Rawalpindi

Rawalpindi,[lower-alpha 1] colloquially known as Pindi,[lower-alpha 2] is the third-largest city in the Pakistani province of Punjab and the fourth-most populous city in Pakistan. Located along the Soan River in north-western Punjab, Rawalpindi lies adjacent to Pakistan's capital, Islamabad, and the two are jointly known as the "twin cities".[lower-alpha 3]

Rawalpindi is located on the Pothohar Plateau and is close to the ancient city of Taxila, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was founded in 1493 by a Gakhar chief and remained a small town until the 18th century.[4][5][6] Following annexation of Punjab by the East India Company in 1849, Rawalpindi became the largest garrison town of the Northern Command of the British Indian Army with the establishment of the Rawalpindi Cantonment. It was granted municipal status in 1867. Following the independence of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, the city became home to the General Headquarters (GHQ) of the Pakistan Army.[lower-alpha 4]

Rawalpindi also served as the secondary capital of Pakistan, under Ayub Khan,[9][11] before new capital was established in Islamabad. Rawalpindi is linked to the national highways through the M-1 and M-2 motorways, and serves as a major logistics and transportation centre for northern Pakistan. The city is home to historic havelis and temples, and serves as a hub for tourists visiting Azad Kashmir, Taxila and Gilgit-Baltistan.[lower-alpha 5]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Origins
* 2.2 Medieval
* 2.3 Mughal period
* 2.4 Sikh rule
* 2.5 British period
* 2.6 Partition
* 2.7 Modern
* 3 Geography
* 3.1 Climate
* 3.2 Cityscape
* 4 Demographics
* 4.1 Historical Population
* 4.2 Languages
* 4.3 Religion
* 5 Transportation
* 5.1 Public transportation
* 5.2 Road
* 5.3 Motorways
* 5.4 Rail
* 5.5 Air
* 6 Development Project
* 6.1 Rawalpindi Ring Road
* 6.2 Kutchery Chowk Remodelling
* 6.3 Dadocha Dam project
* 7 Administrative divisions
* 8 Parks
* 9 Economy
* 10 Education
* 11 Media
* 12 Recreation
* 13 See also
* 14 Notes
* 15 References
* 16 Bibliography
* 17 External links

## Etymology

Previously known as Fatehpur Baori, the town fell into decay during the Mongol invasions of the 14th century. Afterwards, it came in hand of the Gakhars and a chief named Jhanda Khan restored it naming it Rawalpindi in 1493, literally meaning the "Village of Rawal" in Punjabi.[20][21][22][23] Some accounts propose that a group of ascetics named Rawal arrived in this area and established the town.[24]

## History

### Origins

The region around Rawalpindi has been inhabited for thousands of years. Rawalpindi falls within the ancient region of Gandhara, and thus the area contains many Buddhist ruins. In the north-west of Rawalpindi, traces have been found of at least 55 stupas, 28 Buddhist monasteries, 9 temples, and various artifacts in the Kharoshthi script.[25]

Possible Kushano-Sasanian plate, excavated in Rawalpindi, fourth century CE. British Museum 124093.[26] The "Fasting Buddha", on display at the British Museum in London, was discovered in Rawalpindi.

To the southeast are the ruins of the Mankiala stupa – a second-century stupa where, according to the Jataka tales, a previous incarnation of the Buddha leapt off a cliff in order to offer his corpse to seven hungry tiger cubs.[27] The town of Taxila is thought to have been home to one of the early universities or education centres of South Asia.[28]

### Medieval

The first mention of Rawalpindi's earliest settlement dates from when Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed Rawalpindi and the town was restored by Gakhar chief Kai Gohar in the early 11th century. The town fell into decay again after Mongol invasions in the 14th century.[29] Situated along an invasion route, the settlement did not prosper and remained deserted until 1493, when Jhanda Khan Gakhar re-established the ruined town, and named it Rawal.[30]

### Mughal period

The 16th century Rawat Fort, a fortified caravanserai.

During the Mughal era, Rawalpindi remained under the rule of the Gakhar clan, who in turn pledged allegiance to the Mughal Empire.[31] Gakhars also fortified a nearby caravanserai, the Serai Rawat.[32] The Attock Fort was constructed in 1581 after Akbar led a campaign against his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim.[33] In December 1585, the Emperor Akbar arrived in Rawalpindi, and remained in and around Rawalpindi for 13 years as he extended the frontiers of the empire,[31] in an era described as a "glorious period" in his career as Emperor.[31]

With the onset of rivalry between Gakhar chiefs after the death of Kamal Khan in 1559, Rawalpindi was awarded to Said Khan by the Mughal Emperor.[34] Emperor Jehangir visited the royal camp in Rawalpindi in 1622, where he first learned of Shah Abbas I of Persia's plan to invade Kandahar.[35]

### Sikh rule

After the Mughal power declined, the town was captured in the mid-1760s from Muqarrab Khan Gakhar by the Sikhs under Sardar Gujjar Singh and his son Sahib Singh.[34] The city's administration was handed to Sardar Milkha Singh, who invited traders from the neighbouring commercial centers of Jhelum and Shahpur to settle in the territory in 1766.[29][34] The city began to prosper, although the population in 1770 is estimated to have been only about 300 families.[36] For a time Rawalpindi became the refuge of Shah Shuja, the exiled king of Afghanistan, and of his brother Shah Zaman in the early 19th century.[33]

The Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh allowed the son of Sardar Milkha Singh to continue as Governor of Rawalpindi, after he seized it in 1810.[34] Sikh rule over Rawalpindi was consolidated by defeat of the Afghans at Haidru in July 1813.[34] In late 1820s, Rawalpindi and surrounding areas became a centre of jihad movement of Syed Ahmad Barelvi. The Mujahideen victory at Akora Khattak in 1827 was followed by defeat and death of Ahmad Barelvi in 1831 at Balakot.[34] Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood from Mashhad, Persia in 1839,[37] in order to flee from anti-Jewish laws instituted by the Qajar dynasty. In 1841, Diwan Kishan Kaur was appointed Sardar of Rawalpindi.[34]

On 14 March 1849, Sardar Chattar Singh and Raja Sher Singh of the Sikh Empire surrendered to General Gilbert near Rawalpindi, ceding the city to the British.[38] The Sikh Empire then came to an end on 29 March 1849.

### British period

Rawalpindi's Fatima Jinnah Women University is housed in a Victorian mansion.

Following Rawalpindi's capture by the British East India Company, 53rd Regiment of the company army took quarters in the newly captured city.[33] The decision to man a permanent military cantonment in the city was made in 1851 by the Marquess of Dalhousie.[33]

The city saw its first telegraph office in the early 1850s.[39] The city's Garrison Church was built shortly after in 1854,[33] and is the site where Robert Milman, Bishop of Calcutta, was buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876.[33] The city was home to 15,913 people in the 1855 census.[36] During the 1857 War of Independence, the Gakhar and Janjua tribes remained loyal to the British.[39] Numerous civil and military buildings were built during the British era, and the Municipality of Rawalpindi was constituted in 1867,[33] while the city's population as per the 1868 census was 19,228, with another 9,358 people residing in the city's cantonment.[33]

The city was also connected to railways that offered connection to India and the northwest frontier in Peshawar in the 1880s.[33] The Commissariat Steam Flour Mills were the first such mills in Punjab, and supplied most of the needs of British cantonments throughout Punjab.[33] Rawalpindi's cantonment served as a feeder to other cantonments throughout the region.[33]

Rawalpindi flourished as a commercial centre, though the city remained largely devoid of an industrial base during the British era.[33] A large portion of Kashmir's external trade passing through the city; in 1885, 14% of Kashmir's exports, and 27% of its imports passed through the city.[33] A large market was opened in central Rawalpindi in 1883 by Sardar Sujan Singh, while the British further developed a shopping district for the city's elite known as Saddar with an archway built to commemorate Brigadier General Massey.[33]

Statue of Queen Victoria, Rawalpindi, 1939

Rawalpindi's cantonment became a major centre of military power of the Raj after an arsenal was established in 1883.[29] Britain's army elevated the city from a small town, to the third largest city in Punjab by 1921.[39] In 1868, 9,358 people lived in the city's cantonment – by 1891, the number rose to 37,870.[33] In 1891, the city's population excluding the Cantonment was 34,153.[33] The city was considered to be a favourite first posting for newly arrived soldiers from England, owing to the city's agreeable climate, and the nearby hill station of Murree.[33]

In 1901, Rawalpindi was made the winter headquarters of the Northern Command and of the Rawalpindi military division. Riots broke out against British rule in 1905, following a famine in Punjab that peasants were led to believe was a deliberate act.[40]

During World War I, Rawalpindi District "stood first" among districts in recruiting for the British war effort, with greater financial assistance from the British government channeled into the area in return.[39]

By 1921, Rawalpindi's cantonment had overshadowed the city – Rawalpindi was one of seven cities of Punjab in which over half the population lived in the cantonment district.[39] Communal riots erupted between Rawalpindi's Sikh and Muslim communities in 1926 after Sikhs refused to silence music from a procession that was passing in front of a mosque.[40]

HMS Rawalpindi was launched as an ocean liner in 1925 by Harland and Wolff, the same company which built RMS Titanic. The ship was converted into an armed vessel, and was sunk in October 1939. Scientists from Porton Down carried out poison gas tests on British Indian Army soldiers during the Rawalpindi experiments over the course of more than a decade beginning in the 1930s.[41]

### Partition

Andaroon Raja Bazaar streets

On 5 March 1947, members of Rawalpindi's Hindu and Sikh communities took a procession against the formation of a Muslim League ministry within the Government of Punjab. Policemen fired upon protestors, while Hindus and Sikhs fought against weaker Muslim counter-protestors.[42] The area's first Partition riots erupted the next day on 6 March 1947, when the city's Muslims, angered by the actions of Hindus and Sikhs and encouraged by the Pir of Golra Sharif, raided nearby villages after they were unable to do so in the city on account of Rawalpindi's heavily armed Sikhs.[43] Thousands of Sikhs and Hindus were killed in villages surrounding Rawalpindi, in large scale and widespread violence that came to be known as the Rawalpindi massacres.[44]

At the dawn of Pakistan's independence in 1947 following the success of the Pakistan Movement, Rawalpindi was 43.79% Muslim, while Rawalpindi District as a whole was 80% Muslim.[45] The region, on account of its large Muslim majority, was thus awarded to Pakistan. Rawalpindi's Hindu and Sikh population, who had made up 33.72% and 17.32% of the city,[45] migrated en masse to the newly independent Dominion of India after anti-Hindu and anti-Sikh pogroms in western Punjab, while Muslim refugees from India settled in the city following anti-Muslim pogroms in eastern Punjab and northern India.[43]

### Modern

Murree Road is one of the main arteries in Rawalpindi. Bahria Town is an affordable locality in Rawalpindi Rehman Abad Clock Tower Rawalpindi

In the years following independence, Rawalpindi saw an influx of Muhajir, Pashtun and Kashmiri settlers. Having been the largest British Cantonment in the region at the dawn of Pakistan's independence, Rawalpindi was chosen as headquarters for the Pakistani Army, despite the fact that Karachi had been selected as the first capital.[11]

In 1951, the Rawalpindi conspiracy took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan.[11] Rawalpindi later became the site of the Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination, in what is now known as Liaquat Bagh Park. In 1958, Field Marshal Ayub Khan launched his coup d'etat from Rawalpindi.[11] In 1959, the city became the interim capital of the country under Ayub Khan, who had sought the creation of a new planned capital of Islamabad in the vicinity of Rawalpindi. As a result, Rawalpindi saw most major central government offices and institutions relocate to nearby territory, and its population rapidly expand.

The construction of Pakistan's new capital city of Islamabad in 1961 led to greater investment in Rawalpindi.[16] Rawalpindi remained the headquarters of the Pakistani Army after the capital shifted to Islamabad in 1969, while the Pakistan Air Force continues to maintain an airbase in the Chaklala district of Rawalpindi.[46][47] The military dictatorship of General Zia ul Haq hanged Pakistan's deposed Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in Rawalpindi in 1979.[48]

In 1980, tens of thousands of Shia protestors led by Mufti Jaffar Hussain marched to Rawalpindi to protest a provision of Zia ul Haqs Islamization programme.[45] A spate of bombings in September 1987 took place in the city killing 5 people, in attacks that are believed to have been orchestrated by agents of Afghanistan's communist government.[49]

On 10 April 1988, Rawalpindi's Ojhri Camp, an ammunition depot for Afghan mujahideen fighting against Soviet forces in Afghanistan, exploded and killed many in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.[50][51] At the time, the New York Times reported more than 93 were killed and another 1,100 wounded;[52] many believe that the toll was much higher.[53]

Riots erupted in Rawalpindi in 1992 as mobs attacked Hindu temples in retaliation for the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India.[45] On 27 December 2007, Rawalpindi was the site of the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.[54]

Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and the greater metropolitan area. The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom-communities for workers in Islamabad.[17][18] In June 2015, the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus, a new bus rapid transit line with various points in Islamabad, opened for service.

## Geography

Satellite image of Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area with Margalla Hills to the north and Potohar Plateau on the other 3 sides.

### Climate

Rawalpindi features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa)[55] with hot and wet summers, a cooler and drier winter. Rawalpindi and its twin city Islamabad, during the year experiences an average of 91 thunderstorms, which is the highest frequency of any plain elevation city in the country. Strong windstorms are frequent in the summer during which wind gusts have been reported by Pakistan Meteorological Department to have reached 176 km/h (109 mph). In such thunder/wind storms, which results in some damage of infrastructure.[56] The weather is highly variable due to the proximity of the city to the foothills of Himalayas.

The average annual rainfall is 1,254.8 mm (49.40 in), most of which falls in the summer monsoon season. However, westerly disturbances also bring quite significant rainfall in the winter. In summer, the record maximum temperature has soared to 47.7 °C (118 °F) recorded in June 1954, while it has dropped to a minimum of −3.9 °C (25 °F) several occasions, though the last of which was in January 1967.

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### Cityscape

* Fawara Chowk in 1940.

* Fawara Chowk in 2021.

* College Road is famous for electronic markets.

* Haveli sujan Singh Rawalpindi

* Poonch House Rawalpindi

* Faizabad Interchange

* Lal Haveli

* Bahria Town is a private housing scheme in Rawalpindi

Social structures in Rawalpindi's historic core centre around neighbourhoods, each known as a Mohallah. Each neighbourhood is served by a nearby bazaar (market) and mosque, which in turn serves as a place where people can gather for trade and manufacturing.[58] Each Mohallah has narrow gallies (streets), and the grouping of houses around short lanes and cul-de-sacs lends a sense of privacy and security to residents of each neighbourhood.[original research?] Major intersections in the neighbourhood are each referred to as a chowk.

Rawalpindi is relatively a new city contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar.[59] South of Rawalpindi's historic core, and across the Lai Nullah, are the wide lanes of the Rawalpindi Cantonment. With tree-lined avenues and historic architecture, the cantonment was the main European area developed during British colonial rule. British colonialists also built the Saddar Bazaar south of the historic core, which served as a retail center geared towards Europeans in the city. Beyond the cantonment are the large suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom communities for Islamabad's commuter population.[58]

## Demographics

### Historical Population

Historical population

Year| Pop.| ±%
1855 | 15,913| —
1868 | 28,586| +79.6%
1881 | 52,975| +85.3%
1891 | 72,023| +36.0%
1901 | 87,688| +21.7%
1911 | 86,483| −1.4%
1921 | 101,142| +17.0%
1931 | 119,284| +17.9%
1941 | 185,000| +55.1%
1951 | 237,000| +28.1%
1961 | 340,000| +43.5%
1972 | 615,000| +80.9%
1981 | 795,000| +29.3%
1998 | 1,409,768| +77.3%
2017 | 2,098,231| +48.8%
2023 | 3,357,612| +60.0%
Source: [60][61][62]

### Languages

Languages of Rawalpindi City (2023)

Punjabi (54.22%)

Urdu (25.14%)

Pashto (13.08%)

Hindko (2.81%)

Kashmiri (2.07%)

Saraiki (0.89%)

Sindhi (0.32%)

others (1.47%)

The population of Rawalpindi was 3,357,612 in 2023 of which 54.22% of spoke Punjabi as a first language , 25.14% spoke Urdu, 13.08% spoke Pashto, 2.81% spoke Hindko, 2.07% spoke Kashmiri, 0.89% Seraiki, 0.32% Sindhi and an additional diverse 1.47% spoke other languages of Pakistan (mostly Balti and Kohistani).[63][lower-alpha 6]

### Religion

* An abandoned Hindu Temple at Bagh Sardaran

* Christ Church, Rawalpindi

* Moti Masjid

* Fatima Masjid, Bahria Town

* Markazi Jamia Masjid

96.7% of Rawalpindi's population is Muslim, 3.1% is Christian, 0.2% belong to other religious groups. The city's Kohaati Bazaar is site of large Shia mourning-processions for Ashura.[64] The neighbourhoods of Waris Shah Mohallah and Pir Harra Mohallah form the core of Muslim settlement in Rawalpindi's old city.

Prior to partition there was a sizable Sikh and Hindu community living in Rawalpindi. Today, the city is still home to a few hundred Hindu families.[65] Despite the fact that the vast majority of the city's Hindus fled en masse to India after Partition, most Hindu temples in the old city remain standing, although in disrepair and often abandoned.[65] Many of the old city's neighbourhoods continue to bear Hindu and Sikh names, such as Krishanpura, Aria Mohallah, Akaal Garh, Mohanpura, Amarpura, Kartarpura, Bagh Sardaraan, Angatpura.

Rawalpindi was a majority Hindu and Sikh city prior to the Partition of India in 1947,[65] combined composing 51.05 percent of the total population according to the 1941 census.[66]: 32 The same census detailed Muslims as the largest single group who made up 43.79 percent of the total population.[45][66]: 32 The Baba Dyal Singh Gurdwara in Rawalpindi was where the reformist Nirankari movement of Sikhism originated.[64] The city still has a small Sikh population, but has been bolstered by the arrival of Sikhs fleeing political instability in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[67]

There are 3 main active Hindu temples in the city- Shri Krishna Mandir in Saddar Cantonment, Lal Kurti Temple in Lal Kurti area, and the Valmiki Swamiji Mandir in Gracy lines.[68]The Shri Krishna Mandir is the only major functional Hindu temple in Rawalpindi.[69] It was built in the Kabarri Bazaar in 1897.[65] Other temples are abandoned or were repurposed. Rawalpindi's large Kalyan Das Temple from 1880 has been used as the "Gov't. Qandeel Secondary School for the Blind" since 1973.[70][71] The Ram Leela Temple in Kanak Mandi, and the Kaanji Mal Ujagar Mal Ram Richpal Temple in the Kabarri Bazaar, are both currently used to house Kashmiri refugees. Mohan Temple in the Lunda Bazaar remains standing, but is abandoned and the building no longer used for any purpose. The city's "Shamshan Ghat" serves as the city's cremation grounds, and was partly renovated in 2012.[72]

The city's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood was once home to a community of Jewish traders who had fled Mashhad, Persia in the 1830s.[37]

In the British era many churches were built for the British soldiers to come to the churches for Sunday prayer because Rawalpindi Cantonment was the home for the British Army.[37][73]

Religious groups in Rawalpindi City (1881−2023)[lower-alpha 7] Religious
group  | 1881[74][75][76] | 1891[77]: 68 | 1901[78]: 44 | 1911[79]: 20 | 1921[80]: 23 | 1931[81]: 26 | 1941[66]: 32 | 2017[82] | 2023[83]

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Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Islam 15px  | 23,664  | 44.67%  | 32,787  | 44.43%  | 40,807  | 46.54%  | 40,678  | 47.04%  | 47,653  | 47.11%  | 55,637  | 46.64%  | 81,038  | 43.79%  | 2,029,304  | 96.73%  | 3,207,449  | 97.09%
Hinduism 15px[lower-alpha 8] | 23,419  | 44.21%  | 29,264  | 39.66%  | 33,227  | 37.89%  | 29,106  | 33.66%  | 35,279  | 34.88%  | 40,161  | 33.67%  | 62,394  | 33.72%  | 628  | 0.03%  | 843  | 0.03%
Sikhism 15px  | 1,919  | 3.62%  | 4,767  | 6.46%  | 6,302  | 7.19%  | 8,306  | 9.6%  | 9,144  | 9.04%  | 15,532  | 13.02%  | 32,064  | 17.33%  | N/A  | N/A  | 118  | 0%
Jainism 15px  | 904  | 1.71%  | 848  | 1.15%  | 1,008  | 1.15%  | 963  | 1.11%  | 916  | 0.91%  | 1,025  | 0.86%  | 1,301  | 0.7%  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Christianity 15px  | N/A  | N/A  | 6,072  | 8.23%  | 6,275  | 7.16%  | 7,846  | 9.07%  | 8,111  | 8.02%  | 6,850  | 5.74%  | 3,668  | 1.98%  | 65,729  | 3.13%  | 92,906  | 2.81%
Zoroastrianism 15px  | N/A  | N/A  | 51  | 0.07%  | 65  | 0.07%  | 58  | 0.07%  | 39  | 0.04%  | 65  | 0.05%  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | 21  | 0%
Judaism 15px  | N/A  | N/A  | 2  | 0%  | N/A  | N/A  | 16  | 0.02%  | 0  | 0%  | 5  | 0%  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Buddhism 15px  | N/A  | N/A  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 10  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 9  | 0.01%  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Ahmadiyya 15px  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | 1,848  | 0.09%  | 1,651  | 0.05%
Others  | 3,069  | 5.79%  | 4  | 0.01%  | 1  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 4,587  | 2.48%  | 315  | 0.02%  | 733  | 0.02%
Total population  | 52,975  | 100%  | 73,795  | 100%  | 87,688  | 100%  | 86,483  | 100%  | 101,142  | 100%  | 119,284  | 100%  | 185,042  | 100%  | 2,097,824  | 100%  | 3,303,721  | 100%

## Transportation

### Public transportation

A Double road in Rawalpindi Map of Pindi-Islamabad public transport

The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a 48.1 km (29.9 mi) bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area. The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat, in Islamabad, and Saddar in Rawalpindi. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022.[84][85] The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority.

The Rawalpindi Green Electric Bus Service, launched in November 2025, operates on key city routes for providing free travel for women, students, and senior citizens covering four main routes, including Saddar to Qabristan Chowk, Fawara Chowk to Koral Chowk, and others connecting major areas like Mall Road and Peshawar Road which is expanding the facilitation to all other routes as well. [86]

### Road

Rawalpindi is situated along the historic Grand Trunk Road that connects Peshawar to Islamabad and Lahore. The road is roughly paralleled by the M-1 Motorway between Peshawar and Rawalpindi, while the M-2 Motorway provides an alternate route to Lahore via the Salt Range. The Grand Trunk Road also provides access to the Afghan border via the Khyber Pass, with onwards connections to Kabul and Central Asia via the Salang Pass. The Karakoram Highway provides access between Islamabad and western China, and an alternate route to Central Asia via Kashgar in the Chinese region of Xinjiang.

The Islamabad Expressway connects Rawalpindi's eastern portions with the Rawal Lake and heart of Islamabad. The IJP Road separates Rawalpindi's northern edge from Islamabad.

### Motorways

The M-2 motorway connects Rawalpindi to Lahore, and is part of a network of motorways under construction that will continue to the port city of Karachi.

Rawalpindi is connected to Peshawar by the M-1 Motorway. The motorway also links Rawalpindi to major cities in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, such as Charsadda and Mardan. The M-2 motorway offers high speed access to Lahore via the Potohar Plateau and Salt Range. The M-3 Motorway branches off from the M-2 at the city of Pindi Bhattian, where the M-3 offers onward connections to Faisalabad, and connects to the M-4 Motorway which continues onward to Multan and from there onwards to Sukkur. A new motorway network is under construction to connect Sukkur and Karachi as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. The Hazara Motorway is also under construction as part of CPEC, and will provide control-access motorway travel all the way to Mansehra via the M-1 or Grand Trunk Road.

### Rail

Rawalpindi Railway Station

Rawalpindi railway station in the Saddar neighbourhood serves as a stop along Pakistan's 1,687 kilometres (1,048 mi)-long Main Line-1 railway that connects the city to the port city of Karachi to Peshawar. The stations is served by the Awam Express, Hazara Express, Islamabad Express, Jaffar Express, Khyber Mail trains, and serves as the terminus for the Margalla Express, Mehr Express, Rawal Express, Pakistan Express, Subak Raftar Express, Green Line Express, Sir Syed Express, Subak Kharam Express and Tezgam trains.

The entire Main Line-1 railway track between Karachi and Peshawar is to be overhauled at a cost of $3.65 billion for the first phase of the project,[87] with completion by 2021.[88] Upgrading of the railway line will permit train travel at speeds of 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track.[89]

### Air

Rawalpindi is served by the Islamabad International Airport. The airport is located 21 km west of the city. It offers non-stop flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to the Middle East, Europe, North America, Central Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia.

## Development Project

### Rawalpindi Ring Road

The Rawalpindi Ring Road (RRR) is a 38.3 km, 6-lane controlled-access highway project, aimed at bypassing city traffic from Banth (N-5) to Thalian (M-2). Key developments include 12 bridges, 11 overpasses, and 10 subways, to boost economic activity and real estate in the region.

### Kutchery Chowk Remodelling

The Kutchery Chowk Remodelling Project, a crucial Rs. 14–19 billion initiative in Rawalpindi, aims to resolve chronic traffic congestion by building a signal-free corridor with flyovers and underpasses. It connects key routes including GT Road, Jhelum Road, and Saddar, improving traffic flow for over 200,000 daily vehicles. New underpasses are planned at Race Course Park, Army Graveyard Square, and Chairing Cross, complementing the Kutchery Chowk project.

### Dadocha Dam project

The Dadocha Dam project, a major initiative to resolve Rawalpindi’s water scarcity, is construction of Dam to meet the needs of the citizens of Rawalpindi. Located 25km from Rawalpindi, the Rs52.7B+ project with a supply of 35 MGD of water, include a recreation park, and create a migratory bird habitat. [90]

## Administrative divisions

The city of Rawalpindi is one of five tehsils (sub-districts) of Rawalpindi District. The city is sub-divided between a Metropolitan Corporation, two Cantonment Boards (or military towns), and a number of rural union councils (the lowest level of local government in Pakistan), the latter of which are directly governed by the Rawalpindi district council. The Metropolitan Corporation includes 78 urban union councils.[91]

Sr. | Component | Area (km2) | Population (2023)

|
|
|

1  | Rawalpindi Metropolitan Corporation  | Not available  | 2,284,014[92]
2  | Rawalpindi Cantonment  | 41.16[93] | 740,483[92]
3  | Chaklala Cantonment  | 34.01[93] | 333,115[92]
4  | Rural union councils  | Not available  | 386,978[94]

The metropolitan area includes many private housing developments (or "colonies") that have largely developed themselves rapidly. They include Gulraiz Housing Society, Korang Town, Agochs Town, Ghori Town, Pakistan Town, Judicial Town, Bahria Town[95] Kashmir Housing Society, Danial Town, Al-Haram City, Education City, Gul Afshan Colony, and Allama Iqbal Colony.

## Parks

The gate of Paharwala Fort.

Ayub National Park is located beyond the old Presidency on Jhelum Road. It covers an area of about 2,300 acres (930 ha) and has a playland, lake with boating facility, an aquarium and a garden-restaurant. Rawalpindi Public Park is on Murree Road near Shamsabad. The Park was opened to the public in 1991. It has a playland for children, grassy lawns, fountains and flower beds.

In 2008 Jinnah Park was inaugurated at the heart of Rawalpindi and has since become a hotspot of activity for the city. It houses a state-of-the-art cinema, Cinepax,[96] a Metro Cash and Carry supermart, an outlet of McDonald's, gaming lounges, Motion Rides and other recreational facilities. The vast lawns also provide an adequate picnic spot.[97][98]

A view of Rawal Lake

Rawalpindi is situated near the Ayub National Park formerly known as 'Topi Rakh' (keep the hat on) is by the old Presidency, between the Murree Brewery Co. and Grand Trunk Road. It covers an area of about 2,300 acres (930 ha) and has a play area, lake with boating facility, an aquarium, a garden-restaurant and an open-air theater. This park hosts "The Jungle Kingdom" which is particularly popular among young residents.[99]

* Liaquat Bagh, formerly known as the "company bagh" (East India Company's Garden), is of great historical interest. The first prime minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, was assassinated here in 1950. Pakistan's Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated here on 27 December 2007. She was the youngest and the only woman to be elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan.
* Rawalpindi Public Park (previously Nawaz Sharif Park, renamed Iqbal Park in 2019[100]) is located on Murree Road just opposite to the Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. The park was opened in 1991. It has a play area for children, lawns, fountains and flower beds. A cricket stadium was built in 1992 opposite the public park. Several matches in the 1996 World Cup were held on this cricket ground.

## Economy

## Education

* Govt College for Women

* ARID Agriculture University

* Gordon college

* Municipal library, Rawalpindi

Rawalpindi District is home to 2,463 government public schools, out of which 1706 are primary schools, 306 middle schools, 334 are high schools, while 117 are higher education colleges.[101]

97.4% of children ages 6–16 in urban areas of Rawalpindi District are enrolled in school – the third highest percentage in Pakistan after Islamabad and Karachi.[102] 77.1% of Rawalpindi's students in Class 5 are able to read sentences in English.[102] 27% of children in Rawalpindi attend paid private schools.[103]

* College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering is located on Grand Trunk Road in Rawalpindi, EME is the largest constituent college of NUST.[104]
* Fatima Jinnah Women University The first ever Women University of Pakistan that was established in 1998.[105]
* Foundation University RWP Campus located in new Lalazar alongside FFCB. They offer mainly IT and Biotech related courses like Phd in Computer Science etc.[106][circular reference]

## Media

Rawalpindi, being so close to the capital, has an active media and newspaper climate. There are over a dozen of newspaper companies based in the city including Daily Nawa-i-Waqt, Daily Jang, Daily Asas, The Daily Sada-e-Haq, Daily Express, Daily Din, Daily Aajkal Rawalpindi, Daily Islam, and Daily Pakistan in Urdu and Dawn, Express Tribune, Daily Times, The News International and The Nation in English.

There are a large number of Cable TV service providers in the city such as Nayatel, PTCL, SA Cable Network and DWN. Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation has a centre in Rawalpindi.

## Recreation

* I Love Rawalpindi signboard outside Punjab House.

* Giga Mall is one of the largest malls in Rawalpindi

* Ayub park Rawalpindi museum

* Night view of Joyland Rawalpindi

In mid-2012 3D cinema, The Arena, started its operations in Bahria Town Phase-4 in Rawalpindi.[107][108]

Rawalpindi food street, Saddar

* Rawalpindi Golf Course was completed in 1926 by Rawalpindi Golf Club, one of the oldest golf clubs of Pakistan. The facility was initially developed as a nine-hole course. After several phases of development, it is now a 27-hole course and the biggest in Pakistan.[109] From the clubhouse, there is a panoramic view of Faisal Mosque, the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Major domestic golf tournaments are regularly held here.
* Playland is another public park parallel to Ayub Park
* In 2019, after the Army Heritage Foundation took over Ayub park from Chaklala Cantonment Board, a new amusement park called JoyLand was opened on the site of a previously failed project.[110] This newly developed park has a number of rides and activities for visitors, from the relaxing Ferris wheel to the daring Discovery. All rides are imported and meet safety standards. JoyLand is the only amusement park in Pakistan that is ISO 9001:2008 certified.[111]

## See also

* Central Jail Rawalpindi
* Christ Church, Rawalpindi
* List of educational institutions in Rawalpindi
* Dhamial
* Ghazi Barotha water supply project
* Military Hospital Rawalpindi
* Pakistan Army Museum
* Murree Road
* Treaty of Rawalpindi
* HMS Rawalpindi
* Rawalpindi Gazetteer
* Shoaib Akhtar

## Notes

1. ↑ Punjabi and Urdu: راولپنڈی, romanized: Rāwalpinḍī, ur.[1]
2. ↑ Punjabi: پِنڈی, romanized: Pinḍī.
3. ↑ The Pakistani government dissolved the Federal Capital Territory of Karachi in 1959, and amalgamated it into the province of West Pakistan. The state institutions were shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi whilst the future capital of Islamabad was being constructed adjacent to it. Rawalpindi's status as the de-facto capital ended after the Islamabad Capital Territory was established and state institutions began gradually shifting out of the city.[2][3]
4. ↑ citations:[7][8][9][10]
5. ↑ citations: [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
6. ↑ Language percentages based on the urban population of Rawalpindi Tehsil which corresponds with the urban locality borders, Rawalpindi urban locality is also the only designated urban area in the Rawalpindi tehsil.
7. ↑ 1881–1941: Data for the entirety of the town of Rawalpindi, which included Rawalpindi Municipality and Rawalpindi Cantonment.[66]: 34

2017–2023: Urban population of Rawalpindi Tehsil.
8. ↑ 1931–1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

## References

1. ↑ "Rawalpindi | Meaning of Rawalpindi by Lexico". https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/rawalpindi.
2. ↑ "Population size and growth of major cities". http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH OF MAJOR CITIES.pdf.
3. ↑ "Constitutional history of Pakistan" (in en). https://constitutionnet.org/country/pakistan.
4. ↑ "The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi" (in en). 23 February 2016. https://tribune.com.pk/article/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi.
5. ↑ Padishah, Nur al-Din Muhammad Jahangir (1968) (in ur). Tuzk-e Jahangiri. Majlis-e Taraqqi-e Adab. https://books.google.com/books?id=qLflzQEACAAJ.
6. ↑ "Rawalpindi: History behind a bustling city". 26 August 2012. http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/08/26/city/islamabad/rawalpindi-history-behind-a-bustling-city/.
7. ↑ Junaidi, Ikram (23 October 2015). "What is being built on GHQ land?". Pakistan. https://www.dawn.com/news/1215003.
8. ↑ "The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi". http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi/.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003) (in en). The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-7824-059-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA114.
10. ↑ "Rawalpindi: History behind a bustling city". http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/08/26/city/islamabad/rawalpindi-history-behind-a-bustling-city/.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Burki, Shahid Javed (2015). Historical Dictionary of Pakistan. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-4148-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA479. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
12. ↑ Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (13 June 2015). "The havelis of Potohar: Pakistan's opportunity to promote heritage tourism". Pakistan. https://www.dawn.com/news/1187778.
13. ↑ "NCA to document Potohar history". Pakistan. 20 March 2013. https://www.dawn.com/news/796666/nca-to-document-potohar-history.
14. ↑ Shamil, Taimur (16 October 2015). "The temples of Rawalpindi: Old wisdom in a new world". https://www.dawn.com/news/1211298.
15. ↑ "International Monetary Fund – Homepage" (in en). https://www.imf.org/en/Home.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Planet, Lonely. "History of Islamabad & Rawalpindi – Lonely Planet Travel Information". http://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/islamabad-and-rawalpindi/history.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Abbasi, Aamir Yasin | Kashif (8 July 2015). "Rawalpindi-Islamabad metro bus project not waterproof". Pakistan. https://www.dawn.com/news/1193096.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Furniture". https://www.scribd.com/document/88393098/Furniture.
19. ↑ "New Islamabad Airport: 'Faulty' airport design stirs Senate debate – The Express Tribune" (in en-US). 18 June 2016. http://tribune.com.pk/story/1124988/new-islamabad-airport-faulty-airport-design-stirs-senate-debate/.
20. ↑ "A nostalgic trip down memory lane" (in en). https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/425145-a-nostalgic-trip-down-memory-lane.
21. ↑ Ahmad, Asghar (1986). Pakistan tourism directory, '86: everything about tourism. Holiday Weekly. https://books.google.com/books?id=-x0zAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
22. ↑ Sheikh, Majid (2021-09-12). "The Ghakkars and their amazing relentless struggle" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1645820.
23. ↑ Heinrichs, Ann (2004) (in en). Pakistan. Children's Press. pp. 26. ISBN 978-0-516-24248-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=9dbXAAAAMAAJ&q=rawalpindi+Jhanda+khan.
24. ↑ "Rawalpindi | City, Pakistan, & Population | Britannica" (in en). 28 July 2023. https://www.britannica.com/place/Rawalpindi.
25. ↑ Dutt, Nalinaksha (1998). Buddhist Sects in India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. ISBN 978-8120804289. https://books.google.com/books?id=tK-nRXoQ40oC&pg=PA262. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
26. ↑ "Plate British Museum" (in en). https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1897-1231-188.
27. ↑ Bernstein, Richard (2001). Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk who Crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment. A.A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40009-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=-D0Tsbmep7QC. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
28. ↑ "Takshashila – World's Oldest University". Hitxp.com. 10 September 2007. http://www.hitxp.com/articles/history/takshashila-taxila-oldest-university/.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 21, page 272 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library". Dsal.uchicago.edu. 18 February 2013. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_278.gif.
30. ↑ Ahmad, Asghar (1986). Pakistan tourism directory, '86: everything about tourism. Holiday Weekly. https://books.google.com/books?id=-x0zAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Agrawal, Ashvini (1983). Studies in Mughal History. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120823266. https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA180. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
32. ↑ Malik, Iftikhar Haider (2006). Culture and Customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8.
33. ↑ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 33.12 33.13 33.14 33.15 33.16 Gazetteer of the Rawalpindi district. "Civil and Military Gazette" Press. 1895. https://books.google.com/books?id=PxsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA260. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 Griffin, Sir Lepel Henry (1890). The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab, Volume 2. Civil and Military Gazette Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=YhFPAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA321. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
35. ↑ Findly, Ellison (1993). Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India. Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-19-536060-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA173. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Rogers, Ayesha Pamela. "Rawalpindi Historic Urban Landscape Project". https://www.academia.edu/10585632.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi". The Express Tribune. 23 February 2016. https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi/.
38. ↑ Grewal, J. S. (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA140. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. Orient Blackswan. 2003. ISBN 9788178240596. https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA114. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Nijjar, Bakhshish Singh (1996). History of the United Panjab. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788171565344. https://books.google.com/books?id=luropwVYb0kC&pg=PA151. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
41. ↑ "UK tested poison gas on Indian soldiers". USA Today. 1 September 2007. https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-01-3612902635_x.htm.
42. ↑ "The forgotten massacre". The Nation. 29 December 2014. http://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 NOORANI, A.G.. "Horrors of Partition". Frontline (India). http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm.
44. ↑ Talbot, Ian (2019). "The 1947 Partition violence: Characteristics and interpretations". in Mohanram, Radhika; Raychaudhuri, Anindya. Partitions and Their Afterlives: Violence, Memories, Living. Rowman & Littlefield International. p. 4. ISBN 9781783488407. https://books.google.com/books?id=6eLaDwAAQBAJ. "The attacks on largely defenceless minority populations have earned the violence the title of the Rawalpindi Massacres. Outlying villages in the Rawalpindi district witnessed shocking violence against Sikh inhabitants. Around seven thousand to eight thousand people were estimated to have died."
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Ispahani, Farahnaz (2017). Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062167-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl7ODQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
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48. ↑ Siddiqui, Salman (4 April 2009). "No Morning English Daily Carried the News of Bhutto's Hanging". Daily Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/956746/no-morning-english-daily-carried-the-news.
49. ↑ "5 killed, 16 hurt in Rawalpindi bus stop blast" (in en). New Straits Times. Reuter (Rawalpindi). 21 September 1987. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19870921&id=d2NPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5563,4284917&hl=en.
50. ↑ Kamal Siddiqi (14 April 1998). "Ojhri disaster saw end of Junejo govt: Report". The Indian Express. http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/.
51. ↑ "Pakistan Refuses To Release 1988 Blast Reports To – Pakistani Military & Strategic Discussion Forum – Pakistani Defence Forum". Pakistani Defence Forum. Forum.pakistanidefence.com. http://forum.pakistanidefence.com/index.php?showtopic=46043.
52. ↑ Gordon, Michael R. (17 April 1988). "U.S. Officials Link Pakistan Blast to Kabul Regime". The New York Times (Pakistan; Afghanistan). https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/17/world/us-officials-link-pakistan-blast-to-kabul-regime.html.
53. ↑ "Ojhri disaster saw end of Junejo govt: Report". The Indian Express. 14 April 1998. http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/27939/.
54. ↑ "Benazir Bhutto killed in attack". BBC. 27 December 2007. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7161590.stm.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Climate: Rawalpindi – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. http://en.climate-data.org/location/1009/.
56. ↑ "Weather History for Islamabad, Pakistan". Weather Underground. 13 October 2006. http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OPRN/2006/10/13/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA.
57. ↑ "PAKISTAN – RAWALPINDI". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/pa-rawal.htm.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Hull, M. S. (2013). "Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan", University of California Press.
59. ↑ Kenoyer, Jonathan M. (1998) (in en). Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577940-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=DK3tAAAAMAAJ&q=major+ancient++cities+of+pakistan.
60. ↑ "Census of India, 1921". http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1921/CensusIndia1921IndiaTables.pdf.
61. ↑ Elahi, Asad (2006). "2: Population". Pakistan Statistical Pocket Book 2006. Islamabad, Pakistan: Government of Pakistan; Statistics Division. p. 28. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/pocket_book2006/2.pdf. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
62. ↑ ﻿DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017﻿ (Report). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2017. p. 13. http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
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68. ↑ "Pindi lit up as Hindus celebrate 'Festival of Lights'" (in en). 2024-11-01. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2506605/pindi-lit-up-as-hindus-celebrate-festival-of-lights.
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75. ↑ "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II.". 1881. pp. 520. https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657.
76. ↑ "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III.". 1881. pp. 250. https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658.
77. ↑ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1891 GENERAL TABLES BRITISH PROVINCES AND FEUDATORY STATES VOL I". https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1891-26575632/.
78. ↑ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1901 VOLUME I-A INDIA PART II-TABLES". https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1901-26575826/.
79. ↑ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1911 VOLUME XIV PUNJAB PART II TABLES". https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/.
80. ↑ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1921 VOLUME XV PUNJAB AND DELHI PART II TABLES". https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1921-26575918/.
81. ↑ "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1931 VOLUME XVII PUNJAB PART II TABLES". https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1931-26575928/.
82. ↑ "Final Results (Census-2017)". https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017.
83. ↑ "7th Population and Housing Census – Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban". https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results.
84. ↑ "Islamabad Starts Trial of Orange Line Metro Bus Service" (in en-US). INCPAK. 16 April 2022. https://www.incpak.com/national/islamabad-starts-trial-of-orange-line-metro-bus-service/.
85. ↑ "PM Shehbaz Sharif confident his 'speedy work' will frighten ex-premier Imran Khan" (in en-US). GEO News. 18 April 2022. https://www.geo.tv/latest/412136-pm-shehbaz-sharif-inaugurates-metrobus-service-from-peshawar-mor-to-islamabad.
86. ↑ https://dailytimes.com.pk/1403524/punjab-cm-maryam-nawaz-launches-phase-i-of-rawalpindi-green-electric-bus-service/
87. ↑ "PURCHASE OF POWER: PAYMENTS TO CHINESE COMPANIES TO BE FACILITATED THROUGH REVOLVING FUND". Business Recorder. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
88. ↑ "Pakistan to get Chinese funds for upgrading rail links, building pipeline". Hindustan Times. 10 June 2016. http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pakistan-to-get-chinese-funds-for-upgrading-rail-links-building-pipeline/story-pI5fBFrrL6tEuJRe0m3v2O.html. "The project is planned to be completed in two phases in five years by 2021. The first phase will be completed by December 2017 and the second by 2021."
89. ↑ "Karachi-Peshawar railway line being upgraded under CPEC". Daily Times. 22 January 2016. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/22-Jan-2016/karachi-peshawar-railway-line-being-upgraded-under-cpec.
90. ↑ https://tribune.com.pk/story/2603686/daducha-dam-expands-into-multi-utility-project
91. ↑ "RMC Union council's number reaches 78". Pakistan Observer. 1 February 2023. https://pakobserver.net/rmc-union-councils-number-reaches-78/.
92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 "Table 2: Urban localities by population size and their population by sex, annual growth rate and hhousehold size: Census-2023". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_2_punjab_districts.pdf.
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "Overview". Rawalpindi Cantonment Board. https://rawalpindi.cantonment.gov.pk/.
94. ↑ "Table 1: Area, population by sex, sex ratio, population density, urban proportion, household size and annual growth rate: Census-2023, Punjab". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_1_punjab_districts.pdf.
95. ↑ "About Bahria Town Rawalpindi – Bahria Town – Your Lifestyle Destination". Bahriatown.com. http://bahriatown.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=87.
96. ↑ "Cinepax". Cinepax. 2 December 2011. http://www.cinepax.com/.
97. ↑ "Places to Visit Rawalpindi". MyPindi. 21 January 2024. https://mypindi.com/places-rwp/.
98. ↑ "Digital fountain installed at Jinnah Park | Provinces". Dawn. Pakistan. 22 August 2011. http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/22/digital-fountain-installed-at-jinnah-park.html.
99. ↑ "Two tiger cubs draw crowds to Rawalpindi park – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 28 April 2011. http://tribune.com.pk/story/158477/two-tiger-cubs-draw-crowds-to-rawalpindi-park/.
100. ↑ "Nawaz Sharif, Shahbaz Sharif parks renamed" (in en). Pakistan. 7 August 2019. https://www.dawn.com/news/1498483.
101. ↑ "Rawalpindi". Annual Status of Education Report. http://aserpakistan.org/document/aser/map/Rawalpindi.pdf.
102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "Summary Report Card 2014". Annual Status of Education Report. http://aserpakistan.org/document/report_cards/2014/summary_report_cards/National_Urban.pdf.
103. ↑ "Annual Status of Education Report – 2015". pp. 81–83. http://aserpakistan.org/document/aser/2015/reports/Urban_2015.pdf.
104. ↑ "NUST". Nust.edu.pk. http://www.nust.edu.pk/Pages/Home.aspx.
105. ↑ "Welcome to Fjwu | Fatima Jinnah Women University". https://www.fjwu.edu.pk/.
106. ↑ Foundation University Islamabad
107. ↑ "The Arena: About Us". Bahria Construction. http://www.thearena.com.pk/about.php.
108. ↑ "Pakistan's first gold class 3D cinema: 'The Arena' opened at Bahria Town". The Nation. http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-105394-Pakistans-first-gold-class-3D-cinema-The-Arena-opened-at-Bahria-Town.
109. ↑ M.M. Ahmed 1985.
110. ↑ Yasin, Aamir (22 September 2019). "Amusement park in Pindi returns with a revamped look" (in en). Pakistan. https://www.dawn.com/news/1506547.
111. ↑ "About us | Joyland" (in en-US). https://joyland.com.pk/about-us/.

## Bibliography

* M.M. Ahmed (1985), Teenager, Volume 16, The University of Virginia, p. 11

## External links

* City District Government Rawalpindi, Official Website, archived at 13 March 2008
* Rawalpindi (Pakistan) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
* Rawalpindi travel guide from Wikivoyage
* [1]
* Rawalpindi – Tradition to Innovation

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