Billy_Sunday

Billy Sunday
William Ashley Sunday (November 19, 1862 – November 6, 1935) was an American athlete and religious figure who left a promising baseball career to embrace Christianity. Not content to be a member of the religious "flock," he apprenticed himself to J. Wilbur Chapman (a well-regarded itinerant preacher), gradually developed his own theological perspective, homiletic skill and preaching style, and eventually became the most celebrated and influential evangelist in America during the first two decades of the twentieth century.
Sunday sponsored popular religious revivals and other missionary campaigns in America's largest cities, preaching to tens of thousands and (not incidentally) making a great deal of money in the process. It is estimated that, over the course of his career, he addressed more than a million people, meaning that he may have personally preached the Christian gospel to more people than any other person in history up to that time.
Though some have critiqued his theological and political views,[1] it is undeniable that his particular approach to Christian theology and social morality was appealing to many American Christians.[2] The preacher's prestige, plus the attraction of his conservative outlook, made him the darling of many members of the American upper class, and he was often welcomed into the homes of the wealthy and influential. For an example of his influence, one may note that Sunday was a strong supporter of Prohibition laws, and that his preaching almost certainly played a significant role in the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919.[3]

Contents

1 Early life
2 Professional baseball player
3 Conversion
4 Marriage
5 Training and early ministry
6 Popular evangelist

6.1 Kerosene Circuit
6.2 Under the administration of Nell
6.3 Wages of success


7 Decline
8 Impact
9 Assessment

9.1 Preaching style
9.2 Religious views
9.3 Social and political views


10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
13 Credits



Despite questions about his income, no scandal ever touched Sunday. He lived relatively simply, was sincerely devoted to his wife, and seemed to be a genuine believer in his own message. Even so, his meteoric rise to religious prominence began to reverse as he aged, and his audiences gradually dwindled during the 1920s and 1930s as the preacher grew older and alternate sources of entertainment came to preoccupy his fellow citizens. Nevertheless, he continued to preach his message and remained a stalwart bolster of conservative Christianity until his death in 1935.

Early life
Billy Sunday was born near Ames, Iowa in November of 1862. His father, William Sunday, was a Union soldier during the Civil War who had enlisted in the Iowa Twenty-Third Volunteer Infantry and died of disease at Patterson, Missouri, five weeks after the birth of his youngest son. When Sunday was ten years old, his impoverished mother was forced to send him and his older brother to the Soldiers' Orphans Home in Glenwood, Iowa. Though his experience at the orphanage was undoubtedly emotionally trying, it also afforded the young lad certain options that had been unavailable in his poverty-stricken home: specifically, Sunday gained orderly habits, a decent primary education, and the realization that he had exceptional athletic ability.[4]
By 14, Sunday had left the confines of the orphanage and was already supporting himself (both emotionally and financially). In Nevada, Iowa, he worked for Colonel John Scott, a former lieutenant governor, tending Shetland ponies and doing other farm chores. In exchange, the Scott family provided Sunday a supportive home environment and the opportunity to attend Nevada High School, which had a fine local reputation.[5] Although Sunday never received an official high school diploma, by 1880 he was better educated than the typical American of his day.[6]
In 1880, Sunday moved to Marshalltown, Iowa, where his obvious physical hardiness and athleticism earned him a position on a fire brigade team. In Marshalltown, Sunday worked at odd jobs, competed in fire brigade tournaments, and played for the town baseball team. In 1882, with Sunday playing left field, the Marshalltown team defeated the state champion Des Moines team 15-6.[7]

Professional baseball player
Sunday's professional baseball career was launched by Adrian "Cap" Anson, a Marshalltown native and future Hall of Famer, after he heard an enthusiastic account of Sunday's prowess from his aunt. In 1883, on Anson's recommendation, A.G. Spalding, president of the Chicago White Stockings (the original name of the Chicago White Sox), signed Sunday to play for the defending National League champions.[8]
Sunday's speed was his greatest asset, and he displayed it on the base-paths and in the outfield. In 1885, the White Stockings arranged a race between Sunday and Arlie Latham, the fastest runner in the American Association. Sunday won the hundred-yard dash by ten feet.[9]
Sunday's personality, demeanor, and athleticism made him popular with the fans, as well as with his teammates. Manager Cap Anson considered Sunday reliable enough to make him the team's business manager, which included such routine duties as making travel arrangements and carrying thousands of dollars of team cash.[10]
In 1887, Sunday became Chicago's regular right fielder, but an injury limited his playing time to fifty games. During the following winter, Sunday was sold to the Pittsburgh Alleghenies for the 1888 season. He was their starting center fielder, playing a full season for the first time in his career. The crowds in Pittsburgh took to Sunday immediately; one reporter wrote that "the whole town is wild over Sunday." One reason why Pittsburgh fans supported a losing team during the 1888 and 1889 seasons was that Sunday performed well in center field as well, as being among the league leaders in stolen bases.[11]
In 1890, a labor dispute led to the formation of a new league, composed of most of the better players from the National League. Although he was invited to join the competing league, Sunday's conscience would not allow him to break his contract with Pittsburgh. Sunday was named team captain, and he was their star player, but the team suffered one of the worst seasons in baseball history. By August the team had no money to meet its payroll, and Sunday was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for two players and $1,000 in cash.[12] The owners of his new team hoped that adding Sunday to the roster would bolster their chances to take the pennant that season.[13]
In March 1891, Sunday requested and was granted a release from his contract with the Philadelphia ball club. Over his career, Sunday was never much of a hitter: his batting average was .248 over 499 games, about the median for the 1880s. In his best season, in 1887, Sunday hit .291, ranking 17th in the league. He was an exciting but inconsistent fielder. In the days before outfielders wore gloves, Sunday was noted for brilliant catches featuring long sprints and athletic dives, but he also committed a great many errors. Sunday was best known as an exceptionally fast runner, regarded by his peers as one of the best in the game, even though he never placed better than third in the National League for stolen bases.[14]

Conversion
On a Sunday afternoon during either the 1886 or 1887 baseball season, Sunday and his teammates had indulged in some alcoholic beverages were wandering the streets of Chicago on their day off. At one corner, they stopped to listen to a street preaching team from the Pacific Garden Mission. Sunday was immediately entranced, as the group was performing old gospel songs that he had (in his too-brief childhood) heard his mother sing. As a result, he later began attending services at the mission and was informed that it imperative that he accept Christ into his life. After some internal struggle, he did so. The effect was immediate. Sunday stopped drinking and began faithfully attending the fashionable Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church, a congregation handy to both the ball park and his rented room.[15]
Even before his conversion, Sunday's lifestyle seems to have been less boisterous than that of the average contemporary baseball player. Nevertheless, after his conversion, the changes in his behavior were recognized by both teammates and fans. Thereafter, Sunday decided to spread the Word himself, and began speaking in churches and at YMCAs.[16]

Marriage
In 1886, a fellow parishioner at Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church introduced Billy to Helen Amelia "Nell" Thompson, daughter of the owner of one of Chicago's largest dairy products businesses. Although Sunday was immediately smitten with her, both had serious on-going relationships that bordered on engagements.[17] Further, Miss Thompson had been raised in a much more privileged environment than had Sunday, and her father strongly discouraged the courtship, viewing all professional baseball players as "transient ne'er-do-wells who were unstable and destined to be misfits once they were too old to play." Nevertheless, Sunday pursued her with the same tenacity that he pursued baseball and the Gospel. On several occasions, Sunday said, "She was a Presbyterian, so I am a Presbyterian. Had she been a Catholic, I would have been a Catholic—because I was hot on the trail of Nell." Fortunately for the young couple, Mrs. Thompson had liked Sunday from the start and weighed in on his side, and Mr. Thompson finally relented. The couple was married on September 5, 1888.[18]

Training and early ministry
In the spring of 1891, Sunday decided to live out his conversion narrative, turning down a $400-per-month baseball contract in order to accept a position with the Chicago YMCA at $83 per month. Sunday's official job title at the YMCA was "Assistant Secretary," but his position also happened to involve a great deal of ministerial work—a fortuitous coincidence that provided him with valuable experience for his later evangelistic career. For three years, Sunday visited the sick, prayed with the troubled, counseled the suicidal, and visited saloons to invite patrons to evangelistic meetings.[19]
Continuing on this ministerial career path, Sunday, in 1893, became the full-time assistant to J. Wilbur Chapman, one of the best-known evangelists in the United States at the time. Personally shy, like Sunday, Chapman commanded respect in the pulpit both because of his strong voice and his sophisticated demeanor. Sunday's responsibilities as Chapman's "advance man" were to precede the evangelist into cities where he was scheduled to preach, organize prayer meetings and choirs, erect tents (when necessary) and take care of the various and sundry additional requirements of a traveling ministry. By listening to Chapman preach night after night, Sunday received a valuable course in homiletics. He was also given explicit instruction by his mentor, who critiqued Sunday's own attempts at evangelistic preaching and showed him how to construct a compelling sermon. Further, Chapman encouraged Sunday's theological development by emphasizing the importance of prayer and by helping to "reinforce Billy's commitment to conservative biblical Christianity."[20]

Popular evangelist
Kerosene Circuit
When Chapman unexpectedly returned to the pastorate in 1896, Sunday struck out on his own, beginning with meetings in tiny Garner, Iowa. For the next twelve years, Sunday preached in approximately seventy communities, most of them in Iowa and Illinois. Sunday referred to these towns as the “Kerosene Circuit” because, unlike Chicago, most were not yet electrified. Towns often booked Sunday's prayer meetings informally, sometimes by sending a delegation to hear him preach or by telegraphing him while he was holding services somewhere in a nearby community.
Always a shrewd self-promoter, Sunday took advantage of his reputation as a baseball player to generate advertising for his revival meetings. In 1907 in Fairfield, Iowa, Sunday organized local businesses into two baseball teams and scheduled a game between them. Sunday came dressed in his professional uniform and played on both sides. Although baseball was his primary means of publicity, Sunday also once hired a circus giant to serve as an usher.[21]
When Sunday began to attract crowds larger than could be accommodated in rural churches or town halls, he pitched rented canvas tents. As during the years of his apprenticeship, Sunday did much of the physical work of putting these structures up, manipulating ropes during storms, and seeing to their security by sleeping in them at night. Not until 1905 was he financially successful enough off to hire his own advance man.[22]
In 1906, an October snowstorm in Salida, Colorado, destroyed Sunday's tent—a special disaster because revivalists were typically paid with a freewill offering at the end of their meetings. As a result, this chance event was doubly costly (as it lost him both the tent and the potential earnings from the Salida revival). Thereafter, he insisted that towns build him temporary wooden tabernacles at their expense. At least at first, raising tabernacles provided good public relations for the coming meetings, with townspeople joining together in what was effectively a giant barn-raising—not to mention the fact that the tabernacles themselves were also status symbols, as previously they had only been built for major evangelists (such as Chapman). Further, Sunday helped to built rapport with communities by participating in the construction process himself.[23]

Under the administration of Nell
Eleven years into Sunday's evangelistic career, both he and his wife had been pushed to their emotional limits. Long separations had exacerbated the preacher's natural feelings of inadequacy and insecurity. As a product of a childhood that could well be described as a series of losses, he was extremely dependent on his wife's love and encouragement. Nell Sunday, for her part, found it increasingly difficult to handle household responsibilities, the needs of four children (including a newborn), and the emotional welfare of her husband. Coincidentally, this same period also saw his ministry expanding, meaning that he needed an administrator—a job that would ideally suit his practically-minded wife. As a result, in 1908 the Sundays decided to entrust their children to a nanny so that Nell Sunday could manage her famed husband's revival campaigns.[24]
Mrs. Sunday transformed her husband's out-of-the-back-pocket organization into a "nationally renowned phenomenon." New personnel were hired, and by the New York campaign of 1917, the Sundays had a paid staff of twenty-six. Their organization included the standard employees (musicians, custodians, and advance men), but also some innovative positions whose inclusion was prompted by the couple's unique vision of their ministry. Most notably, the Sundays hired Bible teachers of both sexes, who, among other responsibilities, held daytime meetings at schools and shops, and encouraged their audiences to attend the main tabernacle services in the evenings.
With his wife administering the campaign organization, Sunday was free to do what he did best: compose and deliver popular sermons. While his bombastic style and simple, "matter-of-fact" theology (discussed below) earned the preacher his share of critics, it is undeniable that they also brought him considerable success and approbation.
By 1910, Sunday began to conduct meetings (usually longer than a month) in small cities like Youngstown, Wilkes-Barre, South Bend, and Denver, and then finally, between 1915 and 1917, the major cities of Philadelphia, Syracuse, Kansas City, Detroit, Boston, Buffalo, and New York City. Throughout this decade, Sunday was front-page news in the cities where he held campaigns. Newspapers often printed his sermons in full, and even during World War I, local coverage of his campaigns often equaled or surpassed the media attention received by the war. Sunday was the subject of over sixty articles in major periodicals, and he was a staple of the religious press regardless of denomination.[25][26]


During these meetings, individuals would be "invited" to come forward and renew their commitment to Christ. The physical environs present during these sessions provided a potent metaphor for this conversion/confirmation process. Specifically, the floors of Sunday's hastily-constructed tabernacles were covered with sawdust,[27] which led the act of coming forward during the invitation to become known as "hitting the sawdust trail." The term was first used during a Sunday campaign in Bellingham, Washington, in 1910. Apparently, the phrase "hitting the sawdust trail" had first been used by loggers in the Pacific Northwest to describe following home a trail of previously dropped sawdust through an uncut forest—a metaphor for coming from, in Nell Sunday's words, "a lost condition to a saved condition."[28]

Wages of success
The financial contributions made by large crowds, especially when coupled with Nell's efficient organization, meant that Sunday, the formerly impoverished war orphan, was soon netting hefty profits. The first questions about Sunday's income were apparently raised during the Columbus, Ohio campaign at the turn of 1912-1913. During the Pittsburgh campaign a year later, Sunday spoke four times per day and effectively made $217 per sermon ($870 a day) at a time when the average gainfully employed worker made $836 per year. The major cities of Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, and New York City gave Sunday even larger love offerings, though Sunday donated Chicago's offering of $58,000 to Pacific Garden Mission and New York's $120,500 to war charities. Nevertheless, between 1908 and 1920, the Sundays earned over a million dollars; an average worker during the same period earned less than $14,000.[29]
With his newfound wealth and influence, Sunday was welcomed into the circle of the social, economic, and political elite. He counted among his neighbors and acquaintances several prominent businessmen. Sunday dined with numerous politicians, including Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, and counted both Herbert Hoover and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. as friends.[30] During and after the 1917 Los Angeles campaign, the Sundays visited with Hollywood stars, and members of Sunday's organization played a charity baseball game against a team of show business personalities that included Douglas Fairbanks.[31]
Though typically frugal, the Sundays were occasionally willing to make use of their considerable fortune. For instance, the couple enjoyed dressing themselves and their children stylishly; the family sported expensive but tasteful coats, boots, and jewelry. Mrs. Sunday also bought land as an investment. A fruit orchard farm and rustic cabin at Hood River, Oregon, caught the attention of reporters, who called it a "ranch." In spite of these occasional luxuries, Sunday was a soft touch with money, such that he gave away much of his earnings to friends, charities, and needy individuals.[32] Indeed, neither of the Sundays were extravagant spenders. Although Billy enjoyed driving, the couple never owned a car. Their American Craftsman-style bungalow at Winona Lake, Indiana, where the Sundays had moved their legal residence in 1911, was nicely appointed and had two safes, but the house itself had only nine rooms, 2,500-square-feet of living space, and no garage.[33]
At the height of his influence, Sunday took a public stand on numerous political issues, including the first World War and the Prohibition movement, both of which he passionately supported. Commenting on the former, he said, "I tell you it is [Kaiser] Bill against Woodrow, Germany against America, Hell against Heaven." In response, Sunday raised large amounts of money for the troops, sold war bonds, and stumped for recruitment.[34] Similarly, Sunday had been an ardent champion of temperance from his earliest days as an evangelist, as his ministry at the Chicago YMCA had given him first-hand experience with the destructive potential of alcohol. Sunday's most famous sermon was "Get on the Water Wagon," which he preached on countless occasions with both histrionic emotion and a "mountain of economic and moral evidence." Sunday said, "I am the sworn, eternal and uncompromising enemy of the Liquor Traffic. I have been, and will go on, fighting that damnable, dirty, rotten business with all the power at my command." With typical bluntness, he fumed that "whiskey and beer are all right in their place, but their place is in hell."[35] Sunday played a significant role in arousing public interest in Prohibition and in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919. When the tide of public opinion turned against Prohibition, he continued to support it. Even after the law was repealed in 1933, Sunday made an unpopular (and unsuccessful) call for its reintroduction.[36]

Decline
Sunday's popularity waned after World War I, when radio and movie theaters became his competitors for the public's leisure time. As Dorsett notes, "Sabbath church attendance was not greatly affected by the rapid rise of the entertainment industry, but revivals conducted in big tents and tabernacles night after night for several weeks running were definitely undercut when the public found new competitors for their time."[37] At the same time, the health of the elderly couple began to decline—likely as a result of their continually ambitious (though consistently dwindling) tour schedule.
Worse, the Sundays were disgraced by the behavior of their three sons, all of who tended to engage in all the activities Billy preached against. In the end, the Sundays were effectively forced to pay blackmail to several women to keep the scandals relatively quiet.[38] In 1930, their housekeeper and nanny, who had become a virtual member of the family, died. Then Sunday's daughter, the only child actually raised by Nell, died in 1932 of what seems to have been multiple sclerosis. As if to compound this litany of tragedies, their oldest son George committed suicide in 1933.
Nevertheless, even as the crowds declined during the last 15 years of his life, Sunday soldiered on, accepting preaching invitations and speaking with his characteristic vigor. In early 1935, he suffered a mild heart attack, and his doctor advised him to stay out of the pulpit. Sunday ignored the advice. He died on November 6, a week after preaching his last sermon on the text "What must I do to be saved?"[39]

Impact
Over the course of his career, Sunday probably preached to more than 100 million people. The vast numbers who "hit the sawdust trail" are also remarkable. Although the usual total given for those who came forward at invitations is an even million, one modern historian estimates the true figure to be closer to 1,250,000.[40] Of course, Sunday did not preach to 100 million discrete individuals, but to many of the same people repeatedly during the course of a campaign. Before his death, Sunday estimated that he had preached nearly 20,000 sermons, an average of 42 per month from 1896 to 1935. During his heyday, when he was preaching more than 20 times each week, his crowds were often huge. Even in 1923, well into the period of his decline, 479,300 people attended the 79 meetings of the six-week 1923 Columbia, South Carolina campaign. That number was 23 times the white population of Columbia. Nevertheless, the "trail hitters" were not necessarily conversions (or even "reconsecrations") to Christianity. Sometimes whole groups of club members came forward en masse at Sunday's prodding. Undoubtedly, some audience members simply wanted to shake the famous preacher's hand. By 1927, Rodeheaver was complaining that Sunday's invitations had become so general that they were meaningless.[41]

Assessment
Preaching style
Part of Billy Sunday's near universal appeal was his unapologetically vigorous and bombastic homiletic style. At a given meeting, Sunday would wait until the moment felt right, and then would launch into his message. Sunday gyrated, stood on the pulpit, ran from one end of the platform to the other, and dove across the stage, pretending to slide into home plate. Sometimes he even smashed chairs to emphasize his points. His sermon notes had to be printed in large letters so that he could catch a glimpse of them as he raced by the pulpit. In addresses directed to an audience of men, many of which attacked sexual sin, Sunday's delivery could be graphic (at least for the era).[42] Some religious and social leaders criticized Sunday's exaggerated gestures as well as the slang and colloquialisms that filled his sermons, but audiences clearly enjoyed them.[43] Further, some modern scholars argue that Sunday's approach can be seen as an instance of the muscular, virile Christianity that was arising at the time in response to the perceived "weakness" inherent in stereotypical Christian values. Indeed, his ministry did "share the conviction [common in his day] that Christianity must be a muscular, masculine religion to be effective. Through the content of his message, his aggressive style of evangelism, and the remarkable story of his own life, Sunday's revivalism both reflected and addressed some of the gender-related concerns of his day."[44]
In 1907, journalist Lindsay Denison complained that Sunday preached "the old, old doctrine of damnation," getting results by "inspiring fear and gloom in the hearts of sinners.” [45] But Sunday himself told reporters "with ill-concealed annoyance," that his revivals had "no emotionalism." Certainly contemporary comparisons to the extravagances of mid-nineteenth-century camp meetings—as in the famous drawing by George Bellows—were overdrawn.[46] Sunday told one reporter that he believed that people could "be converted without any fuss,"[47] and, at Sunday's meetings, "instances of spasm, shakes, or fainting fits caused by hysteria were few and far between."[48]
The particularities of his style, especially his use of invective and binary opposition, are immediately notable when one examines an excerpt of his famous sermon on the evils of liquor:

The saloon is the sum of all villainies. It is worse than war or pestilence. It is the crime of crimes. It is parent of crimes and the mother of sins. It is the appalling source of misery and crime in the land and the principal cause of crime. It is the source of three-fourths of the taxes to support that crime. And to license such an incarnate fiend of hell is the dirtiest, low-down, damnable business on top of this old earth. There is nothing to be compared to it.
...
Do away with the cursed business and you will not have to put up to support them. Who gets the money? The saloon keepers and the brewers, and the distillers, while the whiskey fills the land with misery and poverty and wretchedness and disease and death and damnation and it is being authorized by the will of the sovereign people.[49]
Religious views
Billy Sunday was a conservative evangelical who accepted fundamentalist doctrines. He affirmed and preached the inerrancy of the Bible, the virgin birth of Christ, the doctrine of substitutionary atonement, the bodily resurrection of Jesus, a literal devil and Hell, and the imminent return of Jesus Christ. At the turn of the twentieth century, most Protestant church members, regardless of denomination, gave assent to these doctrines (except, perhaps, for the imminent return of Christ). Though Sunday refused to hold meetings in cities where he was not welcomed by the vast majority of the Protestant churches and their clergy, dissenting clergymen often found it politic to limit their objections to Sunday's theology while he was adding new members to their congregations.[50]
Nevertheless, Sunday was not a "separationist," as were most orthodox Protestants of his era. He went out of his way to avoid criticizing the Roman Catholic Church and even met with Cardinal Gibbons during his 1916 Baltimore campaign. Also, cards filled out by "trail hitters" were faithfully returned to the church or denomination that the writers had indicated as their choice—including Catholic and Unitarian.[51]
Although Sunday was ordained by the Presbyterian Church in 1903, his ministry was nondenominational, and he was not a strict Calvinist. He preached that individuals were, at least in part, responsible for their own salvation. “Trail hitters” were given a four-page tract that stated, “if you have done your part (i.e. believe that Christ died in your place, and receive Him as your Saviour and Master) God has done HIS part and imparted to you His own nature.”[52]
Sunday was neither a theologian nor an intellectual, but he had a thorough knowledge of the Bible, and he was well read on religious and social issues of his day. His surviving Winona Lake library of 600 books gives evidence of heavy use, including underscoring and reader's notes in his characteristic all-caps printing. Some of Sunday's books were even those of religious opponents. In fact, he was later charged, probably correctly, with plagiarizing a Decoration Day speech given by the noted agnostic Robert Ingersoll.[53]

Social and political views
Sunday was a lifelong Republican, and he espoused the mainstream political and social views of his native Midwest: individualism, competitiveness, personal discipline, and opposition to government regulation.[54] Writers such as Upton Sinclair[55] and John Reed attacked Sunday as a tool of big business, and poet Carl Sandburg also crudely accused him of being a money-grubbing charlatan.[56] Nevertheless, Sunday sided with Progressives on some issues. For example, he denounced child labor[57] and supported urban reform and women's suffrage.[58] Sunday condemned capitalists "whose private lives are good, but whose public lives are very bad," as well as those "who would not pick the pockets of one man with the fingers of their hand" but who would "without hesitation pick the pockets of 80 million people with fingers of their monopoly or commercial advantage."[59] He never lost his sympathy for the poor, and he sincerely tried to bridge the gulf between the races at the nadir of the Jim Crow era,[60] although on at least two occasions in the mid-1920s Sunday received contributions from the Ku Klux Klan.[61]
Sunday also opposed eugenics, recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe,[62] and the teaching of evolution.[63] Further, he criticized such popular middle-class amusements as dancing[64], playing cards, attending the theater, and reading novels.[65] However, he believed baseball was a healthy and even patriotic form of recreation, so long as it was not played on Sundays.[66]

Notes


↑ For instance, Leach describes himself as having "survived" a Billy Sunday revival, and considers the preacher's emotional appeals to be "fanatical" (242, 244).

↑ Martin, 811.

↑ See, for example, Billy Sunday's sermon The Curse of Liquor!, Retrieved February 18, 2009; See also the "How Billy Sunday battled the demon rum in Detroit"; The Detroit News - Rearview Mirror, Retrieved February 18, 2009, which notes that Sunday's appearances "gained the devotion of millions and helped bring Prohibition to America."

↑ Dorsett, 8-10, 13.

↑ The 4-H baseball field in the Iowa town is named Billy Sunday Field, in honor of their former resident.

↑ Dorsett, 14; Bruns, 29.

↑ Dorsett, 15; Knickerbocker, 26-27.

↑ In 1921, Sunday told veteran writer William Phelon Jr., "It was owing to the fact that Capt. Anson of the Chicago team had an aunt in Marshalltown that I became a big leaguer." Cap "had Aunt Emma there and she was greatly interested in seeing me progress in baseball. She praised my playing to Anson, told him I was about the fastest fielder on earth and insisted that he give me a chance with Chicago and he agreed." Rosenberg, 132.

↑ Interestingly, even before his conversion, Sunday was uncomfortable with this race and tried to withdraw. He was persuaded to run because a great deal of money had been bet on the outcome, some of it put up by his teammates. In later years he regretted having been involved in a gambling event. Knickerbocker, 45-47; Firstenberger, 18.

↑ Sunday later said, "That was my first experience at bookkeeping and I was never shy a dollar." Bruns, 39-40; Knickerbocker, 37.

↑ Knickerbocker, 73-75, 97, 109, 120; Bruns, 51; Dorsett, 36-39.

↑ Knickerbocker, 125-131.

↑ Although Sunday played brilliantly in his thirty-one games with Philadelphia, the team finished in third place. Knickerbocker, 131-133; Bruns, 51; Dorsett, 36-39.

↑ Fans reportedly said, "Billy is fast enough, but he can't steal first base." Knickerbocker, 135-137, 2-3.

↑ Knickerbocker, 80-89; Dorsett, 24-28. Although Sunday could never remember the date of this experience, its evident importance in his own life story is attested to by his repeated reference to it. The oft-told conversion story poses a number of chronological difficulties. The best explication of the problems and their partial solutions can be found in Knickerbocker, 59-63, 79-89.

↑ Dorsett, 29.

↑ Firstenberger, 7.

↑ Dorsett, 32-34; Frankenberg, 62; Martin, 34. Some of Sunday's apparent difficulties in remembering the exact date of his conversion may have been the result of Nell and Billy having met and fallen in love before he had become a Christian. This circumstance could have potentially led to public embarrassment, as their evangelical supporters would have condemned such a courtship.

↑ Dorsett, 39-43, 48.

↑ Dorsett, 49-57.

↑ Knickerbocker, 145-146; McLaughlin, 11.

↑ Dorsett, 61-64.

↑ Dorsett, 64-65; Firstenberger, 46.

↑ Dorsett, 81-84; Firstenberger, 45, 98-100. In 1911, Nell Sunday met Nora Lynn at the Erie, Pennsylvania campaign and persuaded her to become the family's live-in housekeeper. Lynn was employed by the Sundays for 20 years; she effectively became a member of the Sunday family and died in their house.

↑ Dorsett, 92-93. "Scores of newborn boys were named 'Billy Sunday' in his honor, and in Fulton County, Illinois, a recipe for 'Billy Sunday Pudding' was formulated by local residents. The pudding was designed to bake in the oven during his sermon and be ready when the family came home from the meeting." Firstenberger, 39.

↑ Billy Sunday Pudding, Retrieved February 18, 2009.

↑ This covering served a number of purposes: it dampened the noise of shuffling feet, possessed a pleasant smell, and held down the dust generated by dirt floors.

↑ Firstenberger, 37; McLoughlin, 97; Dorsett, 91-92.

↑ Dorsett, 90-91.

↑ Dorsett, 93-94, 134, 149-50.

↑ Dorsett, 93, 95; Knickerbocker, 156. The movie stars won, 1-0, and Sunday jokingly complained that his team could not get a break from the umpires, Mary Pickford and Charlie Chaplin.

↑ In 1913, Sunday's mentor, J. Wilbur Chapman, wrote that he could not think of a time that Sunday had "had opportunity for conversation" that he had not asked, "Do you need any money?" Frankenburg, "Forward."

↑ Dorsett, 95-96; Firstenberger, 80-92.

↑  McLoughlin, 257-259; Firstenberger, 60-62; Dorsett, 113-114.

↑ Dorsett, 112-113; Firstenberger, 69; McLaughlin, 180-184.

↑ McLoughlin, 232-234; Firstenberger, 72. During Prohibition, Sunday's revival theme song, "Brighten the Corner Where You Are," is said to have become a drinking song in the speakeasies that flourished during the Prohibition. A line in the popular Frank Sinatra song "Chicago," written by Fred Fisher in the 1920s, refers to Chicago as "the town that Billy Sunday couldn't shut down."

↑ Dorsett, 148.

↑ Dorsett, 129. In a 1929 letter to his wife, Sunday wrote that "all we have earned in the last 5 years has gone to Millie," Billy, Jr.'s ex-wife. BS to HTS, Box 4, Folder 32, The Papers of William and Helen Sunday [microfilm] (Wheaton, Illinois: Billy Graham Center, 1978).

↑ Dorsett, 141-143.

↑ Dorsett, 93; Firstenberger, 39, 120-123; Lyle W. Dorsett, "Billy Sunday," American National Biography, 21: 150-52; Bernard A. Weisberger, They Gathered at the River: The Story of the Great Revivalists and Their Impact upon Religion in America (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1958), 254.

↑ Dorsett, 136.

↑ A theological opponent, Universalist minister Frederick William Betts, wrote, "Many of the things said and done bordered upon things prohibited in decent society. The sermon on amusements was preached three times, to mixed audience of men and women, boys and girls. If the sermons to women had been preached to married women, if the sermons to men had been preached to mature men, if the sermon on amusements had been preached to grown folks, there might have been an excuse for them, and perhaps good from them. But an experienced newspaper reported told me that the sermon on amusements was "the rawest thing ever put over in Syracuse." I can not, must not, quote from this sermon...Betts, Frederick William (1916). Billy Sunday, the Man and Method. Murray Press.  p. 30, "rawest thing;" p. 43, Retrieved February 18, 2009; "fainted under that awful definition;" p. 36, Retrieved February 18, 2009; "if you do not 'hit the trail' then watch out for the fireworks")...[a friend] says that Mr. Sunday's sermon on the sex question was raw and disgusting. He also heard the famous sermons on amusements and booze. [He] says that all in all they were the ugliest, nastiest, most disgusting addresses he ever listened to from a religious platform or a preacher of religion. He saw people carried out who had fainted under that awful definition of sensuality and depravity."
Homer Rodeheaver said that "One of these sermons, until he tempered it down a little, had one ten-minute period in it where from two to twelve men fainted and had to be carried out every time I heard him preach it."Martin, Robert Francis (2002). Hero of the Heartland: Billy Sunday and the Transformation of American Society, 1862-1935. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253341299. , p. 87, Retrieved February 18, 2009

↑ Firstenberger, 36-39. Fundamentalist leader Bob Jones, Jr., who knew Sunday as a teenager, admitted in his memoirs that he was "repelled by the roughness" of Sunday's performance and noted that Sunday's messages seemed "studied and stage-managed"—which of course, they were. Bob Jones [Jr.], Cornbread and Caviar: Reminiscences and Reflections (Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University Press, 1985), 89.

↑ Martin, 814.

↑ "In spite of his conviction that the truly religious man should take his religion joyfully, he gets his results by inspiring fear and gloom in the hearts of sinners. The fear of death, with torment beyond it—intensified by examples of the frightful deathbeds of those who have carelessly or obdurately put off salvation until it is too late—it is with this mighty menace that he drives sinners into the fold. name=denison>Denison, Lindsay (1907), "The Rev. Billy Sunday and His War On the Devil," The American Magazine, (September 1907) 64(5), p. 461, Retrieved February 18, 2009.

↑ McLoughlin, 127.

↑ Rocky Mountain News, September 7, 1914, 1, in McLoughlin, 128.

↑ McLoughlin, 128.

↑ Famous Booze Sermon, Billy Sunday Online. Retrieved February 18, 2009.

↑ Firstenberger, 26-29. Although represented in accessible language, Sunday's theology was fairly sophisticated and "orthodox in its basic ingredients." See Daniel LaRoy Anderson, "The Gospel According to Sunday," Th.D. dissertation, Dallas Theological Seminary, 199.

↑ Dorsett, 80-81; Firstenberger, 30. A short but striking first-person account of Sunday's 1915 Syracuse campaign by a Universalist clergyman is Frederick W. Betts, Billy Sunday: The Man and the Method (Boston: Murray Press, 1916.) Betts was clearly disgusted by Sunday but awestruck by the power that his personality and sermons had, even over his educated acquaintances.

↑ Weisberger, 253.

↑ Dorsett, 77; Firstenberger, 32, 63. Sunday's library included a copy of Thomas W. Hanford, Ingersollia: Gems of Thought from the Lectures, Speeches and Conversations of the Late Col. Robert G. Ingersoll(1899) with underlined text and marginal notes.

↑ Martin, 126-127.

↑ Sinclair Lewis' novel Babbitt includes a character named Mike Monday, "the distinguished evangelist, the best-known Protestant pontiff in America.... As a prize-fighter he gained nothing but his crooked nose, his celebrated vocabulary, and his stage-presence. The service of the Lord had been more profitable." In his novel, a visit by Monday is opposed by "certain Episcopalian and Congregationalist ministers," whom Monday calls "a bunch of gospel-pushers with dish-water instead of blood, a gang of squealers that need more dust on the knees of their pants and more hair on their skinny old chests." In Lewis's Elmer Gantry, is a novel about an evangeliar with more than a passing resemblances to Sunday. (Sunday in turn referred to Lewis as a member of "Satan's cohort."); Elmer Gantry Study Guide, bookrags.com. Retrieved February 18, 2009.

↑ McLoughlin, 223. John Reed, "Back of Sunday," Metropolitan Magazine (May 1915), 10. Carl Sandburg, "To Billy Sunday", 1915. Retrieved February 18, 2009; Sandburg wrote, "You come along squirting words at us, shaking your fist and calling us all dam fools so fierce the froth slobbers over your lips...always blabbing we’re all going to hell straight off and you know all about it.... Go ahead and bust all the chairs you want to. Smash a whole wagon load of furniture at every performance. Turn sixty somersaults and stand on your nutty head. If it wasn’t for the way you scare the women and kids I’d feel sorry for you and pass the hat. I like to watch a good four-flusher work, but not when he starts people puking and calling for the doctors." Sunday also appears in some modern fiction, both as an historical touchstone and as a metaphorical figure. For example, John Jakes inserts a mention of Sunday in Homeland, his historical novel about Chicago; and Sunday's life is employed metaphorically in Rod Jones' novel Billy Sunday.

↑ "Men who will gladly draw their check for $10,000 and give it a child's hospital see nothing ridiculous in the fact that the $10,000 for the child's hospital came of out of $200,000 made from a system of child labor which crushes more children in one year than the hospital will heal in ten." Quoted in McLoughlin, 145.

↑ Firstenberger, 66-68; McLoughlin, 140-143.

↑ Quoted in McLoughlin, 144-145.

↑ Dorsett, 96-97, 152-154.

↑ Firstenberger, 29-30. Sunday apparently never either praised the Klan nor denounced it (McLoughlin, 274-275). According to Larson, Sunday's Memphis campaign of February 1925 featured both a special night for African Americans and an "unofficial Klan night." ( Larson 1997, p. 55).

↑ McLoughlin, 146-148.

↑ Although Sunday was a firm creationist, he believed that the seven days of creation were indeterminate periods and not literal 24-hour days. As proof Sunday quoted 2 Peter 3:8 that "one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day." "Nuts for Skeptics to Crack," (sermon) May 24, 1917, Papers of William and Helen Sunday, Reel 11. William Jennings Bryan asked Sunday to participate in the Scopes Trial. Although Sunday assured Bryan that "all the believing world is back of you in your defense of Christ and the Bible," Sunday declined to come to Dayton. Sunday to Bryan, July 4, 1925, William Jennings Bryan Papers, Library of Congress, Box 47.

↑ Sunday said that "three-fourths of all the fallen women fell as a result of the dance." Quoted in McLoughlin, 132.

↑ McLoughlin, 132-135; Firstenberger, 65-66.

↑ Knickerbocker, 156-157.



ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Anderson, Daniel LaRoy. "The Gospel According to Sunday," Th.D. dissertation. Dallas Theological Seminary, 1979.
Bruns, Roger. Preacher: Billy Sunday and Big-Time American Evangelism. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992. ISBN 0252070755
Dorsett, Lyle W. Billy Sunday and the Redemption of Urban America. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 1991. ISBN 0865548986
Ellis, William T. Billy Sunday: His Life and Message. Philadelphia, PA: John C. Winston Co., 1914.
Firstenberger, William A. In Rare Form: A Pictorial History of Baseball Evangelist Billy Sunday. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2005. ISBN 0877459592
Frankenberg, Theodore Thomas. Billy Sunday: His Tabernacles and Sawdust Trails. Columbus, Ohio: F.J. Heer Printing Company, 1917.
Knickerbocker, Wendy. Sunday at the Ballpark: Billy Sunday's Professional Baseball Career 1883-1890. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2000.
Larson, Edward J. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion, BasicBooks a subsidiary of Perseus Books, 1997. ISBN 0465075096
Larson, Edward J. Evolution, Modern Library, 2004. ISBN 0679642889
*Leach, William H. "Religious Fanaticism: Asset or Debit?" The Biblical World 53(3) (May 1919): 240-244.

Martin, Robert F. Hero of the Heartland: Billy Sunday and the Transformation of American Society, 1862-1935. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. ISBN 0253341299
Martin, Robert F. "Billy Sunday and Christian Manliness." The Historian 58 (Summer 1996): 811-823.
McLoughlin, William G. Billy Sunday Was His Real Name. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955.
Nevada Community Historical Society Inc. Voices from the Past: The Story of Nevada, Iowa, Its Community and Families. Unknown press (Nevada Community Historical Society, Inc., PO Box 213, Nevada, Iowa 50201-0213; 515-382-6684), 2003.
Rosenberg, Howard W. Cap Anson 4: Bigger Than Babe Ruth: Captain Anson of Chicago. Arlington, Va.: Tile Books, 2006.
Sunday, Billy. The Sawdust Trail: Billy Sunday in His Own Words. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2005. ISBN 0877459495
Weisberger, Bernard A. They Gathered at the River: The Story of the Great Revivalists and Their Impact upon Religion in America. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1958.
External links
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