Peroxide

Peroxides are a group of molecules with the structure R–O–O–R, where each R represents a radical (a portion of a complete molecule; not a free radical[1]) and the O's are single oxygen atoms.[2][page needed][3][page needed] Oxygen atoms are joined to each other and to adjacent elements through single covalent bonds, denoted by dashes or lines. The O–O group in a peroxide is often called the peroxide group, though some nomenclature discrepancies exist. This linkage is recognized as a common polyatomic ion, and exists in many molecules.

## Contents

* 1 General structure
* 2 Common forms
* 3 Nomenclature
* 4 References

## General structure

## Common forms

Types of peroxides, from top to bottom: peroxide ion, organic peroxide, hydroperoxide, peracid. The peroxide group is marked in blue. R, R1 and R2 mark hydrocarbon moieties.

The most common peroxide is hydrogen peroxide (H

2), colloquially known simply as "peroxide".[4] Many organic peroxides are known as well.

In addition to hydrogen peroxide, some other major classes of peroxides are:

* Peroxy acids, the peroxy derivatives of many familiar acids, examples being peroxymonosulfuric acid and peracetic acid, and their salts, one example of which is potassium peroxydisulfate.
* Main group peroxides, compounds with the linkage E–O–O–E (E = main group element).

Structure and dimensions of H

2 in gas phase.

* Metal peroxides, examples being barium peroxide (BaO
2), sodium peroxide (Na

2) and zinc peroxide (ZnO
2).
* Organic peroxides, compounds with the linkage C–O–O–C or C–O–O–H. One example is tert-butylhydroperoxide.

## Nomenclature

The linkage between the oxygen molecules is known as a peroxy group (sometimes called peroxo group, peroxyl group, of peroxy linkage). The nomenclature of the peroxy group is somewhat variable,[5] and exists as an exception to the rules of naming polyatomic ions. This is because, when it was discovered, it was believed to be monatomic.[6] The term was introduced by Thomas Thomson in 1804 for a compound combined with as much oxygen as possible,[7] or the oxide with the greatest quantity of oxygen.[8]

## References

1. ↑ "Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry". http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/IGOC/R/r_group.html.
2. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
3. ↑ Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=JDR-nZpojeEC&printsec=frontcover
4. ↑ "Hydrogen Peroxide | Hydrite.com". https://www.hydrite.com/Product/industrial/Hydrogen-Peroxide.htm.
5. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006-) "peroxides". doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04510
6. ↑ "Nomenclature". 2004. https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch2/names.html.
7. ↑ Thomson, Thomas (1804). "4" (in English). A System of Chemistry. 1 (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Bell and Bradfute. pp. division 1, page 103.
8. ↑ Harper, Douglas.. "Peroxide". https://www.etymonline.com/word/peroxide#:~:text=peroxide (n.),effective bleaching agent for hair)..

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Functional groups

| Only carbon,
hydrogen,
and oxygen|

| Hydrocarbons|

* Allene
* Alkene (Allyl group

|

Other|

* Acetoxy
* Acetyl
* Acryloyl
* Acyl
* Aldehyde
* Alkoxy (Methoxy)
* Benzoyl
* Carbonyl
* Carboxyl
* Carboxylic anhydride
* Dioxirane
* Epoxide
* Ester
* Ether
* Ethylenedioxy
* Hydroxy
* Ketone
* Methylenedioxy
* Peroxide (Organic)
* Ynone

Only one
element
apart from
C, H, O|

| Nitrogen|

* Amine
* Azo compound
* Cyanate
* Hydrazone
* Imide
* Imine
* Isocyanate
* Isonitrile
* Nitrene
* Nitrile
* Nitro compound
* Nitroso compound
* Organic amide
* Oxime

|

Phosphorus|

* Phosphonate
* Phosphonous

Sulfur|

* Disulfide
* Sulfone
* Sulfonic acid
* Sulfoxide
* Thial
* Thioester
* Thioether
* Thioketone
* Thiol

Selenium|

* Selenol
* Selenonic acid
* Seleninic acid
* Selenenic acid
* Selone

Tellurium|

* Tellurol
* Telluroketone

Other|

* Isothiocyanate
* Phosphoramide
* Sulfenyl chloride
* Sulfonamide
* Thiocyanate

See also chemical classification, chemical nomenclature ([[Chemistry:IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic, IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry|organic]])

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