13th century in philosophy

Short description: none

This is a timeline of philosophy in the 13th century.

## Contents

* 1 Events
* 2 Publications
* 3 Births
* 4 Deaths
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Events

A painting of Francis of Assisi by Francisco de Zurbarán

* 1204 – The Franciscan Order is formed by Francis of Assisi which would later have a major impact on Christian philosophy.[1]
* 1210 – The bishops of Paris ban the teaching of Aristotle's natural philosophy at the University of Paris.
* 1222 – The University of Padua is established, which became an important center of philosophy in Europe in the following centuries.[2]
* 1228 – Dōgen introduces Sōtō Zen to Japan.[3]
* 1242 – A mathematical device named the Tusi couple is developed by al-Tusi which challenges Ptolemaic ideas.[4]
* 1248 – The Dominican Order establishes a studium generale in Germany, promoting the study of theology and scholastic thought in Europe.[5]
* 1258 – The public academy and intellectual center, the House of Wisdom is destroyed during the siege of Baghdad.[6]
* 1250 – The oldest recorded usage of a movable type printed a Buddhist text called Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun in Korea which was carried out by Ch'oe Yun-ŭi.[7]
* 1270 – Led by Bishop Étienne Tempier, the Church condemns 13 propositions derived from Aristotelian and Averroist philosophies from being taught at the University of Paris.[8]
* 1263 – The Disputation of Barcelona takes place where Nahmanides, leading Jewish scholar debates Pablo Christiani, a Jewish converso and Dominican friar over whether Jesus was the Jewish messiah.
* 1277 – Reaffirming earlier condemnations by the University of Paris, they denounce 219 propositions from many sources, including the works of Thomas Aquinas.[9]

## Publications

* Metaphysique et Noetique by Albertus Magnus[10]
* Liber de causis proprietatum elementorum by Albertus Magnus[11]
* Kethabha dhe-Bhabhatha by Bar Hebraeus[12]
* Quaternuli by David of Dinant[13]
* De regimine principum by Giles of Rome[14]
* Summa quaestionum ordinarium by Henry of Ghent[15]
* Quodlibeta Theologica by Henry of Ghent[16]
* Tagmulei haNefesh by Hillel ben Samuel[17]
* Fuṣūṣ Al-Ḥikam by Ibn Arabi[18]
* Al-Tanqīḥāt fī Sharḥ al-Talwīḥāt by Ibn Kammuna[19]
* al-Masāʼil al-Ṣiqilliyya by Ibn Sab'in[20]
* Tractatus de divisione potentiarum animae by John of la Rochelle[21]
* Logica by Lambert of Auxerre[22]
* Zohar by Moses de León
* Akhlāq-i Nāsirī by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
* Rissho Ankoku Ron by Nichiren[23]
* Summulae Logicales by Peter of Spain[24]
* Summa de bono by Philip the Chancellor[25]
* Conciliator differentiarum quae inter philosophos et medicos versantur by Pietro d'Abano[26]
* Ashtadasa Rahasyangal by Pillai Lokacharya[27]
* Ars Magna by Ramon Llull[28]
* Ars compendiosa inveniendi veritatem by Ramon Llull[29]
* Ars demonstrativa by Ramon Llull[29]
* Ars inventiva veritatis by Ramon Llull[29]
* Art amativa by Ramon Llull[29]
* Lectura super figuras Artis demonstrativae by Ramon Llull[30]
* De luce by Robert Grosseteste[31]
* De tempore by Robert Kilwardby[32]
* De spiritu fantastico sive de receptione specierum by Robert Kilwardby[33]
* Quaestiones supra libros Ethicorum by Robert Kilwardby[34]
* Quaestiones in librum primum Sententiarum by Robert Kilwardby[35]
* Quaestiones in librum secundum Sententiarum by Robert Kilwardby[36]
* Quaestiones in librum tertium Sententiarum by Robert Kilwardby[37]
* Quaestiones in librum quartum Sententiarum by Robert Kilwardby[38]
* De ortu scientiarum by Robert Kilwardby[39]
* Opus Majus by Roger Bacon
* Opus Minus by Roger Bacon
* Opus Tertium by Roger Bacon
* Summa Grammatica by Roger Bacon
* Summa de sophismatibus et distinctionibus by Roger Bacon[40]
* Summulae dialectics by Roger Bacon[40]
* De multiplictione specierum by Roger Bacon[40]
* Communia naturalium by Roger Bacon[40]
* Epistola de secretis operibus naturae et de nullitate magiae by Roger Bacon[40]
* Compendium studii philosophiae by Roger Bacon[40]
* Epistola de secretis operibus naturae et de nullitate magiae by Roger Bacon[40]
* Iggeret ha-Wikkuaḥ by Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera[41]
* Tractatus de anima intellectiva by Siger of Brabant[42]
* Quaestiones logicales by Siger of Brabant[43]
* Quaestiones naturales by Siger of Brabant[44]
* De aeternitate mundi by Siger of Brabant[44]
* Quaestio utrum haec sit vera: Homo est animal nullo homine existente by Siger of Brabant[44]
* Impossibilia by Siger of Brabant[44]
* Summa Theologicae by Thomas Aquinas
* Summa contra Gentiles by Thomas Aquinas
* Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate by Thomas Aquinas
* Scriptum super libros sententiarum Petri Lombardi by Thomas Aquinas
* De ente et essentia (de) by Thomas Aquinas
* Quaestiones disputatae de potentia Dei by Thomas Aquinas
* In libros posteriorum Analyticorum expositio by Thomas Aquinas
* In libros De anima expositio by Thomas Aquinas
* In librum De sensu et sensato expositio by Thomas Aquinas
* In librum De memoria et reminiscentia expositio by Thomas Aquinas
* Super librum De causis expositio by Thomas Aquinas
* De unitate intellectus, contra Averroistas by Thomas Aquinas
* In libros Meteorologicorum expositio by Thomas Aquinas
* Quaestiones disputatae de virtutibus by Thomas Aquinas
* Quaestiones disputatae de malo by Thomas Aquinas
* Sapientiale by Thomas of York[45]
* De summo bono by Ulrich of Strasbourg[46]
* Shatadushani by Vendanta Desika
* Mimamsa Paduka by Vendanta Desika[47]
* Tattva Mukta Kalapa by Vendanta Desika[48]
* Perspectiva by Vitello[49]
* Summa aurea by William of Auxerre[50]

## Births

* 1200 – Albertus Magnus, German Dominican friar, philosopher, scientist, and bishop.
* 1200 – Dōgen, Japanese Zen Buddhist monk, writer, poet, and philosopher.
* 1200 – William of Saint-Amour, French scholastic philosopher and theologian.
* 1200 – John of La Rochelle, French Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, and theologian.
* 1201 - Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian polymath.
* 1201 – Richard de Fournival, French philosopher and trouvère.
* 1205 – Pillai Lokacharya, Indian philosopher.
* 1215 – Ibn Kammuna, Iraqi Jewish physician and philosopher.
* 1215 – Pope John XXI, bishop of Rome and head of Catholic Church, (usually identified as the logician, herbalist, and philosopher, Peter of Spain).
* 1215 – Robert Kilwardby, English Archbishop of Canterbury, cardinal, and scholar.
* 1215 – William of Moerbeke, Flemish Dominican cleric and translator.
* 1217 – Henry of Ghent, Belgian scholastic philosopher.
* 1219/20 - Roger Bacon, English polymath and Franciscan friar.
* 1220 – Thomas of York, Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher.
* 1220 – Hillel ben Samuel, Italian Jewish physician, philosopher, and Talmudist.
* 1221 – Bonaventure, Italian Franciscan bishop, cardinal, theologian, and philosopher.
* 1222 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist priest and philosopher.
* 1225 - Thomas Aquinas, Italian Dominican friar, priest, philosopher, and theologian.
* 1225 – Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera, Sephardic Jewish philosopher, poet, and commentator.
* 1225 – Ulrich of Strasbourg, German Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher.
* 1226 – Bar Hebraeus, Syrian polymath.
* 1230 – Vitello, Polish friar, theologian, and natural philosopher.
* 1232 - Ramon Llull, Spanish philosopher, theologian, poet, missionary, and Christian apologist.
* 1240 – Siger of Brabant, Belgian philosopher.
* 1240 – Matthew of Aquasparta, Italian Franciscan friar and philosopher.
* 1240 – Abraham Abulafia, Sephardic Jewish philosopher and writer.
* 1243 – Giles of Rome, Italian philosopher and theologian.
* 1243 – Narahari Tirtha, Indian philosopher, scholar, and statesman.
* 1246 - Henry Bate of Mechelen, Brabantian philosopher, theologian, astronomer, astrologer, poet, and musician.
* 1248 – Peter John Olivi, French Franciscan theologian and philosopher.
* 1249 – Richard of Middleton, French or English Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher.
* 1250 – Theodoric of Freiberg, German Dominican priest, philosopher, theologian, and physicist.
* 1257 – Pietro d'Abano, Italian philosopher, astrologer, and professor.
* 1260 – Simon of Faversham, English scholastic philosopher and university chancellor.
* 1260 – Meister Eckhart, German Catholic priest, theologian, philosopher, and mystic.
* 1260 – Vital du Four, French Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher.
* 1265 – Dante, Italian poet, writer, and philosopher.
* 1265/66 - Duns Scotus, Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar, professor, philosopher, and theologian.
* 1268 - Vedanta Desika, Indian polymath.
* 1269 – Vidyadhiraja Tirthu, Indian Hindu philosopher, dialectician, and the seventh pontiff of Madhvacharya Peetha.
* 1270 - Abner of Burgos, Sephardic Jewish philosopher and polemical writer.
* 1270 – Alexander Bonini, Italian Franciscan friar and philosopher.
* 1270 – Theodore Metochites, Byzantine Greek statesman, author, philosopher, and patron.
* 1270 – Radulphus Brito, French grammarian and philosopher.
* 1275 – Sant Dnyaneshwar, Indian saint, poet, philosopher, and yogi.
* 1275 – Durandus of Saint-Pourçain, French Dominican, philosopher, theologian, and bishop.
* 1275 – Walter Burley, English scholastic philosopher and logician.
* 1280 – Francis of Meyronnes, French scholastic philosopher.
* 1280 – Petrus Aureoli, Italian scholastic philosopher and theologian.
* 1282 – Akshobhya Tirtha, Indian philosopher, scholar, and theologian.
* 1285 – John of Jandun, French philosopher, theologian, and political writer.
* 1287 - William of Ockham, English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, apologist, and theologian.
* 1290 – Walter Chatton, English scholastic philosopher and theologian.
* 1290 – Francis of Marchia, Italian Franciscan theologian and philosopher.
* 1290 – Robert Holcot, English Dominican scholastic philosopher and theologian.
* 1290 – Narayana Panditacharya, Indian scholar and philosopher.
* 1293 – Judah ben Moses Romano, Italian Jewish philosopher and translator.

## Deaths

* 1200 – Zhu Xi, Chinese calligrapher, historian, philosopher, poet, and politician.
* 1202 – Joachim of Fiore, Italian Christian theologian, Catholic abbot, and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore.
* 1202/03 – Alain de Lille, French theologian, philosopher, professor, and poet.
* 1204 – Maimonides, Sephardic Jewish rabbi, philosopher, astronomer, and physician.
* 1209 – Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Persian polymath.
* 1210 – Jinul, Korean monk.
* 1212 – Hōnen, Japanese religious reformer and progenitor of Jōdo Buddhism.
* 1215 – Ralph of Longchamp, English scholastic philosopher, natural philosopher, and physician.
* 1217 – David of Dinat, Belgian pantheistic philosopher.
* 1217 – Ibn Sab'in, Andalusi Arab philosopher.
* 1225 – Urso of Calabria, Italian philosopher and author.
* 1231 – William of Auxerre, French scholastic philosopher and theologian.
* 1230 – Samuel ibn Tibbon, French Jewish philosopher and physician.
* 1235 – Zhen Dexiu, Chinese politician and philosopher.
* 1240 – Ibn Arabi, Andalusi Arab scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher.
* 1242 – George Pachymeres, Byzantine Greek historian, philosopher, music theorist and miscellaneous writer.
* 1243 – Haymo of Faversham, English Franciscan scholar and professor.
* 1245 – Alexander of Hales, Franciscan friar, theologian, and scholastic philosopher.
* 1245 – John of La Rochelle, French Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, and theologian.
* 1248 – Ibn Kammuna, Iraqi Jewish physician and philosopher.
* 1248 – John Blund, English scholastic philosopher.
* 1249 – William of Auvergne, French theologian and philosopher.
* 1253 – Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist, and bishop.
* 1253 – Dōgen, Japanese Zen Buddhist monk, writer, poet, and philosopher.
* 1259 – Roland of Cremona, Italian Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher.
* 1260 – Richard de Fournival, French philosopher and trouvère.
* 1260 – Aaron ben Joseph of Constantinople, teacher, philosopher, physician, and liturgical poet.
* 1262 – Altheides, Cypriot philosopher.
* 1263 – Shinran, Japanese Buddhist monk.
* 1270 – Nachmanides, Catalonian Jewish scholar, rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator.
* 1274 - Thomas Aquinas, Italian Dominican friar, priest, philosopher, theologian, and a jurist in scholasticism.
* 1274 - Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian polymath.
* 1275 – Shemariah of Negropont, Greek-Jewish philosopher and Biblical exegete.
* 1277 – Ulrich of Strasbourg, German Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher.
* 1279 – Robert Kilwardby, English Archbishop of Canterbury, cardinal, and scholar.
* 1260 – Richard Rufus, Cornish Franciscan scholastic philosopher, and theologian.
* 1280 – Albertus Magnus, German Dominican friar, philosopher, scientist, and bishop.
* 1280 – Vitello, Polish friar, theologian, and natural philosopher.
* 1282 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist priest and philosopher.
* 1286 – Bar Hebraeus, Syrian polymath.
* 1286 – William of Moerbeke, Flemish Dominican cleric, philosopher, and translator.
* 1292 - Roger Bacon, English polymath and Franciscan friar.
* 1293 – Henry of Ghent, Belgian scholastic philosopher.
* 1294 – Bartholomew of Bologna, Italian Franciscan scholastic philosopher.
* 1295 – Hillel ben Samuel, Italian Jewish physician, philosopher, and Talmudist.
* 1296 – Sant Dnyaneshwar, Indian saint, poet, philosopher, and yogi.
* 1298 – Peter John Olivi, French Franciscan theologian and philosopher.

## See also

* List of centuries in philosophy
* Medieval philosophy
* Islamic Golden Age

## References

* Sir Anthony Kenny. An Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy. Second Edition. Blackwell Publishing. 2006. Chapter 8. Page 144 et seq.

1. ↑ Ingham, Mary Beth (2022-11-17). "Franciscan Theology" (in en). St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/FranciscanTheology#section11.
2. ↑ "History". Università di Padova. Retrieved 8 June 2020
3. ↑ "Zenshuji Soto Mission - History". https://www.zenshuji.org/history.html#:~:text=Eihei%20Dogen%20(1200%2D1253),āy%2Dhāy%2Djēē)..
4. ↑ Nosonovsky, Michael (2018-08-14). "Abner of Burgos: The Missing Link between Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Nicolaus Copernicus?". Zutot 15 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1163/18750214-12151070. ISSN 1571-7283. https://brill.com/view/journals/zuto/15/1/article-p25_3.xml.
5. ↑ "Dominican Spirituality In Germany". http://www.domcentral.org/study/ashley/ds05germ.htm.
6. ↑ "Bayt al-Hikmah | House of Wisdom, Islam, Time Period, Significance, & Baghdad | Britannica" (in en). 2024-08-09. https://www.britannica.com/place/Bayt-al-Hikmah.
7. ↑ "First use of metal moveable-type printing". 2024-10-05. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/689336-first-use-of-metal-moveable-type-printing#:~:text=The oldest documented use of,Yemun was completed in 1250..
8. ↑ Rubenstein, p. 216
9. ↑ Grant (1974)
10. ↑ Libera, Alain de (2005) (in fr). Métaphysique et noétique: Albert le Grand. Vrin. ISBN 978-2-7116-1638-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=TC0TG_bILuMC.
11. ↑ Albertus (Magnus), Saint (2010) (in en). Liber de Causis Proprietatum Elementorum. Marquette University Press. ISBN 978-0-87462-249-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=v6z9QwAACAAJ.
12. ↑ "LUX: Yale Collections Discovery" (in en). https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/text/86f21441-189a-45b4-b637-505c144a88dd.
13. ↑ David of Dinant – On the Quaternuli Fragment . shs.cairn.info. Retrieved 2024-10-02
14. ↑ Lambertini, Roberto (2019), Zalta, Edward N., ed., Giles of Rome (Winter 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/giles/, retrieved 2024-10-07
15. ↑ (of Ghent), Henry (2005) (in en). Henry of Ghent's Summa: The Questions on God's Existence and Essence, (articles 21-24). Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1590-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=hN7YAAAAMAAJ.
16. ↑ Porro, Pasquale (2024), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri, eds., Henry of Ghent (Fall 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/henry-ghent/, retrieved 2024-10-07
17. ↑ "HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: תגמולי הנפש -- הלל בן שמואל, מוירונה". https://hebrewbooks.org/20913.
18. ↑ al-ʻArabī, Ibn (1980) (in en). The Bezels of Wisdom. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2331-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=TI_ZAAAAMAAJ.
19. ↑ "al-Tanqīḥāt fī sharḥ al-Talwīḥāt., by Saʻd ibn Manṣūr Ibn Kammūnah et al. | The Online Books Page". https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha102670417.
20. ↑ Luisa Arvide, Las Cuestiones Sicilianas de Ibn Sabin, GEU, Granada 2009 (in Arabic and Spanish).
21. ↑ Rochelle, Jean de La; Rupella), Johannes (de (1964) (in la). Tractatus de divisione multiplici potentiarum animae. Vrin. https://books.google.com/books?id=VWsQAQAAIAAJ.
22. ↑ Uckelman, Sara L. (2024), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri, eds., Lambert of Auxerre (Summer 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lambert-auxerre/, retrieved 2024-10-05
23. ↑ "Rissho Ankoku—Securing Peace for the People" (in en). 2020-08-24. https://www.sokaglobal.org/resources/study-materials/buddhist-concepts/rissho-ankoku-securing-peace-for-the-people.html.
24. ↑ "Summulae logicales | work by Peter of Spain | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Summulae-logicales#:~:text=Tractatus%20more%20commonly%20known%20as,who%20produced%20Introductiones%20in%20logicam….
25. ↑ McCluskey, Colleen; Celano, Anthony (2024), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri, eds., Philip the Chancellor (Spring 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philip-chancellor/, retrieved 2024-10-02
26. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Abano, Pietro D'". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
27. ↑ admin (2023-03-06). "Ashtadasha Rahasyangal in Telugu Lipi – Srivaishnava Sampradayam" (in en). https://www.acharya.org/wp/adr-te/.
28. ↑ Priani, Ernesto (2021), Zalta, Edward N., ed., Ramon Llull (Spring 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/llull/, retrieved 2024-10-05
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Bonner 2007, p. 26.
30. ↑ Gayà, Jordi (1979). "La teoría luliana de los correlativos. Historia de su formación conceptual." Universität Freiburg im Breisgau
31. ↑ "On Light (De Luce) - The Matheson TrustThe Matheson Trust" (in en-GB). 2023-10-31. https://www.themathesontrust.org/library/on-light-de-luce.
32. ↑ Kilwardby, Robert; Broadie, Alexander (1987) (in en). De tempore. British Academy. ISBN 978-0-19-726121-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=gwVuhT4N0bwC.
33. ↑ Silva, José Filipe (2024), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri, eds., Robert Kilwardby (Summer 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/robert-kilwardby/, retrieved 2024-10-04
34. ↑ "Review of: Robert Kilwardby's commentary on the Ethics of Aristotle". Bryn Mawr Classical Review. ISSN 1055-7660. https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2023/2023.12.10/.
35. ↑ Hissette, Roland (1987). "Robert Kilwardby, Quaestiones in librum primum Sententiarum. Herausgegeben von Johannes Schneider". Revue Philosophique de Louvain 85 (66): 266–268. https://www.persee.fr/doc/phlou_0035-3841_1987_num_85_66_6453_t1_0266_0000_3.
36. ↑ Hissette, Roland (1998). "Robert Kilwardby, Quaestiones in Librum secundum Sententiarum, herausgegeben von Gerhard Leibold". Revue Philosophique de Louvain 96 (2): 323–324. https://www.persee.fr/doc/phlou_0035-3841_1998_num_96_2_7090_t1_0323_0000_2.
37. ↑ University. "Robertus Kilwardby, Quaestiones in Librum Tertium Sententiarum, I, Christologie" (in en). https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/catalog/6E7CKPEX.
38. ↑ Kilwardby, Robert, -1279 (1993). Quaestiones in librum quartum Sententiarum. München : Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : In Kommission bei C.H. Beck. https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999725087502121.
39. ↑ Kilwardby, Robert (1976). De ortu scientiarum. Internet Archive. [London] : British Academy. https://archive.org/details/deortuscientiaru0000kilw.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 Hackett, Jeremiah. "Roger Bacon" (in en). https://plato.stanford.edu/ARCHIVES/WIN2009/entries/roger-bacon/#LifWor.
41. ↑ Harvey, Steven (1987) (in en). Falaquera's Epistle of the Debate: An Introduction to Jewish Philosophy. Harvard University Center for Jewish Studies. ISBN 978-0-674-29174-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ny9_SwAACAAJ.
42. ↑ "Tractatus de anima intellectiva | work by Siger de Brabant | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tractatus-de-anima-intellectiva.
43. ↑ "History of Medieval Philosophy 341". https://www3.nd.edu/~maritain/jmc/etext/homp341.htm.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Siger of Brabant". https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13784a.htm.
45. ↑ ""Thomae Eboracensis Sapientiale"" (in en-US). 2023-05-22. https://thomasinstitut.uni-koeln.de/en/about-the-institute/news/thomae-eboracensis-sapientiale.
46. ↑ Strassburg), Ulrich (von (2004) (in la). De summo bono. Felix Meiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7873-1684-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=LhnZAAAAMAAJ.
47. ↑ "Veṅkaṭanātha | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" (in en-US). https://iep.utm.edu/venkatan/.
48. ↑ (in English) Tattva Mukta Kalapa of Vedanta Desika with various Sanskrit commentaries. https://archive.org/details/Tattvamuktakalapa1900Skt.
49. ↑ "Perspectiva | work by Witelo | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Perspectiva.
50. ↑ "Summa aurea | work by William of Auxerre | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Summa-aurea.

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