Penta-graphene

Top view (top) and side view (bottom) of penta-graphane. Yellow and blue spheres show two types of carbon atoms, while red balls correspond to hydrogens.[1]

Names
Other names

Identifiers
Properties

Chemical formula

| Cn

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

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Penta-graphene is a hypothetical carbon allotrope composed entirely of carbon pentagons and resembling the Cairo pentagonal tiling.[2] Penta-graphene was proposed in 2014 on the basis of analyses and simulations.[2] Further calculations predicted that it is unstable in its pure form,[3] but can be stabilized by hydrogenation.[1] Due to its atomic configuration, penta-graphene has an unusually negative Poisson’s ratio and very high ideal strength believed to exceed that of a similar material, graphene.[2]

Cairo pentagonal tiling

Penta-graphene contains both sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon atoms. Contrary to graphene, which is a good conductor of electricity, penta-graphene is predicted to be an insulator with an indirect band gap of 4.1–4.3 eV. Its hydrogenated form is called penta-graphane. It has a diamond-like structure with sp3 and no sp2 bonds, and therefore a wider band gap (ca. 5.8 eV) than penta-graphene.[1] Chiral penta-graphene nanotubes have also been studied as metastable allotropes of carbon.[4][2][5]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Einollahzadeh, Hamideh; Fazeli, Seyed Mahdi; Dariani, Reza Sabet (2016). "Studying the electronic and phononic structure of penta-graphane". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 17 (1): 610–617. doi:10.1080/14686996.2016.1219970. PMID 27877907. Bibcode: 2016STAdM..17..610E.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Zhang, S.; Zhou, J.; Wang, Q.; Chen, X.; Kawazoe, Y.; Jena, P. (2015). "Penta-graphene: A new carbon allotrope". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (8): 2372–2377. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416591112. PMID 25646451. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..112.2372Z.
3. ↑ Ewels, Christopher P.; Rocquefelte, Xavier; Kroto, Harold W.; Rayson, Mark J.; Briddon, Patrick R.; Heggie, Malcolm I. (2015). "Predicting experimentally stable allotropes: Instability of penta-graphene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (51): 15609–12. doi:10.1073/pnas.1520402112. PMID 26644554. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..11215609E.
4. ↑ Quijano-Briones, JJ.; Fernandez_escamilla, HN; Tlahuice-Flores, Alfredo. (2017). "Chiral penta-graphene nanotubes: Structure, bonding and electronic properties". Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 1108: 70–75. doi:10.1016/j.comptc.2017.03.019.
5. ↑ Avramov, P; Demin, V; Luo, M (2015). "Translation Symmetry Breakdown in Low-Dimensional Lattices of Pentagonal Rings". J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 (22): 4525–4531. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02309. PMID 26582476.

## External links

* Nazir, Muhammad Azhar; Hassan, Arzoo; Shen, Yiheng; Wang, Qian (2022). "Research progress on penta-graphene and its related materials: Properties and applications". Nano Today 44: 101501. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101501.

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Allotropes of carbon

sp3 forms|

* Diamond (cubic)
* Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)

sp2 forms|

* Graphite
* Graphene
* Fullerenes, including C60 (buckminsterfullerene), C70, Fullerene whiskers, Nanotubes, Nanobuds, Nanoscrolls)
* Glassy carbon

sp forms|

* Linear acetylenic carbon
* C18 (cyclo[18]carbon)

mixed sp3/sp2 forms|

* Amorphous carbon
* Carbon nanofoam
* Carbide-derived carbon
* Q-carbon

other forms|

* C1 (atomic carbon)
* C2 (diatomic carbon)
* C3 (tricarbon)

hypothetical forms|

* C3 (cyclopropatriene)
* C6 (benzotriyne)
* C6 (prismane C8)
* Chaoite
* Haeckelites
* Cubic carbon
* Metallic carbon
* Penta-graphene

related|

* Activated carbon
* Carbon black
* Charcoal
* Carbon fiber
* Aggregated diamond nanorod

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