Siderosis

For condition affecting brain, see superficial siderosis.

Siderosis

Other names: Pulmonary siderosis, welder's disease
Iron
Specialty| Respirology

Siderosis is the deposition of excess iron in body tissue. When used without qualification, it usually refers to an environmental disease of the lung, also known more specifically as pulmonary siderosis or Welder's disease, which is a form of pneumoconiosis.

Pulmonary siderosis was first described in 1936 from X-ray images of the lungs of arc welders.[1][2]

The name siderosis comes from Ancient Greek word for iron, sídēr(os), and has an -osis suffix.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Signs and symptoms
* 2 Cause
* 3 Diagnosis
* 4 Treatment
* 5 Prognosis
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]

Pulmonary siderosis does not usually cause harmful scar tissue formation within the lungs, which is why it said to be non-fibrotic condition, unlike asbestosis for example, and has also been called "benign pneumoconiosis".[2]

Mild to moderate scarring of the lungs has been found in unusual cases of pulmonary siderosis. These people have had persistent breathlessness, coughing and decreased lung function. However, people in occupations where they are exposed to iron (or rust) dust are usually also exposed to other forms of dust such as silica, which upon repeated inhalation is known to cause dangerous silicosis. Because of this, it is not known for certain whether the inhalation of pure iron or rust can cause detrimental scarring of the lungs that has been seen in some cases of pulmonary siderosis.[2] Still, studies have shown lack of silica in tissue samples collected from people with pulmonary siderosis. This indicates that iron alone is enough to cause damage to the lungs.[4]

Symptoms usually appear after a number of years,[5] but may rarely appear within a year.[6]

Eye exposure to iron dust can also cause another form of siderosis, "ocular siderosis" or "siderosis bulbi", which can cause eye discoloration, but also eye damage, like cataracts and night blindness. This happens via the corrosive effects of iron.[7][8]

## Cause[edit | edit source]

Pulmonary siderosis is caused by repeated inhalation of fine iron or rust dust that happens usually over a number of years. This can happen during work consisting of welding, grinding, foundry work, paint manufacture or iron ore mining among other similar occupations where a person is exposed to fine iron dust or fumes.[5][2]

## Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Axial HRCT image in lung window shows presence of small, round opacities in bilateral upper lobes

Pulmonary siderosis causes changes within the lungs that are clearly visible in tissue samples, x-ray images and other radiological studies.[2] In a tissue sample from alveoli patchy deposits of iron can be seen throughout the sample.[4]

## Treatment[edit | edit source]

There is no cure for pulmonary siderosis or other interstitial lung diseases. Any damage is thus permanent.[9] Symptoms can be treated.[5]

## Prognosis[edit | edit source]

Outcome of pulmonary siderosis is often good if the inhalation of iron or rust dust is permanently avoided. However, welding has been associated with lung cancer, a condition which may have a poor outcome.[5] Still, it is not known if pulmonary siderosis causes cancer in welders specifically or if these cases of cancer appear due to entirely different factors.

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis – a disease caused by lung capillary bleeding
* Hemosiderosis – accumulation of hemosiderin in body
* Superficial siderosis – accumulation of hemosiderin in brain
* Iron deficiency – also known as sideropenia
* Iron overload – accumulation of iron in body from any cause
* African iron overload

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Doig AT, Mclaughlin AI (1936). "X ray appearances of the lungs of electric arc welders". The Lancet. 227 (5875): 771–774. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)56868-8.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 McCormick LM, Goddard M, Mahadeva R (August 2008). "Pulmonary fibrosis secondary to siderosis causing symptomatic respiratory disease: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2: 257. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-257. PMC 2527575. PMID 18681950.
3. ↑ "siderosis", The Free Dictionary, archived from the original on 2020-06-03, retrieved 2018-06-30
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Funahashi A, Schlueter DP, Pintar K, Bemis EL, Siegesmund KA (January 1988). "Welders' pneumoconiosis: tissue elemental microanalysis by energy dispersive x ray analysis". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 45 (1): 14–8. doi:10.1136/oem.45.1.14. PMC 1007938. PMID 3342182.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Khalid I, Khalid TJ, Jennings JH (April 2009). "A welder with pneumosiderosis: a case report". Cases Journal. 2: 6639. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-2-6639. PMC 2827098. PMID 20181169.
6. ↑ Ishida Y, Sera K, Ohta K, Kageshita T (May 2003). "[A case of rapid development of arc welder's lung during the course of a year]". Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi = the Journal of the Japanese Respiratory Society. 41 (5): 351–5. PMID 12822427.
7. ↑ Ballantyne JF (December 1954). "Siderosis bulbi". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 38 (12): 727–33. doi:10.1136/bjo.38.12.727. PMC 1324441. PMID 13219251.
8. ↑ Kannan NB, Adenuga OO, Rajan RP, Ramasamy K (2016). "Management of Ocular Siderosis: Visual Outcome and Electroretinographic Changes". Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016: 7272465. doi:10.1155/2016/7272465. PMC 4814669. PMID 27073692.
9. ↑ "What Is Siderosis?". Lung Institute. 2017-08-08. Archived from the original on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2018-06-30.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Classification|

* ICD-10: J63.4
* ICD-9-CM: 503
* MeSH: D012806

|

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of the respiratory system

Upper RT
(including URTIs,
common cold)|

| Head|

sinuses

Sinusitis

nose

Rhinitis

Vasomotor rhinitis
Atrophic rhinitis
Hay fever
Nasal polyp
Rhinorrhea
nasal septum

Nasal septum deviation
Nasal septum perforation
Nasal septal hematoma

tonsil

Tonsillitis
Adenoid hypertrophy
Peritonsillar abscess

|

Neck|

pharynx

Pharyngitis

Strep throat
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
Retropharyngeal abscess

larynx

Croup
Laryngomalacia
Laryngeal cyst
Laryngitis
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
Laryngospasm

vocal cords

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
Vocal fold nodule
Vocal fold paresis
Vocal cord dysfunction

epiglottis

Epiglottitis

trachea

Tracheitis
Laryngotracheal stenosis

Lower RT/lung disease
(including LRTIs)|

| Bronchial/
obstructive|

acute

Acute bronchitis

chronic

COPD

Chronic bronchitis
Acute exacerbation of COPD)
Asthma (Status asthmaticus
Aspirin-induced
Exercise-induced
Bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis

unspecified

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis obliterans
Diffuse panbronchiolitis

|

Interstitial/
restrictive
(fibrosis)|

| External agents/
occupational
lung disease|

Pneumoconiosis

Aluminosis
Asbestosis
Baritosis
Bauxite fibrosis
Berylliosis
Caplan's syndrome
Chalicosis
Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
Siderosis
Silicosis
Talcosis
Byssinosis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Bagassosis
Bird fancier's lung
Farmer's lung
Lycoperdonosis

|

Other|

* ARDS
* Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
* Pulmonary edema
* Löffler's syndrome/Eosinophilic pneumonia
* Respiratory hypersensitivity
* Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
* Hamman-Rich syndrome
* Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
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Obstructive / Restrictive|

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pneumonitis|

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* Aspiration/Lipid

|

By vector/route|

* Community-acquired
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By distribution|

* Broncho-
* Lobar

IIP|

* UIP
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* RB

Other|

* Atelectasis
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* Pulmonary embolism
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Pleural cavity/
mediastinum|

| Pleural disease|

* Pleuritis/pleurisy

* Pneumothorax/Hemopneumothorax

Pleural effusion

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Malignant

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|

Mediastinal disease|

* Mediastinitis
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Other/general|

* Respiratory failure
* Influenza
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* SARS
* COVID-19
* Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
* Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

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