Controlled natural language

Short description: Subset of a natural language

Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are subsets of natural languages that are obtained by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity. Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two major types: those that improve readability for human readers (e.g. non-native speakers), and those that enable reliable automatic semantic analysis of the language.[1][2]

The first type of languages (often called "simplified" or "technical" languages), for example ASD Simplified Technical English, Caterpillar Technical English, IBM's Easy English, are used in the industry to increase the quality of technical documentation, and possibly simplify the semi-automatic translation of the documentation. These languages restrict the writer by general rules such as "Keep sentences short", "Avoid the use of pronouns", "Only use dictionary-approved words", and "Use only the active voice".[3]

The second type of languages have a formal syntax and formal semantics, and can be mapped to an existing formal language, such as first-order logic. Thus, those languages can be used as knowledge representation languages,[4] and writing of those languages is supported by fully automatic consistency and redundancy checks, query answering, etc.

## Contents

* 1 Languages
* 2 Encoding
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Languages

Existing controlled natural languages include:[5][6]

* ASD Simplified Technical English
* Attempto Controlled English[7]
* Aviation English
* Basic English[8]
* ClearTalk
* Common Logic Controlled English[9]
* Distributed Language Translation Esperanto
* Easy Japanese
* E-Prime
* Français fondamental
* Gellish Formal English
* Interlingua-IL sive Latino sine flexione (Giuseppe Peano)
* Logical English[10]
* ModeLang[11]
* Newspeak (fictional)
* Processable English (PENG)[12]
* Seaspeak
* Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
* Special English

## Encoding

IETF has reserved `simple` as a BCP 47 variant subtag for simplified versions of languages.[13]

## See also

* Constructed language
* Knowledge representation and reasoning
* Natural language processing
* Controlled vocabulary
* Controlled language in machine translation
* Structured English
* Word-sense disambiguation
* Simple English Wikipedia

## References

1. ↑ Kuhn, Tobias (2014). "A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages". Computational Linguistics 40: 121–170. doi:10.1162/COLI_a_00168. https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article/40/1/121/1455/A-Survey-and-Classification-of-Controlled-Natural. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
2. ↑ Kirk, Nicholas H.; Nyga, Daniel; Beetz, Michael (2014). Controlled Natural Languages for language generation in artificial cognition. pp. 6667–6672. doi:10.1109/ICRA.2014.6907843. ISBN 978-1-4799-3685-4.
3. ↑ O'Brien, Sharon (2003). "Controlling Controlled English – An Analysis of Several Controlled Language Rule Sets". http://www.mt-archive.info/CLT-2003-Obrien.pdf. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
4. ↑ Schwitter, Rolf. "Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation." Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.
5. ↑ Kuhn, Tobias (2014). "A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages". Computational Linguistics 40: 121–170. doi:10.1162/COLI_a_00168.
6. ↑ Pool, Jonathan (2006). Can Controlled Languages Scale to the Web?. http://utilika.org/pubs/etc/ambigcl/clweb.html.
7. ↑ Norbert E. Fuchs; Kaarel Kaljurand; Gerold Schneider (2006). "Attempto Controlled English Meets the Challenges of Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, Interoperability and User Interfaces". http://attempto.ifi.uzh.ch/site/publications/papers/FLAIRS0601FuchsN.pdf.
8. ↑ Ogden, Charles Kay (1930). Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar. London: Paul Treber & Co., Ltd..
9. ↑ "Common Logic Controlled English". http://www.jfsowa.com/clce/specs.htm.
10. ↑ Kowalski, R., Dávila, J., Sartor, G. and Calejo, M., 2023. Logical English for law and education. In Prolog: The Next 50 Years (pp. 287-299). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
11. ↑ Wasik, Szymon; Prejzendanc, Tomasz; Blazewicz, Jacek (2013). "ModeLang: A New Approach for Experts-Friendly Viral Infections Modeling". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/320715. PMID 24454531.
12. ↑ Schwitter, Rolf; Tilbrook, M (2004). "PENG: Processable ENGlish". Technical Report, Macquarie University, Australia.
13. ↑ Everson, Michael. "Registration form for 'simple'" (in en). IANA. https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/simple.txt.

## External links

* Controlled Natural Languages

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