U.S. House battlegrounds, 2018

## Contents

* 1 2018 election analysis and context
* 2 Partisan breakdown
* 3 Battlegrounds
* 3.1 Criteria
* 4 Wave election analysis
* 5 Competitiveness
* 6 Presidential data
* 6.1 Republican/Clinton districts
* 6.2 Democratic/Trump districts
* 7 Comparison of retirements
* 8 Cook Partisan Voter Index
* 9 Outside race ratings
* 10 See also
* 11 Footnotes

<- 2016

2020 →

2018 U.S. House Elections

* * *

Election Date
November 6, 2018

* * *

U.S. Senate Elections by State
Battlegrounds • Battleground primaries
Arizona • California • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Hawaii • Indiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Dakota • Ohio • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming

* * *

U.S. House Elections by State
Battlegrounds • Battleground primaries
Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming

The Democratic Party won control of the U.S. House from the Republican Party on November 6, 2018. Democrats gained a net total of 40 seats, 17 more than the 23 seats they needed to win control of the House.

Heading into the elections, Republicans had a 235-193 majority with seven vacancies. Ballotpedia identified 82 U.S. House battleground races: 73 Republican seats and nine Democratic seats. At least 43 of the Republican-held battleground seats were won by Democrats and three of the Democratic-held battleground seats were won by Republicans.

We determined battleground seats using, among other factors, past election results, presidential election results, retirement data, and outside race ratings. Click here to learn more about our methodology.

## 2018 election analysis and context[edit]

All 435 seats—including seven vacancies—were up for election, with Democrats needing to add 23 seats to win majority control of the chamber.

The Democratic Party was well-positioned to gain seats, according to a 100-year historical analysis of House elections conducted by Ballotpedia and political scientist Jacob Smith. From 1918 to 2016, the president’s party lost an average of 29 seats in midterm elections. The Democrats matched this pattern in the 2018 midterms, gaining 40 seats for a total of 235 seats—17 more than was needed for a majority.

One undecided 2018 race was decided in September 2019 when Dan Bishop (R) won the special election. The state board of elections called a new election following allegations of absentee ballot fraud in the 2018 race. Click here for more information on the aftermath of the 2018 election.

In 372 of the 435 seats, an incumbent was seeking re-election on November 6. There were 52 seats where the incumbent was either retiring or otherwise not seeking re-election—18 Democrats and 34 Republicans, including House Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wisconsin)—and seven vacant seats. In four other seats, the incumbent—two from each party—was defeated in a primary before election day.

There were 46 seats that changed party hands, both open seats and those occupied by an incumbent, and 30 of the 372 incumbent U.S. representatives (8.1 percent) lost their seats in the general election—all Republicans.

Thirty-eight seats up in 2018 were won by the presidential candidate of the opposite party in 2016: Hillary Clinton (D) won 25 Republican-held districts, and Donald Trump (R) won 13 Democratic-held districts. On November 6, 2018, Democrats won 22 of the 25 Clinton-leaning seats held by Republicans after 2016, while Republicans won two of the 13 Trump-leaning seats held by Democrats.

## Partisan breakdown[edit]

The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the U.S. House of Representatives before and after the 2018 mid-term elections.

U.S. House Partisan Breakdown

Party  | As of November 5, 2018  | After the 2018 Election
| Democratic Party | 193  | 235
| Republican Party | 235 | 200[1]
| Vacancies  | 7  | 0
Total |  435  | 435

After flipping a Republican seat in Pennsylvania in a February 2018 special election, the Democratic Party needed to pick up 23 seats in 2018 to win the chamber.[2]

## Battlegrounds[edit]

This is a list of the U.S. House battlegrounds in 2018.

United States House Battleground Races

District  | Incumbent  | Winner  | Partisan change?
Alaska's at-large |  Don Young |  Don Young | No
Arkansas' 2nd |  French Hill |  French Hill | No
Arizona's 1st |  Tom O'Halleran |  Tom O'Halleran | No
Arizona's 2nd |  Martha McSally |  Ann Kirkpatrick | Yes
California's 8th |  Paul Cook |  Paul Cook | No
California's 10th |  Jeff Denham |  Josh Harder | Yes
California's 16th |  Jim Costa |  Jim Costa | No
California's 21st |  David Valadao |  TJ Cox | Yes
California's 22nd |  Devin Nunes |  Devin Nunes | No
California's 25th |  Stephen Knight |  Katie Hill | Yes
California's 39th |  Edward Royce |  Gil Cisneros | Yes
California's 45th |  Mimi Walters |  Katie Porter | Yes
California's 48th |  Dana Rohrabacher |  Harley Rouda | Yes
California's 49th |  Darrell Issa |  Mike Levin | Yes
California's 50th |  Duncan Hunter |  Duncan Hunter | No
Colorado's 6th |  Mike Coffman |  Jason Crow | Yes
Florida's 15th |  Dennis Ross |  Ross Spano | No
Florida's 16th |  Vern Buchanan |  Vern Buchanan | No
Florida's 18th |  Brian Mast |  Brian Mast | No
Florida's 25th |  Mario Diaz-Balart |  Mario Diaz-Balart | No
Florida's 26th |  Carlos Curbelo |  Debbie Mucarsel-Powell | Yes
Florida's 27th |  Ileana Ros-Lehtinen |  Donna Shalala | Yes
Georgia's 6th |  Karen Handel |  Lucy McBath | Yes
Georgia's 7th |  Rob Woodall |  Rob Woodall | No
Illinois' 6th |  Peter Roskam |  Sean Casten | Yes
Illinois' 12th |  Mike Bost |  Mike Bost | No
Illinois' 13th |  Rodney Davis |  Rodney Davis | No
Illinois' 14th |  Randy Hultgren |  Lauren Underwood | Yes
Iowa's 1st |  Rod Blum |  Abby Finkenauer | Yes
Iowa's 3rd |  David Young |  Cindy Axne | Yes
Kansas' 2nd |  Lynn Jenkins |  Steve Watkins | No
Kansas' 3rd |  Kevin Yoder |  Sharice Davids | Yes
Kentucky's 6th |  Andy Barr |  Andy Barr | No
Maine's 2nd |  Bruce Poliquin |  Jared Golden | Yes
Michigan's 8th |  Mike Bishop |  Elissa Slotkin | Yes
Michigan's 11th |  David Trott |  Haley Stevens | Yes
Minnesota's 1st |  Tim Walz |  Jim Hagedorn | Yes
Minnesota's 2nd |  Jason Lewis |  Angie Craig | Yes
Minnesota's 3rd |  Erik Paulsen |  Dean Phillips | Yes
Minnesota's 8th |  Rick Nolan |  Pete Stauber | Yes
Montana's at-large |  Greg Gianforte |  Greg Gianforte | No
Nebraska's 2nd |  Don Bacon |  Don Bacon | No
Nevada's 3rd |  Jacky Rosen |  Susie Lee | No
Nevada's 4th |  Ruben Kihuen |  Steven Horsford | No
New Hampshire's 1st |  Carol Shea-Porter |  Chris Pappas | No
New Jersey's 2nd |  Frank LoBiondo |  Jeff Van Drew | Yes
New Jersey's 3rd |  Tom MacArthur |  Andy Kim | Yes
New Jersey's 7th |  Leonard Lance |  Tom Malinowski | Yes
New Jersey's 11th |  Rodney Frelinghuysen |  Mikie Sherrill | Yes
New Mexico's 2nd |  Steve Pearce |  Xochitl Torres Small | Yes
New York's 11th |  Dan Donovan |  Max Rose | Yes
New York's 19th |  John Faso |  Antonio Delgado | Yes
New York's 22nd |  Claudia Tenney |  Anthony Brindisi | Yes
New York's 27th |  Chris Collins |  Chris Collins | No
North Carolina's 2nd |  George Holding |  George Holding | No
North Carolina's 9th |  Robert Pittenger |  Dan Bishop | No
North Carolina's 13th |  Ted Budd |  Ted Budd | No
Ohio's 1st |  Steve Chabot |  Steve Chabot | No
Ohio's 7th |  Bob Gibbs |  Bob Gibbs | No
Ohio's 12th |  Troy Balderson |  Troy Balderson | No
Oklahoma's 5th |  Steve Russell |  Kendra Horn | Yes
Pennsylvania's 1st |  Brian Fitzpatrick |  Brian Fitzpatrick | No
Pennsylvania's 5th |  Vacant |  Mary Gay Scanlon | Yes
Pennsylvania's 6th |  Ryan Costello |  Chrissy Houlahan | Yes
Pennsylvania's 7th |  Vacant |  Susan Wild | Yes
Pennsylvania's 14th |  Conor Lamb |  Guy Reschenthaler | Yes
Pennsylvania's 17th |  Keith Rothfus |  Conor Lamb | Yes
South Carolina's 1st |  Mark Sanford |  Joe Cunningham | Yes
Texas' 7th |  John Culberson |  Lizzie Pannill Fletcher | Yes
Texas' 23rd |  Will Hurd |  Will Hurd | No
Texas' 32nd |  Pete Sessions |  Colin Allred | Yes
Utah's 4th |  Mia Love |  Ben McAdams | Yes
Virginia's 2nd |  Scott Taylor |  Elaine Luria | Yes
Virginia's 5th |  Thomas Garrett |  Denver Riggleman | No
Virginia's 7th |  David Brat |  Abigail Spanberger | Yes
Virginia's 10th |  Barbara Comstock |  Jennifer Wexton | Yes
Washington's 3rd |  Jaime Herrera Beutler |  Jaime Herrera Beutler | No
Washington's 5th |  Cathy McMorris Rodgers |  Cathy McMorris Rodgers | No
Washington's 8th |  Dave Reichert |  Kim Schrier | Yes
Washington's 9th |  Adam Smith |  Adam Smith | No
West Virginia's 3rd |  Evan Jenkins |  Carol Miller | No
Wisconsin's 1st |  Paul Ryan |  Bryan Steil | No

The following map identifies those races that were considered battleground elections. Mouse over a district for more detailed information. You can also zoom in for a closer look.

### Criteria[edit]

See also: Battlegrounds

The following criteria were the primary means for determining if a race was expected to be competitive in 2018. No specific number of criteria has to be met to label a district competitive, but all were considered in each race. More races could have been competitive in 2018 than just those that met our criteria.

1. Margin of victory (MOV) in the past House elections:

The MOV of the district in previous elections is one of the primary methods for estimating the potential competitiveness of a district in the future. Ballotpedia considers competitive races to be those with a MoV of less than 10 percent.

2. Margin of victory in the past presidential elections:

Like the MOV in past congressional elections, how a president fared in each congressional district is a big indicator of the political climate in a district. For instance, a Republican incumbent in a district that supported Hillary Clinton in 2016 is more likely to be vulnerable than a Republican incumbent in a district that backed President Donald Trump.

3. Open seats:

Incumbents have extremely high re-election rates. In 2016, 96.7 percent of congressional incumbents who sought re-election won. An open seat is traditionally far more vulnerable than one in which the incumbent is seeking re-election, even if the incumbent is unpopular.

4. Time spent in office:

The number of terms an incumbent has spent in office has an impact on how vulnerable they may be. Freshmen incumbents tend to be more vulnerable than those who have served multiple terms in office.

5. Outside race ratings:

Race ratings from other outside sources like the Cook Political Report were considered when making our initial list of battlegrounds.

6. Special highlights:

Special highlights could include anything from a rematch of the 2016 House race, to an incumbent made vulnerable due to a scandal. Any special circumstances will be taken into account here.

## Wave election analysis[edit]

See also: Wave elections (1918-2016)

The term wave election is frequently used to describe an election cycle in which one party makes significant electoral gains. How many seats would Republicans have had to lose for the 2018 midterm election to be considered a wave election?

Ballotpedia examined the results of the 50 election cycles that occurred between 1918 and 2016—spanning from President Woodrow Wilson's (D) second midterm in 1918 to Donald Trump's (R) first presidential election in 2016. We define wave elections as the 20 percent of elections in that period resulting in the greatest seat swings against the president's party.

Applying this definition to U.S. House elections, we found that Republicans needed to lose 48 seats for 2018 to qualify as a wave election.

The chart below shows the number of seats the president's party lost in the 11 U.S. House waves from 1918 to 2016. Click here to read the full report.

U.S. House wave elections

Year | President | Party | Election type | House seats change | House majority[3]
1932 | Hoover | R | Presidential | -97 | D
1922 | Harding | R | First midterm | -76 | R
1938 | Roosevelt | D | Second midterm | -70 | D
2010 | Obama | D | First midterm | -63 | R (flipped)
1920 | Wilson | D | Presidential | -59 | R
1946 | Truman | D | First midterm | -54 | R (flipped)
1994 | Clinton | D | First midterm | -54 | R (flipped)
1930 | Hoover | R | First midterm | -53 | D (flipped)
1942 | Roosevelt | D | Third midterm | -50 | D
1966 | Johnson | D | First midterm[4] | -48 | D
1974 | Ford | R | Second midterm[5] | -48 | D

## Competitiveness[edit]

See also: Annual Congressional Competitiveness Report, 2018

Ballotpedia's Annual Congressional Competitiveness Report found the following:

* There were 55 open seats in 2018.
* There were 42 House seats where only one major party ran a candidate.
* Nine House incumbents from districts won by the opposite party's presidential candidate in 2016 did not seek re-election.

Read the full report here.

## Presidential data[edit]

See also: Presidential election, 2016

According to Daily Kos' 2016 presidential results by congressional district data, Hillary Clinton (D) won 207 of the congressional districts up in 2018, while Donald Trump (R) won 228 districts. There were 25 Republican-held districts Clinton won and 13 Democratic-held districts Trump won.[6]

### Republican/Clinton districts[edit]

See also: U.S. House districts represented by a Republican and won by Hillary Clinton in 2016

The 25 Republican-held districts voted for Clinton by as many as 28.2 percentage points and as few as 1.1 percentage points. In 2012, 13 voted for Mitt Romney (R) and 12 voted for Barack Obama (D). Although they were scattered across the country, 11 of the districts were located in California or Pennsylvania.

Four districts did not exist during the 2016 election and were created after the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that the state's previous congressional map was unconstitutionally gerrymandered to favor Republicans. The redrawing increased the number of Clinton/Republican districts in Pennsylvania from two to four.

2018 election results in Republican-held U.S. House districts won by Hillary Clinton in 2016

District  | Incumbent  | 2018 winner  | 2018 margin  | 2016 presidential margin  | 2012 presidential margin
Arizona's 2nd |  Martha McSally |  Ann Kirkpatrick | D+9.5 | Clinton+4.9 | Romney+1.5
California's 10th |  Jeff Denham |  Josh Harder | D+2.6 | Clinton+3.0 | Obama+3.6
California's 21st |  David Valadao |  TJ Cox | D+0.8 | Clinton+15.5 | Obama+11.1
California's 25th |  Steve Knight |  Katie Hill | D+6.4 | Clinton+6.7 | Romney+1.9
California's 39th |  Ed Royce |  Gil Cisneros | D+1.4 | Clinton+8.6 | Romney+3.7
California's 45th |  Mimi Walters |  Katie Porter | D+1.6 | Clinton+5.4 | Romney+11.8
California's 48th |  Dana Rohrabacher |  Harley Rouda | D+5.8 | Clinton+1.7 | Romney+11.7
California's 49th |  Darrell Issa |  Mike Levin | D+7.4 | Clinton+7.5 | Romney+6.7
Colorado's 6th |  Mike Coffman |  Jason Crow | D+11.2 | Clinton+8.9 | Obama+5.1
Florida's 26th |  Carlos Curbelo |  Debbie Mucarsel-Powell | D+1.8 | Clinton+16.1 | Obama+11.5
Florida's 27th |  Ileana Ros-Lehtinen |  Donna Shalala | D+6.0 | Clinton+19.7 | Obama+6.7
Illinois' 6th |  Peter Roskam |  Sean Casten | D+5.6 | Clinton+7.0 | Romney+8.2
Kansas' 3rd |  Kevin Yoder |  Sharice Davids | D+9.1 | Clinton+1.2 | Romney+9.5
Minnesota's 3rd |  Erik Paulsen |  Dean Phillips | D+11.4 | Clinton+9.4 | Obama+0.8
New Jersey's 7th |  Leonard Lance |  Tom Malinowski | D+4.7 | Clinton+1.1 | Romney+6.2
New York's 24th |  John Katko |  John Katko | R+6.3 | Clinton+3.6 | Obama+15.9
Pennsylvania's 1st |  Brian Fitzpatrick[7] |  Brian Fitzpatrick | R+2.6 | Clinton+2.0 | Obama+2.6
Pennsylvania's 5th |  Pat Meehan[8] |  Mary Gay Scanlon | D+30.2 | Clinton+28.2 | Obama+27.7
Pennsylvania's 6th |  Ryan Costello[9] |  Chrissy Houlahan | D+17.6 | Clinton+9.3 | Obama+3.2
Pennsylvania's 7th |  Charlie Dent[10] |  Susan Wild | D+11.3 | Clinton+1.1 | Obama+7.0
Texas' 7th |  John Culberson |  Lizzie Pannill Fletcher | D+5.0 | Clinton+1.4 | Romney+21.3
Texas' 23rd |  Will Hurd |  Will Hurd | R+0.5 | Clinton+3.4 | Romney+2.6
Texas' 32nd |  Pete Sessions |  Colin Allred | D+6.3 | Clinton+1.9 | Romney+15.5
Virginia's 10th |  Barbara Comstock |  Jennifer Wexton | D+12.4 | Clinton+10.0 | Romney+1.6
Washington's 8th |  David Reichert |  Kim Schrier | D+6.2 | Clinton+3.0 | Obama+1.6

There were eight House seats that supported the Republican nominee in 2008 and 2012 (McCain and Romney) that were won by Hillary Clinton in 2016: AZ-02, CA-39, CA-45, CA-48, KS-03, NJ-07, TX-07, and TX-32

### Democratic/Trump districts[edit]

See also: U.S. House districts represented by a Democrat and won by Donald Trump in 2016

The 13 Democratic districts voted for Trump by as many as 30.8 percentage points and as few as 0.7 percentage points. In 2012, four voted for Mitt Romney (R) and nine voted for Barack Obama (D). Although they were scattered across the country, nine of the 11 districts were located in the midwest or the northeast, with five being in Minnesota or Pennsylvania.

Conor Lamb (D) won a 2018 special election in Pennsylvania to replace U.S. Rep. Tim Murphy (R). This increased the number of Trump/Democratic districts in Pennsylvania from one to two. Both districts were redrawn after the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled that the state's previous congressional map was unconstitutionally gerrymandered to favor Republicans.

2018 election results in Democratic-held U.S. House districts won by Donald Trump in 2016

District  | Incumbent  | 2018 winner  | 2018 margin  | 2016 presidential margin  | 2012 presidential margin
Arizona's 1st |  Tom O'Halleran |  Tom O'Halleran | D+7.7 | Trump+1.1 | Romney+2.5
Iowa's 2nd |  Dave Loebsack |  Dave Loebsack | D+12.2 | Trump+4.1 | Obama+13.1
Illinois' 17th |  Cheri Bustos |  Cheri Bustos | D+23.6 | Trump+0.7 | Obama+17.0
Minnesota's 1st |  Tim Walz |  Jim Hagedorn | R+0.4 | Trump+14.9 | Obama+1.4
Minnesota's 7th |  Collin Peterson |  Collin Peterson | D+4.3 | Trump+30.8 | Romney+9.8
Minnesota's 8th |  Rick Nolan |  Pete Stauber | R+5.5 | Trump+15.6 | Obama+5.5
New Hampshire's 1st |  Carol Shea-Porter |  Chris Pappas | D+11.7 | Trump+1.6 | Obama+1.6
New Jersey's 5th |  Josh Gottheimer |  Josh Gottheimer | D+11.7 | Trump+1.1 | Romney+3.1
Nevada's 3rd |  Jacky Rosen |  Susie Lee | D+9.1 | Trump+1.0 | Obama+0.8
New York's 18th |  Sean Patrick Maloney |  Sean Patrick Maloney | D+10.2 | Trump+1.9 | Obama+4.3
Pennsylvania's 8th |  Matt Cartwright[11] |  Matt Cartwright | D+9.2 | Trump+9.6 | Obama+11.9
Pennsylvania's 14th |  Conor Lamb[12] |  Guy Reschenthaler | R+15.9 | Trump+29.0 | Romney+17.7
Wisconsin's 3rd |  Ron Kind |  Ron Kind | D+19.4 | Trump+4.5 | Obama+11.0

There were 20 House seats that Barack Obama won in 2008 and 2012 that were won by Donald Trump in 2016: IA-01, IA-02, IA-03, IL-12, IL-17, ME-02, MN-01, MN-02, MN-08, NH-01, NJ-02, NJ-03, NV-03, NY-01, NY-02, NY-18, NY-19, NY-21, PA-17, and WI-03.

## Comparison of retirements[edit]

See also: List of U.S. Congress incumbents who did not run for re-election in 2018

The following table includes figures on Democratic and Republican members of Congress who either left office during their term or announced that they would not seek re-election for each election year since 2012.

Outgoing members of Congress, 2012-2018

Year | Chamber | Democrats not seeking re-election | Republicans not seeking re-election | Total not seeking re-election | Democrats leaving office early | Republicans leaving office early | Total leaving office early
2018
U.S. Senate | 0 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3
U.S. House | 18 | 34 | 52 | 3 | 14 | 17
Total | 18 | 37 | 55 | 4 | 16 | 20
2016
U.S. Senate | 3 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0
U.S. House | 16 | 24 | 40 | 2 | 5 | 7
Total | 19 | 26 | 45 | 2 | 5 | 7
2014
U.S. Senate | 5 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 5
U.S. House | 16 | 25 | 41 | 3 | 6 | 9
Total | 21 | 27 | 48 | 6 | 8 | 14
2012
U.S. Senate | 6 | 3 | 10[13] | 0 | 0 | 0
U.S. House | 23 | 20 | 43 | 4 | 1 | 5
Total | 29 | 23 | 53 | 4 | 1 | 5

## Cook Partisan Voter Index[edit]

See also: The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index

The chart above details the 2017 Cook Partisan Voter Index for each U.S. House district. The index, developed by Charles Cook of the The Cook Political Report, compares each congressional district's score to that of the nation as a whole. According to Politico, the PVI is designed to "provide a quick overall assessment of generic partisan strength in a congressional district."[14][15][16]

## Outside race ratings[edit]

The following table compares the most recent race ratings from The Cook Political Report, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and Inside Elections.

## See also[edit]

| Suggest a link

|

* United States Congress elections, 2018
* United States House of Representatives elections, 2018
* United States House of Representatives

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ One undecided 2018 race was decided in September 2019 when Dan Bishop (R) won the special election. The state board of elections called a new election following allegations of absentee ballot fraud in the 2018 race. Unofficial returns from the 2018 election showed Mark Harris (R) leading McCready, who was also the Democratic candidate in 2018, by 905 votes. Harris said he did not run again in 2019 due to health issues. Click here for more information on the aftermath of the 2018 election.
2. ↑ The New York Times, "House Election Results: G.O.P. Keeps Control," accessed November 15, 2016
3. ↑ Denotes the party that had more seats in the U.S. House following the election.
4. ↑ Lyndon Johnson's (D) first term began in November 1963 after the death of President John F. Kennedy (D), who was first elected in 1960. Before Johnson had his first midterm in 1966, he was re-elected president in 1964.
5. ↑ Gerald Ford's (R) first term began in August 1974 following the resignation of President Richard Nixon (R), who was first elected in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972. Because Ford only served for two full months before facing the electorate, this election is classified as Nixon's second midterm.
6. ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for the 2016 and 2012 elections," accessed February 8, 2017
7. ↑ The new 1st district was created in early 2018 due to court-ordered redistricting and most closely resembles the old 8th District held by Fitzpatrick. Click here to read more.
8. ↑ The new 5th district was created in early 2018 due to court-ordered redistricting and most closely resembles the old 7th District held by Meehan. Click here to read more.
9. ↑ The new 6th district was created in early 2018 due to court-ordered redistricting and most closely resembles the old 6th District held by Costello. Click here to read more.
10. ↑ The new 7th district was created in early 2018 due to court-ordered redistricting and most closely resembles the old 15th District held by Dent. Click here to read more.
11. ↑ The new 8th district was created in early 2018 due to court-ordered redistricting and most closely resembles the old 17th District held by Cartwright. Click here to read more.
12. ↑ The new 14th district was created in early 2018 due to court-ordered redistricting and most closely resembles the old 18th District Lamb won in a March 2018 special election. Tim Murphy (R) won the old 18th District in the 2016 election. Click here to read more.
13. ↑ Figure includes Sen. Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.).
14. ↑ Politico, "Charlie Cook's PVI," April 10, 2009
15. ↑ RedState, "New Cook PVIs Show Big Opportunities for Conservatives in the House," October 11, 2012
16. ↑ Swing State Project, "Just what is the Partisan Voter Index (PVI)?" November 16, 2008

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