Cyano radical

Names
Preferred IUPAC name

Azanylidynemethyl

Other names

Cyanyl
Nitrile
Cyano
Isocyano

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 2074-87-5 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

Beilstein Reference

| 1697323
ChEBI |

* CHEBI:29306 Y

ChemSpider |

* 4514240 Y

Gmelin Reference

| 88

PubChem CID

* 5359238

InChI

* InChI=1S/CN/c1-2 Y

Key: JEVCWSUVFOYBFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

SMILES

* [C]#N

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

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The cyano radical (or cyanido radical) is a radical with molecular formula CN, sometimes written •CN. The cyano radical was one of the first detected molecules in the interstellar medium, in 1938. Its detection and analysis was influential in astrochemistry. The discovery was confirmed with a coudé spectrograph, which was made famous and credible due to this detection. ·CN has been observed in both diffuse clouds and dense clouds.[1] Usually, CN is detected in regions with hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen isocyanide, and HCNH+, since it is involved in the creation and destruction of these species (see also Cyanogen).

## Contents

* 1 Physical Properties
* 2 Formation and destruction of •CN
* 2.1 Formation
* 2.2 Destruction
* 3 Detections of •CN
* 4 References

## Physical Properties

Bonding in the cyano radical can be described as a combination of two resonance structures: the structure with the unpaired electron on the carbon is the minor contributor, while the structure with the unpaired electron on the nitrogen (the isocyano radical) is the major contributor. The charge separation in the isocyano radical is similar to that of carbon monoxide. •CN has a dipole moment of 1.45 debyes and a 2Σ+ ground electronic state. The selection rules are:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} N + S &= J \\\ J + I &= F \end{align} }[/math]

where N is the angular momentum, S is the electric spin, and I = 1 is the nuclear spin of 14N.[2]

## Formation and destruction of •CN

### Formation

* Dissociative recombination in diffuse clouds:[1]

HCN+ \+ e− → •CN + H•
* Photodissociation in dense clouds:[3]

HCN + hν → •CN + H•

### Destruction

H+3 \+ •CN → HCN+ \+ H2

## Detections of •CN

A spectral line of •CN was detected in 1938 in the interstellar medium in the ultraviolet, and was identified in 1940 by Andrew McKellar. The coudé spectrograph and a 100-inch (2.5 m) telescope were used to observe •CN's interstellar lines and ultraviolet spectra. Use of the spectrograph confirmed McKellar's findings and also made the spectrograph famous.[4][5] In 1970, •CN's first rotational transition from J = 0 to J = 1 was detected In the Orion Nebula and the W51 nebula.[6] The first detection of •CN in extragalactic sources were seen toward Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253), IC 342, and M82 In 1988. These emission lines seen were from N = 1 to N = 0 and N = 2 to N = 1.[7] In 1991, the •CN vibration-rotational bands were observed in a king furnace at the National Solar Observatory using a McMath Fourier-Transform spectrometer. The observed 2 to 0 lines show an extreme hyperfine structure.[6] In 1995, the rotational absorption spectrum of ·CN in the ground state was observed in the 1 THz region, and most of the lines were measured in the range of 560 to 1020 GHz. Four new rotational transitions were measured; N = 8 to N = 8, J = 15/2 to J = 17/2 and J = 17/2 to J = 19/2; N = 7 to N = 8, J = 15/2 to J = 17/2 and J = 13/2 to J = 15/2.[8]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Liszt, H.; Lucas, R. (2001). "Comparative chemistry of diffuse clouds: II. CN, HCN, HNC, CH3CN & N2H+". Astronomy & Astrophysics 370 (2): 576–585. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010260. Bibcode: 2001A&A...370..576L.
2. ↑ Skatrud, David D.; De Lucia, Frank C.; Blake, Geoffrey A.; Sastry, K. V. L. N. (1983). "The millimeter and submillimeter spectrum of CN in its first four vibrational states". Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 99 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1016/0022-2852(83)90290-4. Bibcode: 1983JMoSp..99...35S.
3. ↑ Bakker, Eric J.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Lamers, Henry J. G. L. M.; Trams, Norman R.; Van der Wolf, Frank L. A. (1996). "Detection of C2, CN, and NaI D absorption in the AGB remnant of HD 56126". Astronomy and Astrophysics 310: 893–907. Bibcode: 1996A&A...310..893B.
4. ↑ McKellar, Andrew (1940). "Evidence for the molecular origin of some hitherto unidentified interstellar lines". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 52 (307): 187–192. doi:10.1086/125159. Bibcode: 1940PASP...52..187M.
5. ↑ Adams, Walter S. (1941). "Some results with the coudé spectrograph of the Mount Wilson Observatory". The Astrophysical Journal 93: 11–23. doi:10.1086/144237. Bibcode: 1941ApJ....93...11A.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jefferts, K. B.; Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (1970). "Observation of the CN radical in the Orion Nebula and W51". The Astrophysical Journal 161 (2): L87–L89. doi:10.1086/180576. Bibcode: 1970ApJ...161L..87J.
7. ↑ Henkel, C.; Mauersberger, R.; Schilke, P. (1988). "Molecules in external galaxies: The detection of CN, C2H, and HNC, and the tentative detection of HC3N". Astronomy and Astrophysics 201: L23–L26. Bibcode: 1988A&A...201L..23H.
8. ↑ Klisch, E.; Klaus, Th.; Belov, S. P.; Winnewisser, G.; Herbst, E. (1995). "Laboratory rotational spectrum of CN in the 1 THz region". Astronomy and Astrophysics 304: L5–L8. Bibcode: 1995A&A...304L...5K.

* v
* t
* e

Molecules detected in outer space

Molecules|

| Diatomic|

* Aluminium monochloride
* Aluminium monofluoride
* Aluminium monoxide
* Argonium
* Carbon monophosphide
* Carbon monosulfide
* Carbon monoxide
* Carborundum
* Cyanogen radical
* Diatomic carbon
* Fluoromethylidynium
* Helium hydride ion
* Hydrogen chloride
* Hydrogen fluoride
* Hydrogen (molecular)
* Hydroxyl radical
* Iron(II) oxide
* Magnesium monohydride cation
* Methylidyne radical
* Nitric oxide
* Nitrogen (molecular)
* Nitrogen monohydride
* Nitrogen sulfide
* Oxygen (molecular)
* Phosphorus monoxide
* Phosphorus mononitride
* Potassium chloride
* Silicon carbide
* Silicon mononitride
* Silicon monoxide
* Silicon monosulfide
* Sodium chloride
* Sodium iodide
* Sulfur monohydride
* Sulfur monoxide
* Titanium oxide

|
|

Triatomic|

* Aluminium hydroxide
* Aluminium isocyanide
* Amino radical
* Carbon dioxide
* Carbonyl sulfide
* CCP radical
* Chloronium
* Diazenylium
* Dicarbon monoxide
* Disilicon carbide
* Ethynyl radical
* Formyl radical
* Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
* Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC)
* Hydrogen sulfide
* Hydroperoxyl
* Iron cyanide
* Isoformyl
* Magnesium cyanide
* Magnesium isocyanide
* Methylene radical
* N2H+
* Nitrous oxide
* Nitroxyl
* Ozone
* Phosphaethyne
* Potassium cyanide
* Protonated molecular hydrogen
* Sodium cyanide
* Sodium hydroxide
* Silicon carbonitride
* c-Silicon dicarbide
* SiNC
* Sulfur dioxide
* Thioformyl
* Thioxoethenylidene
* Titanium dioxide
* Tricarbon
* Water

Four
atoms|

* Acetylene
* Ammonia
* Cyanic acid
* Cyanoethynyl
* Cyclopropynylidyne
* Formaldehyde
* Fulminic acid
* HCCN
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Hydromagnesium isocyanide
* Isocyanic acid
* Isothiocyanic acid
* Ketenyl
* Methylene amidogen
* Methyl radical
* Propynylidyne
* Protonated carbon dioxide
* Protonated hydrogen cyanide
* Silicon tricarbide
* Thioformaldehyde
* Tricarbon monoxide
* Tricarbon sulfide
* Thiocyanic acid

Five
atoms|

* Ammonium ion
* Butadiynyl
* Carbodiimide
* Cyanamide
* Cyanoacetylene
* Cyanoformaldehyde
* Cyanomethyl
* Cyclopropenylidene
* Formic acid
* Isocyanoacetylene
* Ketene
* Methane
* Methoxy radical
* Methylenimine
* Propadienylidene
* Protonated formaldehyde
* Protonated formaldehyde
* Silane
* Silicon-carbide cluster

Six
atoms|

* Acetonitrile
* Cyanobutadiynyl radical
* E-Cyanomethanimine
* Cyclopropenone
* Diacetylene
* Ethylene
* Formamide
* HC4N
* Ketenimine
* Methanethiol
* Methanol
* Methyl isocyanide
* Pentynylidyne
* Propynal
* Protonated cyanoacetylene

Seven
atoms|

* Acetaldehyde
* Acrylonitrile
* Vinyl cyanide
* Cyanodiacetylene
* Ethylene oxide
* Glycolonitrile
* Hexatriynyl radical
* Methylacetylene
* Methylamine
* Methyl isocyanate
* Vinyl alcohol

Eight
atoms|

* Acetic acid
* Aminoacetonitrile
* Cyanoallene
* Ethanimine
* Glycolaldehyde
* Heptatrienyl radical
* Hexapentaenylidene
* Methylcyanoacetylene
* Methyl formate
* Propenal

Nine
atoms|

* Acetamide
* Cyanohexatriyne
* Cyanotriacetylene
* Dimethyl ether
* Ethanol
* Methyldiacetylene
* Octatetraynyl radical
* Propene
* Propionitrile

Ten
atoms
or more|

* Acetone
* Benzene
* Benzonitrile
* Buckminsterfullerene (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)
* C70 fullerene
* Cyanodecapentayne
* Cyanopentaacetylene
* Cyanotetra-acetylene
* Ethylene glycol
* Ethyl formate
* Methyl acetate
* Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
* Methyltriacetylene
* Propanal
* n-Propyl cyanide
* Pyrimidine

Deuterated
molecules|

* Ammonia
* Ammonium ion
* Formaldehyde
* Formyl radical
* Heavy water
* Hydrogen cyanide
* Hydrogen deuteride
* Hydrogen isocyanide
* Methylacetylene
* N2D+
* Trihydrogen cation

Unconfirmed|

* Anthracene
* Dihydroxyacetone
* Ethyl methyl ether
* Glycine
* Graphene
* H2NCO+
* Linear C5
* Naphthalene cation
* Phosphine
* Pyrene
* Silylidine

Related|

* Abiogenesis
* Astrobiology
* Astrochemistry
* Atomic and molecular astrophysics
* Chemical formula
* Circumstellar envelope
* Cosmic dust
* Cosmic ray
* Cosmochemistry
* Diffuse interstellar band
* Earliest known life forms
* Extraterrestrial life
* Extraterrestrial liquid water
* Forbidden mechanism
* Homochirality
* Intergalactic dust
* Interplanetary medium
* Interstellar medium
* Photodissociation region
* Iron–sulfur world theory
* Kerogen
* Molecules in stars
* Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
* Organic compound
* Outer space
* PAH world hypothesis
* Panspermia
* Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
* RNA world hypothesis
* Spectroscopy
* Tholin

* Category:Astrochemistry
*   *   *

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