Lapis (text editor)

LapisOriginal author(s)| Rob Miller, et al.

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Developer(s)| MIT
Stable release|

1.2 / 19 October 2003; 22 years ago (2003-10-19)

Written in| Java
Operating system| Windows XP, Linux
Available in| English
License| GPLv2
Website| groups.csail.mit.edu/graphics/lapis/

Lapis is an experimental web browser and text editor allowing simultaneous editing of text in multiple selections. Lapis is able to infer the list of selected elements automatically from positive and negative examples given by the user, during a process known as selection guessing, based on concept learning.

This ability occurs via, and is an instance of, programming by example. The multiple items to edit are selected automatically according to the example provided by the user, making this experimental feature unique to Lapis among text editors, though similar features exist in some web scrapers and data munging tools.

To create the selection, Lapis first determines the more salient properties of the items selected by the user in a process called feature generation, detects common features of the user-selected items, groups these features to create a hypotheses for the concept that defines the selection, and then applies the generalized concept to the whole text.[1] Lapis also features outlier detection, marking in red those items selected that have a low matching score, thus allowing users to review the automatic decisions made by the algorithm.

Lapis includes a template vocabulary to assist editing several kinds of structured languages. One such language is HTML. Lapis includes a Web browser view that allows its multiple edit feature to work on web pages in a WYSIWYG way, through automatic matching of the underlying HTML tags.

The software is programmed in various languages, mainly Java, and released under version 2 of the GNU General Public License (GPLv2),[2] with various dependencies provided under other licenses.

## See also

* Data munging
* Formal concept analysis
* Simultaneous editing
* Structure editor

## References

1. ↑ Miller, R.C., & Myers, B.A. (2001, June). Interactive Simultaneous Editing of Multiple Text Regions. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference, General Track (pp. 161-174).
2. ↑ "LAPIS - Download". http://groups.csail.mit.edu/uid/lapis/doc/download.html.

* LAPIS: Smart Editing with Text Structure, introductory article.
* Lightweight Structured Text Processing, an extended description.
* Multiple selections in smart text editing (@ CiteseerX), Robert C. Miller, Brad A. Myers. 103-110, IUI 2002, Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, January 13–16, 2002, San Francisco, California, USA. ACM, 2002, ISBN 1-58113-459-2: describes how multiple selections can automate repetitive text editing and introduce the concept of selection guessing.
* Toolkits for Generating Wrappers by Stefan Kuhlins, Ross Tredwell.
* Entity quick click: rapid text copying based on automatic entity extraction by Eric A. Bier, Edward W. Isha. Abstracts of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
* Copy-and-Paste between Overlapping Windows by Olivier Chapuis, Nicolas Roussel. In Proceedings of CHI'07. "Other systems have been proposed to support fast copy-paste of multiple selections or text entities like phone numbers".

## External links

* (see archived)
* MIT CSAIL, User Interface Design Group
* Official download (archived)
* Download (mirror)

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