Monocline

block diagram of a monocline The Grandview-Phantom Monocline in the Grand Canyon, Arizona Monocline at Colorado National Monument Monocline formed at tip of small thrust fault, Brims Ness, Caithness, Scotland

A monocline (or, rarely, a monoform) is a step-like fold in rock strata consisting of a zone of steeper dip within an otherwise horizontal or gently dipping sequence.

## Contents

* 1 Formation
* 2 Examples
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Formation

Possible modes of formation of monoclines

Monoclines may be formed in several different ways (see diagram)

* By differential compaction over an underlying structure, particularly a large fault at the edge of a basin due to the greater compactibility of the basin fill, the amplitude of the fold will die out gradually upwards.[1]
* By mild reactivation of an earlier extensional fault during a phase of inversion causing folding in the overlying sequence.[2]
* As a form of fault propagation fold during upward propagation of an extensional fault in basement into an overlying cover sequence.[3]
* As a form of fault propagation fold during upward propagation of a reverse fault in basement into an overlying cover sequence.[4]

## Examples

* Waterpocket Fold in Capitol Reef National Park, Utah[5]
* Comb Ridge in southern Utah[6]
* Grandview-Phantom Monocline in Grand Canyon, Arizona[7]
* Grand Hogback in Colorado[8]
* Lebombo Mountains in Southern Africa[9]
* Lapstone Monocline in the Blue Mountains (Australia)[10]
* Beaumaris Monocline in Victoria (Australia)[11]
* Purbeck Monocline on the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, England[12]
* Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland[13]
* Sindh Monocline, Pakistan [14]
* Torres Flexure, southern Brazil [15]

## See also

* Anticline
* Homocline
* Syncline

## References

1. ↑ Skuce, A.G. (1996). "Forward modelling of compaction above normal faults: an example from the Sirte Basin, Libya". in Buchanan, P.G.. Modern Developments in Structural Interpretation, Validation and Modelling. Special Publications. 99. London: Geological Society. pp. 135–146. ISBN 978-1-897799-43-7. http://s-s-consulting.com/pdf_articles/geol soc 1996.pdf.
2. ↑ Chadwick, R.A. (1993). "Aspects of basin inversion in southern Britain". Journal of the Geological Society 150 (2): 311–322. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.2.0311. Bibcode: 1993JGSoc.150..311C. http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/150/2/311?ijkey=075ea7d0d92cd14125f610d8bc8feed0be8fb091&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha.
3. ↑ Willsey, S.P.; Umhoefer, P.J.; Hilley, G.E. (2002). "Early evolution of an extensional monocline by a propagating normal fault: 3D analysis from combined field study and numerical modeling". Journal of Structural Geology 24 (4): 651–669. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00120-1. Bibcode: 2002JSG....24..651W. http://earthsciences.stanford.edu/research/geomech/Software/publications/Willsey_JSG_2002.pdf. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
4. ↑ Finch, E.; Hardy, S.; Gawthorpe, R. (2003). "Discrete element modelling of contractional fault-propagation folding above rigid basement fault blocks". Journal of Structural Geology 25 (4): 515–528. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00053-6. Bibcode: 2003JSG....25..515F.
5. ↑ "Geology". Capitol Reef National Park. National Park Service. 23 December 2017. https://www.nps.gov/care/learn/nature/geology.htm.
6. ↑ "Comb Ridge, Utah" (in en). 2019-11-24. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145913/comb-ridge-utah.
7. ↑ Abbott, Lon; Cook, Terri (2004). Hiking the Grand Canyon's Geology. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. pp. 99–114. ISBN 978-0-89886-895-1.
8. ↑ Murray, Frederick N. (1967). "Jointing in Sedimentary Rocks along the Grand Hogback Monocline, Colorado". The Journal of Geology 75 (3): 340–350. doi:10.1086/627261. Bibcode: 1967JG.....75..340M.
9. ↑ Klausen, M.B. (2009). "The Lebombo monocline and associated feeder dyke swarm: Diagnostic of a successful and highly volcanic rifted margin?". Tectonophysics 468 (1–4): 42–62. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.012. Bibcode: 2009Tectp.468...42K.
10. ↑ "L001 : Lapstone Monocline". Heritage places and items. Office of Environment and Heritage, Government of New South Wales. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=1170643.
11. ↑ "61. Beaumaris Cliffs 3 - Monocline". Sites of Geological and Geomorphological Significance. Agriculture Victoria. 8 June 2017. http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/portregn.nsf/pages/port_lf_sig_sites_beaumaris3.
12. ↑ Nowell, D.A.G. (1997). "Structures affecting the coast around Lulworth Cove, Dorset and syn-sedimentary Wealden faulting". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 108 (4): 257–268. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(97)80011-9.
13. ↑ Kluska, B.; Rospondek, M.J.; Marynowski, L.; Schaeffer, P. (2013). "The Werra cyclotheme (Upper Permian, Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland): Insights into fluctuations of the sedimentary environment from organic geochemical studies". Applied Geochemistry 29: 73–91. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.09.010. Bibcode: 2013ApGC...29...73K.
14. ↑ Memon, A.D.; Siddiqui, I.; Memon, A. (1999). "Tectonics of the Sindh monocline, Pakistan and their effects on hydrocarbons". Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 18 (2): 87–96. https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=30035671.
15. ↑ Seth, H. (2018). Tectonic Deformation of Flood Basalt Provinces. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-67704-0. https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/tectonic-deformation-of-flood-basalt-provinces/15254768.

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Structural geology

Underlying theory|

* Strain
* Stress
* Stress field
* Mohr–Coulomb theory
* Mohr's circle
* Lamé's stress ellipsoid
* Strain partitioning
* Tension
* Overburden pressure
* Deformation mechanism
* Rock mechanics

Measurement conventions|

* Strike and dip
* Rake
* Inclinometer
* Brunton compass
* Stereographic projection
* Orthographic projection

Large-Scale Tectonics|

* Plate tectonics
* Orogeny
* Structural basin
* Rift
* Extensional tectonics
* Graben
* Half-graben
* Décollement
* Obduction
* List of tectonic plate interactions
* Nappe
* Continental collision
* Convergent boundary
* Fenster
* Klippe
* Fold and thrust belt
* Foreland basin
* Accretionary wedge
* Terrane
* Mountain formation
* Fold mountains
* Fault block
* Horst
* Rift valley
* Mélange
* Thick-skinned deformation
* Thin-skinned deformation
* Thrust tectonics
* Passive margin
* Extensional tectonics
* Divergent boundary
* Back-arc basin
* Intra-arc basin
* Strike-slip tectonics
* Syneclise
* Suture
* Saddle
* Inversion
* Horst and graben
* Horse
* Pull-apart basin
* Autochthon
* Allochthon

Fracturing|

* Joint
* Exfoliation joint
* Vein
* Dike
* Columnar jointing

Faulting|

* Thrust fault
* Detachment fault
* Disturbance
* Fault mechanics
* Fault trace
* Fault scarp
* Transform fault
* Transfer zone
* Cataclastic rock
* Cataclasite

Foliation and Lineation|

* Rock microstructure
* Crenulation
* Cleavage
* Slickenside
* Pressure solution
* Stylolite
* Compaction
* Fissility
* Oblique foliation
* Tectonic phase
* Tectonite

Folding|

* Vergence
* Anticline
* Syncline
* Dome
* Monocline
* Chevron
* Homocline
* Detachment fold

Boudinage|

* Competence

Kinematic Analysis|

* 3D fold evolution
* Section restoration
* Paleostress
* Paleostress inversion

Shear zone|

* Shear
* Pure shear
* Mylonite

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