Lacazia

Lacazia loboi

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  |

Fungi

Division:  |

Ascomycota

Class:  |

Eurotiomycetes

Order:  |

Onygenales

Family:  |

Incertae sedis

Genus:  |

Lacazia

Synonyms

Loboa loboi

Lacazia is a genus of fungi containing the single species Lacazia loboi, which is responsible for Lobo's disease. It is a member of the order Onygenales.[1]

It is a sister taxon to P. brasiliensis.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Species
* 2 Description and natural habitats
* 3 Features
* 3.1 Macroscopic
* 3.2 Microscopic
* 4 Histopathology
* 5 Comparisons
* 6 Infection
* 6.1 Treatment
* 7 References

## Species[edit | edit source]

The genus Lacazia contains a single species, Lacazia loboi. While the name Loboa loboi is still frequently used to refer to the causative agent of lobomycosis, more recently, classification of the fungus in the genus Lacazia and conclusively, the name Lacazia loboi has been proposed by McGinnis et al.[3]

## Description and natural habitats[edit | edit source]

Lacazia loboi is a yeast-like fungus that causes infection in humans and bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aqueous environments appear to be mandatory for the lifecycle of L. loboi. It is saprophytic in water and is transmitted to the vulnerable host via contact. Infections due to L. loboi are mostly reported from tropical zones.

## Features[edit | edit source]

### Macroscopic[edit | edit source]

Attempts to grow L. loboi on artificial media have as yet been unsuccessful.

### Microscopic[edit | edit source]

Numerous yeast-like, round, thick-walled cells are visualized. Chains of yeast cells are typically formed. Little tube-like connections are visible between the yeast cells.[4]

## Histopathology[edit | edit source]

Granuloma and yeast-like cells (diameter: 5-12 µm) forming chains are observed. As well as tube-like connections between the cells, secondary buds may also be visualized. The cells may be phagocytosed by histiocytes or multinucleated giant cells. Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS), Gomori's-Grocott's, and Gridley's silver stains are used for examination of histopathological sections.[4]

## Comparisons[edit | edit source]

Cross-antigenicity has been detected between L. loboi and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.[5]

## Infection[edit | edit source]

Lobomycosis of lower limb

L. loboi is the causative agent of a tropical mycosis, lobomycosis, which is characterized by mucocutaneous lesions, that are usually nodular, vegetating, verrucose, cauliflower-like and hyper- or hypopigmented. Lower extremities and the ears are most commonly involved. Nasal and labial lesions have rarely been reported.[6][4][7][8][9]

Aquarium employees and farmers constitute most of the cases with lobomycosis. Occupations such as goldmining, fishing, and hunting also predispose to L. loboi infections. A previous cutaneous trauma, insect bite, or wound cut enhances the entry of the fungus through the skin via contact with infected surrounding, such as dolphins. No evidence shows person-to-person transmission of lobomycosis.[4][10]

### Treatment[edit | edit source]

Since efforts to cultivate L. loboi have failed, no in vitro susceptibility data are available. Optional treatment of lobomycosis is surgical excision. Full excision of the lesion is required for clinical success. Repeated cryotherapy may also yield favorable clinical response. While there yet appears no optional medical therapy, clofazimine has been effective in some cases with lobomycosis.[4][11]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Herr RA, Tarcha EJ, Taborda PR, Taylor JW, Ajello L, Mendoza L (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of Lacazia loboi places this previously uncharacterized pathogen within the dimorphic Onygenales". J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (1): 309–14. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.1.309-314.2001. PMC 87720. PMID 11136789.
2. ↑ Mendoza L, Vilela R, Rosa PS, Fernandes Belone AF (December 2005). "Lacazia loboi and Rhinosporidium seeberi: a genomic perspective". Rev Iberoam Micol. 22 (4): 213–6. doi:10.1016/S1130-1406(05)70045-0. PMID 16499413. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
3. ↑ Taborda, P. R., V. A. Taborda, and M. R. McGinnis. 1999. Lacazia loboi gen. nov., comb, nov., the etiologic agent of lobomycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 37:2031-2033.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
5. ↑ Camargo, Z. P., R. G. Baruzzi, S. M. Maeda, and M. C. Floriano. 1998. Antigenic relationship between Loboa loboi and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis as shown by serological methods. Med Mycol. 36:413-417.
6. ↑ Burns, R. A., J. S. Roy, C. Woods, A. A. Padhye, and D. W. Warnock. 2000. Report of the first human case of lobomycosis in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 38:1283-5.
7. ↑ Jaramillo, D., A. Cortes, A. Restrepo, M. Builes, and M. Robledo. 1976. Lobomycosis. Report of the eighth Colombian case and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol. 3:180-9.
8. ↑ Rodriguez-Toro, G. 1993. Lobomycosis. Int. J. Dermatol. 32:324-32.
9. ↑ Rodriguez-Toro, G., and N. Tellez. 1992. Lobomycosis in Colombian Amer Indian patients. Mycopathologia. 120:5-9.
10. ↑ Haubold, E. M., J. F. Aronson, D. F. Cowan, M. R. McGinnis, and C. R. Cooper. 1998. Isolation of fungal rDNA from bottlenose dolphin skin infected with Loboa loboi. Med Mycol. 36:263-267.
11. ↑ Restrepo, A. 1994. Treatment of tropical mycoses. J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 31:S91-102.

* v
* t
* e

Fungal infection and mesomycetozoea

Superficial and
cutaneous
(dermatomycosis):
Tinea = skin;
Piedra (exothrix/
endothrix) = hair|

| Ascomycota|

| Dermatophyte
(Dermatophytosis)|

| By location|

* Tinea barbae/tinea capitis
* Kerion
* Tinea corporis
* Ringworm
* Dermatophytids
* Tinea cruris
* Tinea manuum
* Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
* Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
* White superficial onychomycosis
* Distal subungual onychomycosis
* Proximal subungual onychomycosis
* Tinea corporis gladiatorum
* Tinea faciei
* Tinea imbricata
* Tinea incognito
* Favus

|

By organism|

* Epidermophyton floccosum
* Microsporum canis
* Microsporum audouinii
* Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes
* Trichophyton tonsurans
* Trichophyton schoenleini
* Trichophyton rubrum
* Trichophyton verrucosum

Other|

* Hortaea werneckii
* Tinea nigra
* Piedraia hortae
* Black piedra

Basidiomycota|

* Malassezia furfur
* Tinea versicolor
* Pityrosporum folliculitis
* Trichosporon
* White piedra

Subcutaneous,
systemic,
and opportunistic|

| Ascomycota|

| Dimorphic
(yeast+mold)|

| Onygenales|

* Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadasii
* Coccidioidomycosis
* Disseminated coccidioidomycosis
* Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis. Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
* Histoplasma capsulatum
* Histoplasmosis
* Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
* Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
* Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
* Histoplasma duboisii
* African histoplasmosis
* Lacazia loboi
* Lobomycosis
* Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
* Paracoccidioidomycosis

|

Other|

* Blastomyces dermatitidis
* Blastomycosis
* North American blastomycosis
* South American blastomycosis
* Sporothrix schenckii
* Sporotrichosis
* Talaromyces marneffei
* Talaromycosis

Yeast-like|

* Candida albicans
* Candidiasis
* Oral
* Esophageal
* Vulvovaginal
* Chronic mucocutaneous
* Antibiotic candidiasis
* Candidal intertrigo
* Candidal onychomycosis
* Candidal paronychia
* Candidid
* Diaper candidiasis
* Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
* Perianal candidiasis
* Systemic candidiasis
* Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica
* C. auris
* C. glabrata
* C. lusitaniae
* C. tropicalis
* Pneumocystis jirovecii
* Pneumocystosis
* Pneumocystis pneumonia

Mold-like|

* Aspergillus
* Aspergillosis
* Aspergilloma
* Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
* Primary cutaneous aspergillosis
* Exophiala jeanselmei
* Eumycetoma
* Fonsecaea pedrosoi/Fonsecaea compacta/Phialophora verrucosa
* Chromoblastomycosis
* Geotrichum candidum
* Geotrichosis
* Pseudallescheria boydii
* Allescheriasis

Basidiomycota|

* Cryptococcus neoformans
* Cryptococcosis
* Trichosporon spp
* Trichosporonosis

Zygomycota
(Zygomycosis)|

| Mucorales
(Mucormycosis)|

* Rhizopus oryzae
* Mucor indicus
* Lichtheimia corymbifera
* Syncephalastrum racemosum
* Apophysomyces variabilis

|

Entomophthorales
(Entomophthoramycosis)|

* Basidiobolus ranarum
* Basidiobolomycosis
* Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus
* Conidiobolomycosis

Microsporidia
(Microsporidiosis)|

* Enterocytozoon bieneusi/Encephalitozoon intestinalis

Mesomycetozoea|

* Rhinosporidium seeberi
* Rhinosporidiosis

Ungrouped|

* Alternariosis
* Fungal folliculitis
* Fusarium
* Fusariosis
* Granuloma gluteale infantum
* Hyalohyphomycosis
* Otomycosis
* Phaeohyphomycosis

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