cassuca, later on the Várgea Islands and Nossa Senhora de O Islands in the São Francisco River. Now probably extinct.
* Quiambioá – Serra Negra, Pernambuco.
* Qurigmã – the first inhabitants of São Salvador Bay (Salvador, Bahia), state of Bahia.
* Romarí or Omarí – originally spoken in the Serra de Pao de Açúcar, state of Pernambuco. Now there are a few survivors with an unknown language in the village of Propriá, Sergipe state.
* Sacracrinha or Sequaquirihen – state of Bahia near the mouth of the Salitre River in the São Francisco River.
* Tacarúba or Tacarua – island of Soroabé in the São Francisco River, state of Pernambuco.
* Tamaquéu – São Francisco River in the state of Pernambuco, at the confluence with the Salitre River.
* Tchili – city of Cimbres, Pernambuco.
* Teremembe or Tremembé or Taramembé – originally spoken by a tribe on the coast between the mouth of the Monim River and the mouth of the Chorro River (Choró River), state of Ceará.
* Tupijó – state of Bahia by the neighbors of the Maracá tribe.
* Uruma – state of Sergipe on the São Francisco River.
* Vouve – Piancó River, Pernambuco state.
* Walêcoxô – unknown language from the city of Cimbres, Pernambuco.
* Xibata – unknown language of a tribe in the state of Ceará. Exact location is unknown.

### North Central South America

Tropical North Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 165–168):

* Aburuñe – Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
* Anetine – near Mojos, Bolivia.
* Apiyipán – language of an unknown tribe of the Aripuanã River, Amazonas.
* Artane – unknown language of Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
* Aueiko – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
* Bakurönchichi – language of an unknown tribe of the Branco River, Rondônia.
* Bikutiakap – unknown language from Brazil, spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River.
* Bixarenren – Tiucunti River, a tributary of the Jamachiua River, Rondônia.
* Cabixi – Steinen River, Mato Grosso.
* Cañacure – Mamoré River, Bolivia.
* Capua – spoken on the Rolim de Moura River, Rondônia.
* Cayú – spoken on the left bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
* Churima – old mission of San José de Maharenos, Beni province, Bolivia.
* Cutriá – spoken on the middle course of the Branco River, Rondônia.
* Cuximiraíba – spoken at the mouth of the Aripuanã River, Amazonas.
* Djupá – spoken on the Ji-Paraná River, Rondônia.
* Dokoro – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
* Duri – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
* Erema – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
* Guajarapo or Guasaroca – around Villa María and Santa Ana de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
* Hiauahim or Javaim – "a tribe of cannibals" on the middle course of the Tapajós River, Pará state, Brazil.
* Iruri – right bank of the Madeira River, between the Maici River and Aripuanã River, Amazonas.
* Juruena – spoken on the Juruena River, Mato Grosso.
* Kiapüre or Quiapyre – Mequéns River, Rondônia.
* Koshurái – language of an unknown tribe on the lower course of the Ji-Paraná River, Amazonas.
* Lambi – extinct language between the Branco River and São Miguel River, Rondônia.
* Macuarê – spoken on the left bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
* Manesono or Mopeseano – old mission of San Francisco Borja, Beni province, Bolivia.
* Marapanã – spoken by an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Uaimberê River (Uimeerê River), a tributary of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
* Maricoxi – sources of the Branco River, Rondônia.
* Maxiena or Ticomeri – Mojos Plains west of the mission of Trinidad, Beni province, Bolivia.
* Minhahá – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
* Muriva – mouth of the Jamachim River (Jamanxim River) to the Tapajós River, Pará state, Brazil.
* Nambu – Guapay River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
* Nocadeth – spoken on the Aripuanã River, state of Amazonas.
* Onicoré – between the mouths of the Manicoré River and Marmelos River, state of Amazonas.
* Onoyóro – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
* Ortue – on Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
* Papamiän – spoken on the São Simão River, Rondônia.
* Paraparixami – between the Manicoré River and Aninde River, Amazonas.
* Patiti – Rondônia territory on the Mequéns River.
* Perovosan – south of the Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
* Piapai – between the Jamachim River (Jamanxim River) and Iriri River, state of Pará.
* Sacosi – ancient Puerto de los Reyes, Bolivia.
* Siberi – on Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
* Socorino – Bolivia.
* Surucosi – Bolivia.
* Suruim – spoken on the right bank of the Machado River, Rondônia.
* Tacunbiacu – between the Guapay River and the Chiquitos Plains, Bolivia.
* Tamacosi – Guapay River near La Barranca, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
* Tamararé – sources of the Juruena River and Galera River, Mato Grosso.
* Tambaruré – Rondônia at the mouth of the Apaxoná River.
* Tapacurá – Tapacurá-assú River, state of Pará.
* Tarimoxi – language of an unknown tribe to the north of the Guratégaja tribe, Rondônia.
* Tavúri – Paranaíba River, Mato Grosso.
* Tevircacap – spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River, Rondônia.
* Tiboi – unknown language, exact location unknown, Bolivia.
* Ticaõ or Tonore or Chikaõ – language of an unknown tribe on the right bank of the Culiseú River, a tributary of the Xingú River, Mato Grosso.
* Tororí – right bank of the Madeira River north of the Parintintin tribe, state of Amazonas.
* Tupiokón – unknown language spoken on the Paxiúba River, Mato Grosso.
* Urucuai – Corumbiara River, Rondônia.
* Xacuruina – Sangue River, Mato Grosso.
* Xaquese – Puerto de los Reyes, Bolivia.
* Xaray – Xarayes Lagoon (Pantanal), Bolivia.
* Yauei – left bank of the Madeira River across from the mouth of the Aripuanã River, state of Amazonas.
* Zurina – mouth of the Mamoriá River, Amazonas.

### South Central South America

Tropical South Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 178–179):

* Alon – Huambo River, department of San Martín, Peru.
* Amasifuin – right bank of the Huallaga River, Peru.
* Ayacore – Curaray River, Loreto, Peru.
* Becaba – department of Loreto near San Miguel, on the Putumayo River.
* Bracamoro or Papamuru – near the city of Jaén, department of Cajamarca, Peru.
* Chedua – department of San Martín on the Huambo River.
* Chinchipe – department of Cajamarca on the Chinchipe River.
* Chupacho – Monzón River and Chinchao River, department of Huánuco.
* Cognomona – Cognomona region on the upper course of the Huallaga River.
* Comanahua – department of Huánuco by the neighbors of the Tepqui tribe.
* Cumbazá or Belsano – between Santa Catalina and Yanayacu, department of San Martín.
* Curizeta – Cosanga River, Loreto, Peru.
* Eimi – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Napo River, department of Loreto.
* Ibabi Aniji – language of an unknown tribe of Peru. (Alvarez 1938)
* Muzapa – by the neighbors of the Cognomona tribe in the department of San Martín.
* Otecua – spoken on the Sucumbío River, Loreto.
* Payanso – Chipurana River, Loreto.
* Quidquidcana – department of Huánuco in the Magdalena Valley.
* Sapeiné – language of an unknown tribe of the Napo River, Loreto.
* Tepqui – Santa María River, Huánuco, Peru.
* Tingán – spoken at the mouth of the Monzón River, Huánuco.
* Tulumayo – Muna River, Azul River, and Aguaytia River, Huánuco.
* Wau – language of an unknown tribe on the Coca River, Loreto.

### Central South America

Tropical Central South America (Loukotka 1968: 196–198):

* Aarufi – unknown language from the Quebrada de Oksikgnaná, territory of Caquetá, Colombia.
* Acarapi – Parime River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil.
* Alarua – between the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas state.
* Amoeca – language of an unknown tribe living on the Morarô River, state of Amazonas.
* Aracadaini – Corodoá River and Aroá River (Arauã River), tributaries of the Cunhuá River (Cuniuá River), state of Amazonas.
* Arda – between the Nanay River and the upper course of the Mazán River, Loreto, Peru.
* Bauá – Motum River and Corneg River, Amazonas.
* Cafuana – Japurá River south of the Wariwa tribe.
* Capueni – between the Amazon River and Ixié River, Amazonas.
* Caraguara – between the Amazon River and Lake Anama.
* Carari – mouth of the Mucoin River (Mucum River ?), Amazonas.
* Casigara – mouth of the Juruá River.
* Cauacaua or Kawakawa – Japurá River.
* Cauni – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River, Amazonas.
* Caupuna – mouth of the Purus River.
* Cumayari – spoken by an unknown tribe of the Cumayari region.
* Curi – Curi region south of the Pariana tribe.
* Curuzirari – between the mouths of the Juruá River and Tefé River.
* Cuxiuára – right bank of the Purus River near the mouth.
* Envuelto – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Quebrada de Jirijirima, Caquetá territory, Colombia.
* Guanarú – Juruá River, north of the Marawa tribe, Amazonas, Brazil.
* Guyarabe – between the Amazon River and Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas.
* Itipuna – between the Juruá River and Jutaí River.
* Jacariá – Abuna River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil.
* Jaguanai – between the mouth of the Japurá River and the Zuana tribe, Rondônia.
* Jarauára – unknown language of a tribe living on the Apituán River and Curiá River, tributaries of the Cataichi River, Amazonas.
* Macuja – spoken by an unknown tribe on the Poré River, Amazonas.
* Mamori – language of an unknown tribe on the Cunhuá River.
* Mariman – spoken on the Riozinho River, tributary of the Cunhuá River.
* Maripá – Tonantins River, Amazonas.
* Maruquevene – between the mouths of the Japurá River and Auatí-Paraná River.
* Masarari – south of the Jutaí River, Amazonas.
* Mayu – unknown language spoken on the Jaquirana River, tributary of the Javari River, Amazonas.
* Morua – Japurá River south of the Maruquevene tribe.
* Nauna – Jutaí River south of the Marawa tribe.
* Ñumasiara – unknown language spoken on the Giraparaná River and Canamari River.
* Paguara – Tefé River.
* Pariana – mouth of the Auatí-Paraná River, Amazonas.
* Pauana – Cafua River, Amazonas.
* Pocoana – between the Amazon River and Lake Maracaparu.
* Taiguana – unknown language spoken in the Sierra Araracuára, Caquetá territory, Colombia.
* Tamaní – unknown language spoken on the Quebrada de Tamaní in Caquetá territory, Colombia.
* Tobachana – between the Juruá River and Juri River south of the Itipuna tribe, state of Amazonas.
* Tucumanduba – spoken on the upper course of the Canacau River, a tributary of the Cunhuá River, Amazonas.
* Uaia – Içá River west of the Passé tribe.
* Uairua – between the Juruá River and Jaracui River.
* Uauarate – Jutaí River north of the Catuquina tribe.
* Yenmu – unknown language spoken on the Cure River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.
* Yoemanai – right bank and at the mouth of the Purus River, Amazonas state, Brazil.
* Yufiua – south of the Coeruna tribe on the Japurá River.
* Zuana – Amazon River south of the mouth of the Cafua River, state of Amazonas.

### Northeast South America

Tropical Northeast South America (Loukotka 1968: 228–230):

* Amuimo – language of an unknown tribe that lived on the Nhamundá River, state of Amazonas.
* Aramayu – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory, Brazil.
* Ararau – unknown language spoken on the Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.
* Aroasene – unknown language spoken at the sources of the Nhamundá River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.
* Caapina – between the Maicuru River and Jari River, state of Pará.
* Camare – Camoó River (Camaiú River), a tributary of the Trombetas River, Amazonas.
* Carara – sources of the Jatapu River, Amazonas.
* Cauauri – south of the Curanave tribe, Amazonas.
* Comanl – area north of Lake Saracó, state of Pará.
* Coritanaho – Ajubacabo River, a tributary of the Trombetas River, state of Pará.
* Curanave – west of the Negro River, Amazonas.
* Curiane – language of a tribe the location of which is not known exactly.
* Curierano – south of the sources of the Orinoco River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.
* Curubianan – Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas
* Damanivá – spoken on the Igarapé do Pacú; a tributary of the Caratirimani River and in the Serra do Urubu, Rio Branco territory.
* Demacuri – spoken on the Caburi River (Cauaburi River) near São Pedro, state of Amazonas.
* Goyana – lower course of the Branco River, territory of Rio Branco.
* Guanavena – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, Amazonas.
* Harritiahan – middle course of the Matapi River, Amapá territory.
* Macuani – Oiapoque River, Amapá territory.
* Maniba – unknown language spoken on the Inirida River and Pupunagua River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
* Maracano – unknown language spoken on the central part of Maracá Island, Rio Branco territory, Brazil.
* Maricupi – lower course of the Montoura River, Amapá territory.
* Menejou – middle course of the Jarí River, Amapá territory.
* Mepuri – middle course of the Negro River, south of the Baré tribe, state of Amazonas.
* Moheyana – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará.
* Oivaneca – Tartarugal River, Amapá territory, Brazil.
* Pacimonari – lower course of the Siapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.
* Pao – Pao River, state of Monagas, Venezuela.
* Paragoaru – Capó River.
* Seden – between the Negro River and Uatumã River, Amazonas.
* Taminani – Uaçá River and Curupi River (Curapi River), Amapá territory. All of the last survivors now speak only a French creole dialect.
* Tapuisú – mouth of the Maicurú River, Amapá territory.
* Taripio – unknown language of an unknown tribe that lived to the north of the Rangú tribe in the frontier area of the Brazilian state of Pará and Dutch Guiana.
* Tchagoyána – unknown language spoken between the Erepecurú River and Acapú River, state of Pará.
* Tchicoyna – unknown language spoken in the state of Pará, on the Cuátari River.
* Tohazana – Venezuela.
* Uranaju – middle course of the Araguari River, Amapá.
* Waruwádu – language of an unknown tribe that lived between the Ventuari River and Erebato River, state of Bolívar; Venezuela.
* Xipará – between the Urubu River and Jatapu River, state of Amazonas.

### Northern Andes

Northern Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 259):

* Chirú – southwest of the Coiba tribe, Panama.
* Escoria – around the city of Santiago, Panama.
* Guenta – department of Huila, Colombia.
* Masaya – sources of the Caguán River, north of the Guaque tribe.
* Natá – on Parita Bay, Panama.
* Otegua – department of Huila, Colombia.
* Urraca or Esquegua – north of the modern city of Cañazas, Panama.
* Yeral – unknown language of Colombia, exact location unknown.

### Former Inca Empire region

South Central Andean region (Loukotka 1968: 272–273): (most are due to a mistaken theory on the origins of Quechua[53]):

* Angara – ancient Inca province of Angara, department of Ayacucho, Peru.
* Arequipa – department of Arequipa.
* Atavila – ancient province of Canta, department of Lima.
* Cachipuna – Puna de Quillpaco, department of Lima.
* Cajamarca – around the city of Cajamarca.
* Cajatambo – around the city of Cajatambo, department of Lima.
* Camana or Maje – Majes River, Arequipa department.
* Cavana – middle course of the Majes River, department of Arequipa.
* Chachapoya – around the city of Chachapoya, Amazonas department, Peru. (Bandelier 1940, only a few toponyms.)
* Chancay – Chancay River, department of Lima.
* Chicha – Cordillera de Chorolque, Potosí province, Bolivia.
* Chincha – Chincha River in the department of Ica.
* Chongo – near the city of Jauja, Junín department.
* Chucurpu or Chocorvo – spoken in the Conquest days at the sources of the Churchinga River, Huancavelica department.
* Conchuco – around the city of Pomabamba, department of Ancash.
* Cutervo or Huambo – sources of the Chancay River, department of Junín.
* Huacho – around the city of Huacho, Lima department.
* Huamachi – on Chongos Alto, department of Junín.
* Huamachuco – Condebamba River, department of Libertad.
* Huamalí – Panao River, Huánuco department.
* Huamanga – Peru.
* Huambuco – Chinchipe River, Amazonas department.
* Huanca or Wanka – Mantaro River, Junín department, now Quechuanized.
* Huayla – middle course of the Santa River, Ancash department, now Quechuanized.
* Hunacabamba – Chamaya River, Piura department.
* Ica – Ica River, Ica department.
* Lampa – Pativilca River, Ancash department.
* Llamish – department of Lima in the Cordillera de Huantán.
* Mizque – Mizque River, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized.
* Moquegua – department of Moquegua, Peru; possibly a dialect of Aymara.
* Moyobamba – around the city of Moyobamba, San Martín department; now Quechuanized.
* Nazca – mouth of the Grande River, Ica department.
* Ocro – sources of the Santa River, Ancash department.
* Pocra – Peru.
* Rimac – spoken in the Conquest days around the capital of Peru, Lima.
* Rucana – near Andamarca, Ayacucho department.
* Sipisipi – Peru.
* Sora – Pampas River, Apurimac department.
* Supe – Huaura River, department of Lima.
* Tanquihua – around the city of Ayacucho, department of Ayacucho.
* Tarapaca – province of Tarapacá, Chile.
* Tomata – near the city of Tupiza, Potosí province, Bolivia.
* Tomina – between the Mizque River and Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized.
* Tutura – around the city of Totora, Cochabamba province, Bolivia; now Quechuanized.
* Yampará – middle course of the Pilcomayo River, Chuquisaca province, Bolivia.
* Yauyo – department of Lima, Peru, on the Mala River and Huaco River.

## Ethnologue

Ethnologue 26 lists the following languages of South America as unclassified:

* ~~Awishira~~ (Peru - generally considered an isolate or Tequiraca–Canichana)
* ~~Agavotaguerra~~ (Brazil - unattested, apparently a dialect of Yawalapití)
* Aguano (Peru)
* ~~Carabayo~~ (Colombia - linked with Ticuna–Yuri languages)
* Himarimã (Brazil - apparently Arawan)
* Kaimbé (Brazil)
* Kambiwá (Brazil)
* Kapinawá (Brazil)
* ~~Lule~~ (Argentina - either an isolate or Lule–Vilela)
* Mato Grosso Arára (Brazil)
* Pankararé (Brazil)
* Pijao (Colombia)
* ~~Pumé~~ (Yaruro, Venezuela - generally considered an isolate)
* ~~Shenenawa~~ (Brazil - a Panoan language)
* ~~Tingui-Boto~~ (Brazil - synonymous with Dzubukuá)
* Tremembé (Brazil)
* Truká (Brazil)
* Wakoná (Brazil)
* Wasu (Brazil)

However, Glottolog states that Agavotaguerra is not unclassified, but unattested; the only reports are that the Agavotaguerra speak Yawalapiti. Shanenawa and Lule are both considered to belong to other language families, Panoan and Lule-Vilela respectively; Tingui-Botó is not a language but an ethnic group which originally spoke Dzubukuá, and Awishira and Pumé (Yaruro) are generally considered isolates.

## Glottolog

In addition to many of the languages above, Glottolog lists the following:

* Apoto[54] \- lower Amazon, unattested; is the Cariban word for fire
* Cálenche (Cálen) = Fayjatases[55] \- Chile, 10 words
* Guachipa(s)[56] \- Guachipas, Argentina, 3 words, Viegas Barros (2009)[57]
* Guaicaro (Guaïcaro) - Chile, possibly Central Alacaluf
* Hoxa[58] \- Colombia
* Pacahuaras-Castillo[59] \- Pacaguara, collected by Castillo
* Pitaguary[60] \- Ceará, Brazil
* Quepo(s)[61] \- Quepos, Costa Rica, 1 word, Lehmann (1920:238)
* Tapajó - 3 words
* Tembey[62] \- upper Paraná, 2 words, Ambrosetti (1896:332)
* Urucucú(s)[63] \- Tapajós River, unattested (see under Tapajó language)
* Yanacona[64] \- name is the Quechua word for 'serf'; perhaps early Colombian Quechua

## Other

Some additional languages have not made in into the lists above.[65][66]

* Boreal Pehuelche - Argentina, 1 word (apparently not the same as Puelche)
* Enoo - Chile, a few words (a neighbor of the Alacalufe); has been proposed to be a "mixed language"

## See also

* Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin
* List of extinct languages of South America
* List of extinct languages of North America
* List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
* Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
* Indigenous languages of the Americas
* Languages of South America
* List of indigenous languages of South America

Brazil

* List of indigenous peoples of Brazil
* List of indigenous territories (Brazil)

## Further reading

* Durbin, M.; Seijas, H. (1973). A Note on Panche, Pijao, Pantagora (Palenque), Colima and Muzo. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39:47-51.

## References

1. ↑ Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). 2012. The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. [ISBN missing]
2. ↑ Loukotka, Čestmír. 1968. Classification of South American Indian Languages Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, UCLA.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-48685-2.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Handbook of South American Indians. 3.
5. ↑ Holbrook, David J. (2007-04-05). "Request Number 2007-003 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code". SIL International. https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2007/2007-003.pdf.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Campbell, Lyle (2024-06-25), "Unclassified and Spurious Languages" (in en), The Indigenous Languages of the Americas (Oxford University PressNew York): pp. 280–338, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1, https://academic.oup.com/book/57386/chapter/464721551, retrieved 2025-10-10
7. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2019-019
8. ↑ Template:Glotto
9. ↑ Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Brijnen, Hélène B. (2014). "Natterer's Linguistic Heritage". in Weltmuseum Wien Friends. Archiv 63-64. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-643-99824-8. https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/71532.
10. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-034
11. ↑ Church, George Earl (July 1898). "Notes on the Visit of Dr. Bach to the Catuquinaru Indians of Amazonas". The Geographical Journal 12 (1): 63. doi:10.2307/1774499. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774499?origin=crossref.
12. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2019-020
13. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2014-047
14. ↑ Campbell, L. (2024). "Phantom, False, and Spurious Languages of South America". The Indigenous Languages of the Americas: History and Classification. Oxford University Press. pp. 333–334. ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=oWAHEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333. Retrieved 2025-03-01.
15. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-036
16. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Colima". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/coli1235.
17. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-035
18. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-030
19. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2013-012
20. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Envuelto". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/envu1234.
21. ↑ "Tiriyó - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil". https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Tiriyó.
22. ↑ Nimuendajú, Curt; Nimuendaju, Curt (July 1937). "The Gamella Indians". Primitive Man 10 (3/4): 58. doi:10.2307/3316456. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3316456?origin=crossref.
23. ↑ Rivet, Paul (1943). "Nouvelle contribution à l'étude de l'ethnologie précolombienne de Colombie.". Journal de la société des américanistes 35 (1): 25–39. doi:10.3406/jsa.1943.2342. https://www.persee.fr/doc/jsa_0037-9174_1943_num_35_1_2342.
24. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-037
25. ↑ Alvarez, Jose (1938). Un nuevo triunfo: la tribu del Ibabi-Aniji en la mision /. [s.n.]. https://www.pueblos-originarios.ucb.edu.bo/Record/106000114/Details.
26. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Idabaez". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/idab1234.
27. ↑ Howland Rowe, John. "THE IDABAEZ: UNKNOWN INDIANS OF THE CROCO COAST". https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/kas001-008.pdf.
28. ↑ Isolado do Tanaru [aka Isolado do Buraco] at the Endangered Languages Project.
29. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-025
30. ↑ Barbosa, Wallace de Deus (October 1991). Os índios kambiwá de Pernambuco: arte e identidade étnica (Thesis). p. 98.
31. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kantarure". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kant1247.
32. ↑ "Kantaruré - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil". https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Kantaruré#Name_and_language.
33. ↑ Handbook of South American Indians. 6. 1950.
34. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Muzo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/muzo1235.
35. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-042
36. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-031
37. ↑ "Glottolog 5.1 - Papavô". https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/papa1263.
38. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-032
39. ↑ Handbook of South American Indians. 2.
40. ↑ Template:Glotto
41. ↑ Barros, J. Pedro Viegas (1994). "Acerca de algunas palabras y frases recogidas a orillas del Río de la Plata a mediados del siglo XVI". Mundo Ameghiniano 12. https://www.academia.edu/26963353/_1994_Acerca_de_algunas_palabras_y_frases_recogidas_a_orillas_del_Río_de_la_Plata_a_mediados_del_siglo_XVI.
42. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Quillacinga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/quil1251.
43. ↑ Loukotka, Čestmír (1942). "Klassifikation der südamerikanischen Sprachen". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 74 (1/6): 1–69. ISSN 0044-2666. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23525282.
44. ↑ Loukotka, Čestmír (1931). "Die Sprache der Zamuco und die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Chaco-Stämme". Anthropos 26 (5/6): 843–861. ISSN 0257-9774. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40446315.
45. ↑ "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority 2019" (in en). https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-032.pdf.
46. ↑ "Reserva Indígena Aconã | Drupal" (in en). https://terrasindigenas.org.br/en/terras-indigenas/5106.
47. ↑ "Tingui Botó - Povos Indígenas no Brasil". https://pib.socioambiental.org/pt/Povo:Tingui_Botó.
48. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-033
49. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Unainuman". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/unai1234.
50. ↑ Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Brijnen, Hélène B. (2014). "Natterer’s Linguistic Heritage". in Weltmuseum Wien Friends. Archiv 63-64. ISBN 978-3-643-99824-8. https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/71532.
51. ↑ Godoy, Gustavo; Balykova, Kristina (2023-11-30). "Multilingual Pantanal and its decay" (in en). Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America 19 (2): 272–293. doi:10.70845/2572-3626.1362. ISSN 2572-3626. https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/tipiti/vol19/iss2/4.
52. ↑ https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2015-022
53. ↑ Campbell, Lyle (2024-06-25), "Unclassified and Spurious Languages" (in en), The Indigenous Languages of the Americas (Oxford University PressNew York): pp. 280–338, doi:10.1093/oso/9780197673461.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-19-767346-1, https://academic.oup.com/book/57386/chapter/464721551, retrieved 2025-10-10
54. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Apoto". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/apot1235.
55. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Fayjatases". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fayj1234.
56. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Guachipas". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/guac1240.
57. ↑ Barros, Pedro Viegas (2009-02-18). "Otra lengua misteriosa". https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/etnolinguistica/2009-February/001979.html.
58. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Hoxa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hoxa1234.
59. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Pacahuaras-Castillo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/paca1243.
60. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Pitaguary". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pita1243.
61. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Quepos". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/quep1238.
62. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Tembey". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/temb1278.
63. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Urucucús". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/uruc1243.
64. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Yanacona". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yana1258.
65. ↑ Q. Shormani, Mohammed (March 2017). "First-person n and second-person m in Native America: a fresh look". Italian Journal of Linguistics 29 (2). doi:10.26346/1120-2726-112. https://www.italian-journal-linguistics.com/app/uploads/2021/05/Zamponi-appendice-LS.pdf.
66. ↑ Zamponi, Raoul (December 2017). "First-person n and second-person m in Native America: a fresh look". Italian Journal of Linguistics 29 (2): 189–230. doi:10.26346/1120-2726-113. ISSN 1120-2726.

* v
* t
* e

Indigenous language families and isolates of South America
(based on Campbell 2012 classification)

Language families|

* Arawakan
* Cariban
* Chapacuran
* Chibchan
* Pano–Takanan
* Makúan
* Tukanoan
* Tupían
* Arawan
* Barbacoan
* Cahuapanan
* Chipaya–Uru
* Chocoan
* Cholonan
* Guajiboan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Lule–Vilelan
* Nambikwaran
* Qawasqaran
* Paezan
* Sechura–Catacaoan
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan

| Macro-Jê|

* Jê
* Jabutían
* Kamakanan
* Karajá
* Krenákan
* Maxakalían
* Jaikó
* Ofayé
* Rikbaktsá
* Bororoan ?
* Karirian ?
* Purían ?
* Guató ?

|

Arutani–Sape ?|

* Awaké
* Kaliana
* Máku ?

Bora–Witoto ?|

* Boran
* Witotoan

Chimuan ?|

* Cañar–Puruhá
* Mochica

Esmeralda–Yaruroan ?|

* Esmeralda
* Yaruro

Macro-Daha ?|

* Sáliban
* Tikuna–Yuri
* Jotí
* Andoque–Urequena ?

Macro-Otomákoan ?|

* Otomacoan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Trumai ?

Macro-Warpean ?|

* Huarpean
* Muran
* Matanauí

Mataco–Guaicuru ?|

* Matacoan
* Guaicuruan
* Guachí ?
* Payaguá ?
* Charruan ?
* Mascoyan ?

Mosetén–Chon ?|

* Mosetenan
* Chonan

Quechumaran ?|

* Quechuan
* Aymaran

Saparo–Yawan ?|

* Zaparoan
* Yaguan

Tequiraca–Canichana ?|

* Tequiraca
* Canichana

Language isolates|

* Andaquí
* Atacameño
* Betoi
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chono
* Cofán
* Culle
* Gamela
* Irantxe
* Mapudungu
* Munichi
* Omurano
* Otí
* Puquina
* Sabela
* Taruma
* Taushiro
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yagan
* Yurumangui

| Northeast Brazil|

* Baenan
* Katembri
* Natú
* Pankararú
* Tarairiú
* Tuxá
* Wamoé
* Xokó
* Xukurú
* Yaté

|

Rondônia|

* Aikanã
* Kanoê
* Kwazá

Bolivian Amazon|

* Cayuvava
* Chiquitano
* Itonama
* Movima
* Yuracaré

Others (uncertain
classification)|

* Guamo
* Leko
* Mure
* Puinave

Proposed groupings|

* Duho
* Macro-Andean
* Macro-Arawakan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Macro-Jê
* Macro-Jibaro
* Macro-Otomákoan
* Macro-Paesan
* Macro-Panoan
* Macro-Puinavean
* Macro-Warpean
* Arutani–Sape
* Bora–Witoto
* Esmeralda–Yaruroan
* Hibito–Cholon
* Je–Tupi–Carib
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mataco–Guaicuru
* Moseten–Chonan
* Quechumaran
* Saparo–Yawan
* Tequiraca–Canichana
* Wamo–Chapakura
* Amerind

Lists|

* Languages
* Extinct languages
* Marañón River basin
* Unclassified languages
* Classification
* Linguistic areas

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